Download - Medicine, western and Chinese philosophy

The philosophical origins of Western medicine

Robert ShawGuangdong University of Foreign Studies

The public announcement

这四个讨论会是探索与西方医学的出现相关的哲学问题。既然现代科学与现代技术是西方医学的一部分，那么就有这样一个问题：西方科学、技术和医学的形而上学基础是什么？为了解答这个问题，本系列讲座将会利用德国哲学家马丁海德格尔的著作和观点。这是一次历史和哲学性的问题。这个系列讨论会是一个绪论，只是在对相关问题的原始思考，不一定最终会得出关于西方形而上学的结论。讲座的风格是苏格拉底式的而不是陈述性的。


These four meetings explore the philosophy that is relevant to the occurrence (phenomenon) of Western medicine.

Modern science and modern technology are integral to Western medicine, and so we can pose the question:

What are the metaphysical foundations of Western science, technology and medicine?


The approach taken to this question draws upon the work of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is an historical and philosophical enquiry.


The series is a prolegomena - an initial exploration of related questions with no suggestion that we will draw conclusions about Western metaphysics.

The style of presentation is Socratic and not declarative.

1. The Origins西方方法论的起源无论在西方哲学、西方生活方式还是西方医学中，前苏格拉底时期的哲学家们和苏格拉底开创了知识的传统是十分清楚的事实。一直以来影响着专业领域研究和个人实践的西方思想的支柱是什么？西方思想的基础是什么？为什么这个独特的生活方式和方法会出现？巴门尼德和毕达哥拉斯学派的观点是本次讲座的重点内容。

1. The Origins of Western Ways

The Pre-Socratic philosophers and Socrates began intellectual traditions that are still evident in Western philosophy, Western ways of living, and Western medicine. What are the pillars of Western thought which hold sway over our professional and private practices? What are the foundations of Western thought? Why did this distinctive approach to living occur? Parmenides and the Pythagoreans are important in this talk.

2. Truth西方思想中的真理真理的概念是西方思想中最重要的基础之一。尽管如此，从真理这个词诞生以来人们对它的概念一直争论不休。在西方许多实用主义者和怀疑论者认为真理论是不可知的。这次讨论将会围绕有史以来对真相的定义、真理在医学发挥的作用以及海德格尔关于真理的概念的根本看法进行。本次讨论将会介绍海德格尔关于形而上学以及真理在其中的作用的看法。

2. Truth in Western Thought

Truth is one of the principal foundations of Western thought. Nevertheless, the concept of truth has been in contention since its birth. Many in the West – pragmatists and sceptics –believe that truth is unobtainable. This discussion examines the historical concepts of truth, the role of truth in medicine and Heidegger’s radical insights into the notion of truth. It introduces Heidegger’s notion of metaphysics and the role of truth therein.

3. Science 什么是科学对于伽利略和牛顿来说，现代科学的本质是存在争议的。由于人文学科面临的种种挑战，这种争议依然存在至今。打个比方，现代物理往往会遭遇到普遍性的概念性问题，如何处理科学和社会的关系也是挑战之一，还有由于目标不明确所导致的科普教育推广的步履蹒跚。这个讲座所要介绍的是哲学解释学上对于科学的看法，并且探索其给我们带来的启示。以及它与实证主义和建构主义对科学的解释的区别。

3. What is Science?The nature of modern science was contentious for Galileo and Newton. It remains so today because of the challenges that humanity confronts. For example, modern physics endures with pervasive conceptual problems, the relationship between science and society is a challenge, and science education falters because there is a lack of clarity about objectives. This talk introduces the hermeneutic philosophy of science and explores its implications. It contrasts this account of science with positivism and constructionism.

4. Modernity西方现代化进程与医学这次讨论会提及到康德、尼采、胡塞尔以及海德格尔的观点来讨论对西方思想的重新定义。现代化的诞生给西方带来了对哲学和人们的生活方式的危机。在文学上，大卫 ·福斯特 ·华莱士的小说以及梅尔维尔的《白鲸记》同样描述了这样一个危机。这次讨论将会围绕西方医学中的形而上学危机以及对未来的思索进行。

4. Western Modernity and MedicineThis talk draws upon the work of Kant, Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger to discuss a radical reconceptualization of Western thought. The birth of modernity established for the West a crisis that embraces philosophy as much as the way of life of ordinary people. In literature, the novels of David Foster Wallace describe the crisis, as does Melville’s Moby Dick. This discussion considers the metaphysical crisis in Western medicine and speculates on the future.

