ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

magda memaniSvili

erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis

gazeTi “saqarTvelo” – 1915-1921w.w.

(afxazeTis, samaCablosa da saingilos problematika)

d i s e r t a c i a

Jurnalistikis mimarTulebiT filosofiur mecnierebaTa

doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli

filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

dali CikvilaZe

Tbilisi

2011

2

s a r C e v i

Sesavali ............................................................................................... 4 - 21

I afxazeTi ..................................................................................... 22 - 89

1. afxazeTi XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi

1.1. teritoria, mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri Semadgenloba.

1.2. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

1.3. politikuri situacia.

1. gazeT “saqarTvelos” Tvalsawieridan

danaxuli antiqarTuli moZraoba da

separatizmi afxazeTSi

2.1. enis sakiTxi

2.2. marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sakiTxi

2.3 politikuri gadatrialebebis mcdelobebi afxazeTSi

2.4.G”saqarTvelo” patrioti afxazebis Sesaxeb

2. afxazeTSi menSevikuri mTavrobis

politikis kritika

3.1. menSevikuri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno politikis kritika

3.2 soWis SenarCunebisaTavis arasaTanado brZola

3.3 afxazeTSi miwebis gadanawilebis politikis kritika

3. afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli

publikaciebis statistika; daskvnebi

3

II samaCablo ............................................................................................... 90 - 104

1. samaCablo XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi

2. separatizmi samaCabloSi

3. samxreT oseTis avtonomia saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi

III saingilo ................................................................................... 105 – 123

1. XX saukunis ociani wlebis saingilo

2. socialuri problemebi saingiloSi

3. religiuri brZola saingiloSi

4. saingilos istoriisa da

tradiciis asaxva

“saqarTvelos” furclebze.

daskvna

gamoyenebuli literatura

danarTi (gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1915-21 wlebSi afxazeTze, samaCablosa da saingiloze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis nusxa)

4

Sesavali

XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli presis istoria jerjerobiT

mxolod fragmentulad aris Seswavlili. samocdaaTwlianma komunisturma

akrZalvam am periodis sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis kvlevis procesi

sagrZnoblad Seaferxa, amitomac 1900-1921 wlebis qarTuli beWduri

gamocemebis kvleva Tanamedrove mecnierebisaTvis dResdReobiT didi

gamowvevaa. amocanas kidev ufro rTulad gasamklavebels xdis ori

garemoeba. pirveli am periodSi gamomavali Jurnal-gazeTebis

mravlricxovnoba-mravalgvarobaa; meore ki _ epoqis sirTule .

XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli presis mkvlevari SoTa gagoSiZe

1900-1921 wlebSi saqarTvloSi gamomavali Jurnal-gazeTebis saerTo

raodenobad 471 gamocemas asaxelebs1. aq Sedis literaturuli, dargobrivi,

rusuli da sxvadasxva enovani Jurnal-gazeTebi da, rac mTavaria, partiuli

presa. XX saukunis dasawyisi xom sxvadasxva politikuri partiis Seqmnis,

Semdeg am partiaTa danawevrebisa da axali partiebis Seqmnis periodia.

am procesis paralelurad iqmneboda, ixureboda da axla sxva

saxelebiT fuZndeboda axal-axali perioduli gamocemebi. maTgan

umravlesobas xanmokle sicocxle hqoda, rasac ver vityviT Cveni

sadisertacio kvlevis saganze yoveldRiur gazeT “saqarTveloze”,

romelic, marTalia xanmokle SeferxebebiT, magram eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi

gamodioda.

1900-1921 wlebis perioduli literaturis kvlevis meore Tanmdevi

sirTule am wlebSi mimdinare istoriuli procesebis daxlarTuloba da

swrafi cvlilebaa. magaliTad, im eqvsi wlis ganamvlobaSi, rodesac gazeTi

“saqarTvelo” gamodioda, msoflioSi moxda erTi didi omi (pirveli

msoflio omi), ruseTSi _ ori revolucia; amierkavkasiaSi _ Seiqmna erTiani

saxelmwifo, romelic Semdeg sam sxvadasxva respublikad daiSala, samive

respublikaSi xSirad xdeboda ajanyebebi, SeTqmulebebi, politikuri

gadatrialebis mcdelobebi. metic, maT Soris samxedro dapirispirebebi,

omebic ki Sedga, rac sabolood sabWoTa ruseTis mier samives okupaciiT

dasrulda.

