Foundations of Technology
ManufacturingManufacturing
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Teacher Resource – Unit 3 Lesson 2
The BIG IdeaThe BIG Idea
Big Idea:
Manufacturing is the process of producing goods and materials and ensuring that the properties of materials meet the desired function of the product.
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MaterialsMaterials
Types of Materials
Complete the materials sorting activity.
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New Day
Materials and ManufacturingMaterials and Manufacturing
Materials have different properties, limitations, and durability.
Selecting the appropriate material for a product is an essential task.
Materials can be generallyclassified as
Natural, Synthetic, or Mixed
Raw or Processed© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Materials and Materials and ManufacturingManufacturing
Selecting the appropriate material is based on three qualifications:
The material type and the function
The manufacturing process, quantity, and cost
Sustainability
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material TypesMaterial Types
Materials are generally categorized into the following groups:
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material TypesMaterial Types
Metals are elements, compounds, or alloys that account for roughly two-thirds of all materials and have properties that include:
Strength, ductility, high melting point, thermal and electric conductivity, and toughness
Metals can be easily bonded—they have free electrons that can easily move from one atom to the next.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material TypesMaterial TypesMetals account for roughly two-thirds of all elements
Elements along the yellow line separating metals from non-metals can exhibit properties of both.
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Material TypesMaterial Types
What are some of the metals people use to make the objects we use?
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material TypesMaterial Types
Ceramics are an inorganic and nonmetallic material formed from powdered materials through the application of heat and have properties that include:
Strength, hardness, resistance to high temperatures, often brittle, and depending on how the product is formed, dense or lightweight, conductive or not, magnetic or not
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material TypesMaterial Types
Polymers are commonly referred to as plastics or rubber.
Plastics are group of synthetic materials that are formed or molded into shape.
Rubber can be easily deformed and return to its near original shape.
Polymers often resist corrosion,resist conduction, and are less dense than metal or ceramics.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material TypesMaterial Types
Polymers are divided into two categories:
Thermoplastics – materials that can be melted or re-melted and then molded or extruded into a product (polyethylene, polypropylene)
Think Chocolate
Thermoset plastics – materials that are set using heat or a chemical reaction. These materials cannot be re-melted. (resins, epoxies)
Think Eggs or Cake
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Material TypesMaterial Types
Composites are any combination of two or more distinct materials that maintain their original properties.
Common composites include:
Reinforced plastics
Metal or ceramic – matrix composites
Carbon Fiber
Concrete and fiberglass© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
The properties of materials can be generally categorized into the following groups:
Mechanical
Electrical
Magnetic
Thermal
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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.
Tensile Strength – measures the material’s resistance to being pulled apart
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MaterialForce Force
Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.
Compression Strength – measures the material’s resistance to being squeezed
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MaterialForce Force
Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.
Fatigue Strength – the highest stress that a material can withstand for a given number of cycles without breaking.
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MaterialForce 3
Force 2
Force 1
Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.
Hardness – the material’s resistance to permanent indentation
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.
Elasticity – the material’s ability to return to its nearoriginal shape after a stress has been applied and removed
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.
Brittleness – a material's tendency to fracture without deforming.
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Force Force
Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Mechanical properties of materials involve a reaction to a load or application of a force.
Ductility and Malleability – the material’s ability to stretch, bend, or twist without breaking
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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Electrical conductivity is the measure of how well the material accommodates the movement of an electrical charge.
Electrical resistivity is the measure of how well the material resists the movement of an electrical charge.
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Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Magnetic permeability is the ability of the material to become magnetized.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Material
Material FunctionsMaterial Functions
Thermal conductivity is the property of a material to transfer heat.
Thermal expansion is how much a material expands as heat is increased.
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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types
Primary processes turn raw materials into standard stock (example – timber cut into boards)
Secondary processes turn standard stock into finished products (example – boards turned into furniture)
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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types
Secondary processes are further broken down into one of three types:
Custom
Batch, or Job Lot
Continuous
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types
Custom Manufacturing:
A product that is one of a kind and manufactured by a specialist.
Product examples: Yacht, homes, very specific parts or products, custom furniture
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types
Batch and Job Lot Manufacturing:
In Batch Manufacturing, products are made in groups or batches.
In Job Lot Manufacturing, products are made to a specific quantity.
Product Examples: bakery items, medicines, paints, seasonal items, airplanes,
agricultural equipment…© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types
Continuous Manufacturing:
Products made with no interruption in the production line
Product examples: cars, food products, bricks
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Manufacturing TypesManufacturing Types
Determining how a product will be manufactured has a large impact on the material(s) selected.
Different methods of forming, casting, machining, joining, and rapid manufacturing will impact tool cost, the volume that can be produced, and the rate of production.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Manufacturing ProcessesManufacturing Processes
Parts or products are produced in several different ways, included in the list below:
Forming – the process where a raw material is reshaped to form the desired part
Casting – when a liquid material is poured into a mold, which represents a hollow version of the part, also known as the cast
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Manufacturing ProcessesManufacturing Processes
Parts or products are produced in several different ways, included in the list below:
Machining – the process in which a piece or raw material is cut into the desired part; generally involves a controlled removal of the raw material
Joining – the process of joining two materials using some type of fastener
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Manufacturing ProcessesManufacturing Processes
Parts or products are produced in several different ways, included in the list below:
Rapid manufacturing – also known as additive manufacturing or 3D printing – is the process of making a part from a digital model by adding material in layers
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Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts
Interchangeable parts are identical parts manufactured to a specification so that one part can easily replace another without having to build a custom part.
The invention of interchangeable parts was developed by the printing industry using moveable type.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts
The interchangeability of parts has greatly increased the efficiency of all manufacturing processes.
Product examples:
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Sustainable Sustainable ManufacturingManufacturing
Sustainable manufacturing is the creation of products and processes that do not pollute, conserve energy/natural resources, and are economically sound and safe for employees and consumers.
Sustainable manufacturing also recognizes the importance of producing sustainable products and producing products that are energy-efficient.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology