Transcript
Page 1: Manufacturing Foundations of Technology Manufacturing © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEM  Center for Teaching

Foundations of Technology

ManufacturingManufacturing

© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Teacher Resource – Unit 3 Lesson 2

Page 2: Manufacturing Foundations of Technology Manufacturing © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEM  Center for Teaching

The BIG IdeaThe BIG Idea

Big Idea:

Manufacturing is the process of producing goods and materials and ensuring that the properties of materials meet the desired function of the product.

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MaterialsMaterials

Types of Materials

Complete the materials sorting activity.

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New Day

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Materials and ManufacturingMaterials and Manufacturing

Materials have different properties, limitations, and durability.

Selecting the appropriate material for a product is an essential task.

Materials can be generallyclassified as

Natural, Synthetic, or Mixed

Raw or Processed© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

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Materials and Materials and ManufacturingManufacturing

Selecting the appropriate material is based on three qualifications:

The material type and the function

The manufacturing process, quantity, and cost

Sustainability

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Material TypesMaterial Types

Materials are generally categorized into the following groups:

Metals

Ceramics

Polymers

Composites

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Material TypesMaterial Types

Metals are elements, compounds, or alloys that account for roughly two-thirds of all materials and have properties that include:

Strength, ductility, high melting point, thermal and electric conductivity, and toughness

Metals can be easily bonded—they have free electrons that can easily move from one atom to the next.

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Material TypesMaterial TypesMetals account for roughly two-thirds of all elements

Elements along the yellow line separating metals from non-metals can exhibit properties of both.

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Material TypesMaterial Types

What are some of the metals people use to make the objects we use?

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Material TypesMaterial Types

Ceramics are an inorganic and nonmetallic material formed from powdered materials through the application of heat and have properties that include:

Strength, hardness, resistance to high temperatures, often brittle, and depending on how the product is formed, dense or lightweight, conductive or not, magnetic or not

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Material TypesMaterial Types

Polymers are commonly referred to as plastics or rubber.

Plastics are group of synthetic materials that are formed or molded into shape.

Rubber can be easily deformed and return to its near original shape.

Polymers often resist corrosion,resist conduction, and are less dense than metal or ceramics.

© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

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Material TypesMaterial Types

Polymers are divided into two categories:

Thermoplastics – materials that can be melted or re-melted and then molded or extruded into a product (polyethylene, polypropylene)

Think Chocolate

Thermoset plastics – materials that are set using heat or a chemical reaction. These materials cannot be re-melted. (resins, epoxies)

Think Eggs or Cake

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Material TypesMaterial Types

Composites are any combination of two or more distinct materials that maintain their original properties.

Common composites include:

Reinforced plastics

Metal or ceramic – matrix composites

Carbon Fiber

Concrete and fiberglass© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

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New Day

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

The properties of materials can be generally categorized into the following groups:

Mechanical

Electrical

Magnetic

Thermal

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.

Tensile Strength – measures the material’s resistance to being pulled apart

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MaterialForce Force

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.

Compression Strength – measures the material’s resistance to being squeezed

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MaterialForce Force

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.

Fatigue Strength – the highest stress that a material can withstand for a given number of cycles without breaking.

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MaterialForce 3

Force 2

Force 1

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.

Hardness – the material’s resistance to permanent indentation

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.

Elasticity – the material’s ability to return to its nearoriginal shape after a stress has been applied and removed

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.

Brittleness – a material's tendency to fracture without deforming.

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Force Force

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.

Ductility and Malleability – the material’s ability to stretch, bend, or twist without breaking

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Electrical conductivity is the measure of how well the material accommodates the movement of an electrical charge.

Electrical resistivity is the measure of how well the material resists the movement of an electrical charge.

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Magnetic permeability is the ability of the material to become magnetized.

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Material

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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions

Thermal conductivity is the property of a material to transfer heat.

Thermal expansion is how much a material expands as heat is increased.

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New Day

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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types

Primary processes turn raw materials into standard stock (example – timber cut into boards)

Secondary processes turn standard stock into finished products (example – boards turned into furniture)

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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types

Secondary processes are further broken down into one of three types:

Custom

Batch, or Job Lot

Continuous

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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types

Custom Manufacturing:

A product that is one of a kind and manufactured by a specialist.

Product examples: Yacht, homes, very specific parts or products, custom furniture

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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types

Batch and Job Lot Manufacturing:

In Batch Manufacturing, products are made in groups or batches.

In Job Lot Manufacturing, products are made to a specific quantity.

Product Examples: bakery items, medicines, paints, seasonal items, airplanes,

agricultural equipment…© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types

Continuous Manufacturing:

Products made with no interruption in the production line

Product examples: cars, food products, bricks

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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types

Determining how a product will be manufactured has a large impact on the material(s) selected.

Different methods of forming, casting, machining, joining, and rapid manufacturing will impact tool cost, the volume that can be produced, and the rate of production.

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Manufacturing ProcessesManufacturing Processes

Parts or products are produced in several different ways, included in the list below:

Forming – the process where a raw material is reshaped to form the desired part

Casting – when a liquid material is poured into a mold, which represents a hollow version of the part, also known as the cast

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Manufacturing ProcessesManufacturing Processes

Parts or products are produced in several different ways, included in the list below:

Machining – the process in which a piece or raw material is cut into the desired part; generally involves a controlled removal of the raw material

Joining – the process of joining two materials using some type of fastener

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Manufacturing ProcessesManufacturing Processes

Parts or products are produced in several different ways, included in the list below:

Rapid manufacturing – also known as additive manufacturing or 3D printing – is the process of making a part from a digital model by adding material in layers

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Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts

Interchangeable parts are identical parts manufactured to a specification so that one part can easily replace another without having to build a custom part.

The invention of interchangeable parts was developed by the printing industry using moveable type.

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Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts

The interchangeability of parts has greatly increased the efficiency of all manufacturing processes.

Product examples:

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Sustainable Sustainable ManufacturingManufacturing

Sustainable manufacturing is the creation of products and processes that do not pollute, conserve energy/natural resources, and are economically sound and safe for employees and consumers.

Sustainable manufacturing also recognizes the importance of producing sustainable products and producing products that are energy-efficient.

© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology


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