Lecture 1The Origin of Western Ways


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Structure for this talk

Pythagoras

Parmenides

Plato

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What do you need to think if you are to think as the West thinks?

1. Rationality 合理性2. Logic 逻辑性3. Transcendence 超然性4. Reality 现实性5. Truth 真理6. Evidence 证据

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Western metaphysics

1. Rationality 合理性2. Logic 逻辑性3. Transcendence 超然性4. Reality 现实性5. Truth 真理6. Evidence 证据

Metaphysics形而上学 , n. pl.

With of: The theoretical principles or higher philosophical rationale of some particular branch of knowledge. Occas. construed as sing.

某些学科的独特分支的理论原则和更高的哲学原理，就像在某一时期的一首歌所描述的一样。

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That branch of speculative inquiry which treats of the first principles of things, including such concepts as being, substance, essence, time, space, cause, identity, etc.; theoretical philosophy as the ultimate science of Being and Knowing.

作为思辨探索的分支，探讨事物的最初根源，包括存在、物质、本质、时间、空间、缘由、同一性等等概念 ;理论哲学是存在与认识的根本科学。

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In various inaccurate or extended uses (partly based on the erroneous etymology mentioned above): Used by some followers of positivist, linguistic, or logical philosophy: concepts of an abstract or speculative nature which are not verifiable by logical or linguistic methods.

在各种各样模糊和扩展的用途当中（一定程度建立在以上提到的错误语源学之上）：被一些实用主义、语言学或者逻辑哲学学的追随者所利用：一些抽象概念或思辨性本质的概念是无法通过逻辑或语言学方法证明的。

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Metaphysics

A digression

Definition pointless / strangely problematicAfter Aristotle: a search to find it appropriate

Use is helpfulAristotle –after physics, Thales (water)Ultimate realityWhat is (being)

Heidegger: Western metaphysics = modernity

Turner, W. (1911). Metaphysics. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10226a.htm

School of Athens Raphael, Sistine Chapel, 1511

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1-Plato2-Aristotle3-Socrates 4-Xenophon 5-Æschines 6-Alcibiades 7-Zeno 8-Epicurus 9-Federico Gonzaga10-Averroes 11-Pyhthagoras 12-Parmenides 13-Heraclitus 14-Diogenes 15-Archimedes 16 -Zoroaster 17-Ptolemy 18 Raphael.

AncientWestern

Philosophers

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Pythagoreans -3

1. Pythagoras

2. Pythagorean sects –5th & first-half of the 4th C BCE

3. Others said to be Pythagoreans – centuries later

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Pythagorean sects毕达哥拉斯教派What produced their ideas?什么使他们产生想法？How did they live?他们怎么生活？ Leisure休闲 Political power 政治势力 Needs of law法律的需要

Initiation – secrecy – elitism启蒙传授—保密—精英主义

Pythagoreans

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Pythagorean mathematics

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Parmenides

Fragments of 800 verses

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Parmenides

ParmenidesBorn 515 BCEEleatic School (from Elea)Zeno c490 – c430The peninsulaThose terrible PythagoreansXenophanes of Colophon (c.570 – c.475)

– animal’s Gods, holism, truth & the unitLaw – needs the truthRejection of the senses! Power of reasoning拒绝感性主义！理性的力量

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Plato fragment on Parmenides

On nature begins

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The mares (car) which carry me as far as my spirit ever aspired were escorting me, when they brought me and proceeded along the renowned road of the goddess, which brings a knowing mortal to all cities one by one. On this path I was being brought, on it wise mares were bringing me, straining the chariot, and maidens were guiding the way.

一直带着我并在通向女神的著名大道上前进时，带领通往精神所向往的地方的母马一直守护着我，女神把博学的人类们一个一个地带到城市中。在这条道路上我一直被引领着，智慧的母马一直引领着我，我抓紧马车在处女在指引下前进。

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The two worlds

Parmenides poem

Journey from darkness to light

The way of opinion – doxa, perception

The way of truth – logos (being)

To think like God

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Parmenides insights

He brings to Western thought

Logic

Importance of existence

Truth (not Doxa)

The province of the Gods

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Plato

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Plato

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427 BC Born at Athens, Greece407 BC Meets Socrates403 BC Turns from politics toward philosophy399 BC The execution of Socrates by the Athenians398 BC Plato flees to Megara with other Socraticsc. 385BC Travels Egypt, Cyrene, Italy, Syracuse and Sicily380 BC Founds his Academy outside of Athens367 BC Second trip to Syracuse361 BC Attempt to make Syracuse king a philosopher347 BC Dies at his Academy