5

am procesebis dros Cveni qveyna kargavda teritoriebs. Tumca iyo

teritoriebis xanmokle SemoerTebis faqtebic. magaliTad, 1918 wels

qarTvelma generalma mazniaSvilma gagra, soWi da tuafsec ki aiRo. magram

davkargeT baTumi da samxreT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan nawilze

saqarTvelos respublika politikur kontrols ver axorcielebda.

am urTulesi sagareo, Tu saSinao politikuri mdgomareobiT

gajerebul istoriul epoqaSi gamodioda saqarTvelos erovnul-

demokratiuli partiis perioduli organo gazeTi “saqarTvelo”.

1. mizani, amocanebi

Cveni disertacia warmoadgens 1915-21 wlebSi gamomavali saqarTvelos

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis beWduri organos _ yoveldRiur gazeT

“saqarTvelos” kvlevis mcdelobas. kerZod ki, im sagazeTo publikaciebis

analizs, romelic saqarTvelos sam regions _ afxazeTs, samaCablosa da

saingilos _ yofa-cxovrebas asaxavs.

sakvlevi Temis SerCeva orma garemoebam ganapiroba. pirveli, gazeT

“saqarTvelos” yovelmxrivi Seswavla erT disertaciaSi SeuZlebeli iyo,

radgan es yoveldRiuri perioduli organo TiTqmis eqvsi wlis

ganmavlobaSi gamodioda (sul gamosulia 1000 nomerze meti, Tu CavTvliT

1915-16 wlebSi gamomaval sakvirao damatebasac) da aSuqebda maSindeli

yofis TiTqmis yvela sferos _ politikas, ekonomikas, saerTaSriso

cxovrebas, socialur problemebs, erovnebaTaSoris konfliqtebs,

politikur partiaTa dapirispirebas, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionis

cxovrebas, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis sakiTxebs... amdenad, gazeT

“saqarTvelos” kvleva erTi, an ramdenime konkretuli kuTxis gareSe Cven

Zalebs mravalgzis aRemateboda.

meore garemoeba aris is, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi gaZlierda

saqarTvelos uZvelesi kuTxeebis _ afxazeTis, samaCablosa da saingilos

dedasamSoblosagan gancalkavebis procesi. dResdReobiT es procesi

dasrulebulia da saqarTvelo yovel Rones xmarobs ukuprocesis, anu am

regionebis SemoerTebis dasawyebad. amasaTan, samaCablosa da afxazeTis

dabrunebis imedi Tu jer kidev cocxalia, igives ver vityviT saqarTvelos

uZveles teritoriaze _ gare kaxeTze/saingiloze.

6

maSasadame, SevarCieT is regionebi, romlebzec dResdReobiT ar

vrceldeba saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia da romelTa separaciis procesi XX

saukunis dasawyisSi intensiurad mimdinareobda.

rogor moxda, rom Cveni qveynis uZveles kuTxeebze nel-nela

kontroli davkargeT? ra sagareo da saSinao mizezebma Seuwyo xeli

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevas? ra iyo am procesis

gamomwvev mizezTagan garduvali, da ra Secdomebma daaCqara

saqarTvelosgan afxazeTis, samaCablosa da saingilos mowyveta?

SekiTxvebi dResac Zalzed aqtualuria, Tumca xelSeuvali, calsaxa

da martivi pasuxebi am kiTxvebze ar arsebobs. amitom, bunebrivia, Cven ar

gvaqvs pretenzia, rom is daskvnebi, rasac kvlevis manZilze mivageniT, aris

amomwuravi da yovelmxrivi. Cven mxolod is mizezebi gamovkveTeT,

romelmac, gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT, gamoiwvia afxazeTis,

samaCablosa da saingilos “gadaqarTuleba”, anu saqarTvelosgan gamijnva.

maTgan zogi sayovelTaod cnobilia (magaliTad, ruseTis imperiis

kolonialisturi politika, regionebis rusifikacia), zogi ki _ naklebad.

Cveni yvela daskvna aris gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistTa

dakvirvebis Sedegi, maTi TvalTaxedvidan, maTi Tvalsawieridan danaxuli

procesi. bunebrivia, isini mecnierebi ar iyvnen da es sakiTxebi mecnieruli

kuTxiT ar ukvleviaT. isini iyvnen Jurnalistebi, zogjer _ Zalian

subiqeturebic, radgan politikuri partiis, kerZod ki erovnul-demokratTa

gazeTSi muSaobdnen. zogi maTgani partiis wevri iyo, zogic _ ara, magram

am ukanasknelTa msoflmxedveloba da politikuri Sexedulebac erovnul-

demokratiuli mimarTulebisa gaxldaT.

amis miuxedavad, migvaCnia, rom maTi TvaliT danaxuli problemebis

kvleva qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris SeswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania,

radgan teritoriuli mTlianobis problemis gaSuqeba gazeT “saqarTvelos”

prioritets warmoadgenda. es 1915 wlis 24 maiss gamosul gazeTis

pirvelsave nomerSi gamoCnda. am nomerSi gamoqveynda erovnul-

demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi ideologis, SemdgomSi partiis

Tavmjdomaris, gazeT “saqarTvelos” damfuZneblis spiridon kedias statia

“Cveni sityva”2.

7

spiridon kedia werda: “erovnuli sxeuli magrad, mWidrod unda idges

mWidro teritoriazed, romelic erTsa da imave dros misi akvanicaa da

saflavic. ar vekrZalviT vsTqvaT, Cveni miswrafebis lursmani am akvan-

saflavis dacvaa, saqarTvelos sazRvrebis aRdgenaa... saqarTvelo yvela

qarTvelisaa, misi sazRvari yvela Cvenis sazRvaria. maS nuRa viqnebiT

gaTiSuli am Tavi da Tavi sakiTxis garSemo. fsiqologiurad SemovimijnoT

Tavi Cveni da nivTieri zRude garSemovudgaT Cvensa qveyanas”3. (xazi Cvenia

m.m.)

“saqarTvelos” kidev erTi publicisti mixeil javaxiSvili ki werda:

“Cveni winaprebi sul imis cdaSi iyvnen, rom SeeqmnaT saqarTvelos

bunebrivi strategiuli sazRvrebi da CaeketaT karebebi da gzebi momavali

artaanidan, axalqalaqidan, yazaidan, darialidan da saingilo-daRestnidan,

saqarTvelos tragedia maSin daiwyo, rodesac mtrebma es karebebi

Semoamtvries da Semosasevi gzebi gaikafes”4.

maSasadame, Cveni Sromis mizani iyo: agvesaxa, Tu rogor gaaSuqes

gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebma saqarTvelos regionebis _ afxazeTis,

samaCablosa da saingilos cxovreba, kerZod am regionebis istoriuli

samSoblodan gancalkavebis procesi. miznis misaRwevad davsaxeT Semdegi

amocanebi:

a) am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli

publikaciebis Segroveba;

b) samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT 1915-21 wlebis afxazeTis,

samaCablosa da saingilos istoriuli sinamdvilis Seswavla;

g) mopovebuli masalebis Sinaarsobrivi analizi da sistematizacia.

2. gazeT “saqarTvelos” daarseba (fasi, perioduloba,

gavrcelebis areali)

daarseba. saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mkvlevari

istorikosi oTar janeliZe gazeT “saqarTvelos” daarsebis iniciatorad am

partiis erT-erT liders spiridon kedias asaxelebs5. mkvlevars spiridon

kedias portreti uxvi dokumenturi masalis, maT Soris safrangeTidan

Camotanili piradi arqivis, safuZvelze aqvs Seswavlili. am masalaze

8

dayrdnobiT ikveTeba gazeT “saqarTvelos” daarsebis istoriac, romelsac

Cvenc daveyrdeniT6.

spiridon kedia, romelic Tavdapirvelad socialist-federalistTa

politikur idealebs iziarebda da am partiasTan aqtiuri TanamSromlobis

gamo saqarTvelodan gaqcevac mouxda, mogvianebiT sruliad gaemijna

socializms. evropaSi Svidwliani cxovrebisa da safrangeTSi umaRlesi

ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg igi saqarTveloSi 1914 wels, pirveli msoflio

omis dawyebisTanave Camovida. spiridon kedias surda iseTi perioduli

organos daarseba, romelic romelime klass, an socialur fenas ki ar

moemsaxureboda, aramed mTlianad qarTvel ers, agreTve saqarTveloSi

mcxovreb im araeTnikur qarTvelebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen

saqarTvelos saxelmwifobriobis aRdgenis ideas.

gazeTis daarsebisaTvis materialuri mxardaWeris Zebna man baqoSi

arsebul mZlavr qarTul koloniaSi daiwyo. “sadac moRvaweobdnen cnobili

mrewvel-mewarmeni Zmebi zubalaSvilebi, akaki xoStaria, ioseb dadiani,

T.jayeli da sxvebi. isini TavianT TanamemamuleebTan erTad did yuradRebas

uTmobdnen erovnul saqmianobas. am qalaqSi 1909 wlidan moqmedebda

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis ganyofileba,

gaxsnili iyo qarTuli skolebi, biblioTeka, Camoyalibda qarTuli

Teatraluri dasi da sxv. amasTan mniSvnelovani iyo isic, rom baqoSi jer

kidev 1908 wels Seiqmna erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis politikuri

organizacia “saqarTvelos nacionaluri partiis saxelwodebiT”.