Plato’s Academy

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From 1 BC

Critical thinking taught

Plato: The Republic

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Third century manuscript, earliest

c 380 BC (1713 text)

Socratic dialog

Ten books

Major advances主要的发展

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Use of reason 理性的作用Integration of thought 思想的集成

Justice 正义Individual 个体Utopia 乌托邦

Analysis of society 对社会的分析Political theory 政治理论Education教育

Epistemology 认识论 / ontology 存在论 Appearance & reality 表象与现实

Doctrine of forms 形式主义Allegory of the cave 洞穴的寓

言

The Republic

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Prologue I.1. 327a—328b. Descent to the PiraeusI.2—I.5. 328b—331d. Cephalus. Justice of the Older GenerationI.6—1.9. 331e—336a. Polemarchus. Justice of the Middle GenerationI.10—1.24. 336b—354c. Thrasymachus. Justice of the Sophist

Introduction

II.1—II.10. 357a—369b. The Question: Is Justice better than Injustice?

Part I: Genesis and Order of the Polis

II.11—II.16. 369b—376e. Genesis of the PolisII.16—III.18. 376e—412b. Education of the GuardiansIII.19—IV.5. 412b—427c. Constitution of the PolisIV.6—IV.19. 427c—445e. Justice in the Polis

Part II: Embodiment of the Idea

V.1—V.16. 449a—471c. Somatic Unit of Polis and HellenesV.17—VI.14. 471c—502c. Rule of the PhilosophersVI.19—VII.5. 502c—521c. The Idea of the AgathonVII.6—VII.18. 521c—541b. Education of the Philosophers

Part III: Decline of the Polis

VIII.1—VIII.5. 543a—550c. TimocracyVIII.6—VIII.9. 550c—555b. OligarchyVIII.10—VIII.13. 555b—562a. DemocracyVIII.14—IX.3. 562a—576b. Tyranny

Conclusion

IX.4—IX.13. 576b—592b Answer: Justice is Better than Injustice.

Epilogue

X.1—X.8. 595a—608b. Rejection of Mimetic ArtX.9—X.11. 608c—612a. Immortality of the SoulX.12. 612a—613e. Rewards of Justice in LifeX.13—X.16. 613e—621d. Judgment of the Dead

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocracy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranny

Plato: The Republic

The Soul1. Reason2. Spirit (zest) 3. Desire (for food, sex

…)Castes of society

1. Governing2. Protective3. Productive

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1. Aristocracy• Head• Guardians rule• Meritocracy or proto-technological state• Paternalistic

2. Timocracy• Chest• Spirit rules• People who love honour• The warriors rule• City state Spata• Security • G Bush

3. Oligarchy• Stomach• Emerges from the tension between

economic status and honour• Divides the rich and poor• Creates criminals and beggars• Rich plot against the poor and visa versa

4. Democracy• Stomach• The poor win• Desire rules• People become downtrodden

5. Tyranny• Outcome of excessive freedom• Commoners invest power in a an elected

demagogue who becomes corrupted by power

• Leaders have a small group of loyal supporters for protection and control of the masses.

Doctrine of

three:headchest

stomach

Plato’s analogy of the cave

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The Republic

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Conclusion

The Ancient Greeks are still with us, if hidden

The problems they found, we find

Our task is to think for ourselves

Three philosophers augment our thinking

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1. The Origins of Western Ways

The Pre-Socratic philosophers and Socrates began intellectual traditions that are still evident in Western philosophy, Western ways of living, and Western medicine. What are the pillars of Western thought which hold sway over our professional and private practices? What are the foundations of Western thought? Why did this distinctive approach to living occur? Parmenides and the Pythagoreans are important in this talk.

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1. The Origins西方方法论的起源无论在西方哲学、西方生活方式还是西方医学中，前苏格拉底时期的哲学家们和苏格拉底开创了知识的传统是十分清楚的事实。一直以来影响着专业领域研究和个人实践的西方思想的支柱是什么？西方思想的基础是什么？为什么这个独特的生活方式和方法会出现？巴门尼德和毕达哥拉斯学派的观点是本次讲座的重点内容。

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Western metaphysics

1. Rationality 合理性2. Logic 逻辑性3. Transcendence 超然性4. Reality 现实性5. Truth 真理 (next week)6. Evidence 证据 (next

week)

Thank you


Download - Medicine, western and Chinese philosophy

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