organizaciis saprogramo moTxovnebs saqarTvelos farTo erovnul-

teritoriuli avtonomia, qarTuli eklesiis avtikefalia, demokratiuli

wes-wyobilebis damyareba da sxv. Seadgenda”7.

gazeTis daarsebis Sesaxeb spiridon kedias iniciativas baqoSi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebi mowonebiT Sexvdnen da mas finansuri daxmarebac

gauwies. rogorc istorikosi oTar janeliZe acxadebs, “es Tanxa

umTavresad stambis SeZenas moxmarda”.

“TbilisSi im droisTvis gamodioda erovnul-demokratiuli

mimarTulebis Jurnali “klde”. igi yovelkvireuli gamocema iyo 700-750-iani

tiraJiT da Tavisi arsebobis sami wlis manZilze ukve moeswro gaetexa

“uimedobiT daburuli cxovrebis tye”. Jurnalis garSemo Semokrebili iyo

9

erovnul moRvaweTa mtkice jgufi revaz gabaSvilis, Salva amirejibis,

Salva qarumiZis, daviT kasraZis, daviT vaCnaZis, dimitri javaxiSvilis,

aleqsandre fronelis (yifSiZe) da sxv. SemadgenlobiT. sp. kediam axla am

jgufis wevrebs mimarTa. miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, “kldis” bazaze

daefuZnebinaT yoveldRiuri gazeTi, romelic JurnalTan SedarebiT ukeT

moaxerxebda imave miznebis samsaxurs da “qarTuli erovnuli momavlisken

gaWril biliks” kidev ufro gaafarTovebda.

gazeTis daarsebisaTvis saxsrebis moZieba saqarTveloSic gagrZelda.

quTaisis arqimandritma nazarim am saqmisaTvis 800 maneTi gamogzavna, xolo

Tbilisis (qarTl-kaxeTis) guberniis TavadaznaurTa marSalma dimitri

ColoyaSvilma 5000 maneTi gaiRo. axali gazeTis damfuZneblebs

materialuri daxmareba gauwies agreTve TbilisSi TevzeuliT movaWre

Zmebma ZegvelaSvilebma da sxva kerZo pirebma”8. gazeT “saqarTvelos”

pirveli nomeri 1915 wels Jurnal “kldis” daxurvidan (17 maisi) erT

kviraSi, anu 24 maiss gamovida.

ase daarsda yoveldRiuri gazeTi “saqarTvelo”. 1915-16 wlebSi mas

yovelkvireuli suraTebiani damatebac hqonda, romlis gamocemac 1917

wlidan Sewyda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia

warmoadgenda erTgvar gamonakliss, radgan misi beWduri gamocema daarsda

manamde, vidre erovnul-demokratiuli jgufi partiad Camoyalibdeboda (1917

wlis marti). sxva partiebis SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT iyo _ beWduri

gamocemebis daarsebamde fuZndeboda politikuri partiebi9.

mkveTrad gamoxatuli politikuri poziciis miuxedavad, gazeTi

“saqarTvelo” viwropartiuli gamocema ar yofila. igi iyo sazogadoebriv-

politikuri da literaturuli perioduli organo, romelic aSuqebda

saqarTvelos cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos. mis xarisxs gansazRvravda

pirTa wre, romlebic redaqciasTan TanamSromlobdnen. Jurnal “kldis”

jgufis garda gazeTma Semoikriba qarTveli inteligenciis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenlebi, mwerlebi, publicistebi, poetebi, romelTa Soris

aRsaniSnavia Sio aragvispireli, Salva dadini, mixeil javaxiSvili,

geronti qiqoZe, sandro axmeteli, rafiel ingilo/ivanicki, daviT Ciqovani

da sxvebi. redaqciam bina daido moskovis quCaze mdebare ekaterine

10

gabaSvilis saxlSi, romlis sami oTaxi mweralma qalma ufasod dauTmo

gazeTis gamomcemlebs”10.

fasi _ gazeTis fasi Tavdapirvelad 5 kapiks Seadgenda. Tumca,

pirveli msoflio omis dros Seqmnili finansuri krizisis gamo

“saqarTvelos” fasi mudmivad izrdeboda.

finansuri mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimda saqarTvelos

damoukidebeli respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg. 1918 wlis agvistodan

“saqarTvelos” nomris fasi gaxda 50 kapiki jixurebSi da 60 kapiki

rkinigzis sadgurebze. finansuri siduxWiris gamo Seiqmna gazeT

“saqarTvelos” fondi, gazeTi mkiTxvels mouwodebda fuladi

SemowirulobebiT gadaerCinaT gamocema. (ix: “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 234).

1921 wels, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublikis arsebobis bolo

dReebSi gazeTis nomeri ukve 25 maneTi Rirda.

gavrcelebis areali. gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb, TviT

“saqarTvelos” mier gavrcelebul informacias daveyrdeniT. sareklamo

gancxadebis mixedviT, Tbilisis garda gazeTi vrceldeboda “quTaisSi,

baTumSi, siRnaRSi, TelavSi, gorSi, lagodexSi, qvemo qiziySi, zugdidSi,

kaxSi, maCxaanSi, xaSurSi, WkaduaSi, duSeTSi, fSavSi, SildaSi, eniselSi.

moskovsa da baqoSi”11.

3. redaqtorebi/perioduloba

redaqtorebi. eqvswliani arsebobis ganmavlobaSi gazeTma 4

redaqtori gamoicvla. redaqtorTa cvla ukavSirdeboda partiul

ganxeTqilebas. partiaSi yoveli ganxeTqilebis Semdeg gazeTi

“saqarTveloc” icvlida xelmZRvanels.

pirveli redaqtori iyo qarTveli poeti da dramaturgi

aleqsandre/sandro SanSiaSvili igi gazeTs 1915 wlis 24 maisidan 1917 wlis

12 aprilamde xelmZRvanelobda.

meore readqtori iyo cnobili publicisti, erovnul-demokratiuli

partiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli grigol veSapeli (veSapiZe), romelic

redaqtoris postze 1917 wlis aprilidan 1918 wlis 15 agvistomde muSaobda.

11

mesame redaqtori iyo cnobili literatori, publicisti, kritikosi

da mTargmneli geronti qiqoZe. man gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1915 wlis 15

agvistodan 1919 wlis 18 maisamde dahyo.

ucnobi periodi, vin iyo redaqtori 1919 wlis # 133-dan 1920 wlis

ianvramde? 1919 wlis 18 maiss “saqarTvelos” rigiT mesame redaqtorma

geronti qiqoZem datova rogorc erovnul-demokratiuli partia, aseve

gazeT “saqarTvelos” redaqtoris posti. 1919 wlis nomrebi saqarTvelos

sajaro biblioTekis qarTvelologiisa da periodikis ganyofilebebSi ar

aqvT. xolo qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis

fondSi, e.w. dacul (F) fondSi Senaxuli koleqciidan 1919 wlis

“saqarTvelos” nomrebi # 133-is Semdeg aRar aris. CvenTvis ucnobia 1919

wlis #133 Semdeg gamovida, Tu ara gazeTis Semdegi nomrebi.

aq ori savaraudo versiaa: an gazeTi gamodioda, magram sajaro

biblioTekaSi ar aris Semonaxuli misi nomrebi, anda 1919 wlis 133-e nomris

Semdeg 1920 wlis ianvramde gazeTi ar gamosula. nebismier SemTxvevaSi Cven

moklebulni varT SesaZleblobas davadginoT, Tu vin xelmZRvanelobda

gazeTis redaqcias am periodSi, anu 1919 wlis maisidan dekembris CaTliT.

Tbilisis vaWar-mrewvelTa komitetis” mier Seqmnili saredaqcio

kolegia _ 1920 wlis ianvridan 9 aprilamde (an SeiZleba 15 aprilamde)

“saqarTvelos” gamoscemda “Tbilisis vaWar-mrewvelTa komitetis” mier

Seqmnili saredaqcio kolegia. amis Sesaxeb gancxadeba gamoqveynda

“saqarTvelos” 1920 wlis # 17-Si (gv: 4). swored amitom am periodis gazeTi

“saqarTvelo” aris mxolod axali ambebis, mcire sainformacio SeniSvnebis

gazeTi. axali ambebis Sinaarsic ZiriTadad Sedgenilia savaWro-

samrewvelo Tematikis prioritetiT.

abreSumi, marganeci, Tambaqo da sxva samrewvelo siaxle Warbobs

politikur, Tu nebismier sxva saxis axal ambavs. metic, me-4 gverdi

mTlianad daeTmo “savaWro samrewvelo palatis” biuletenebs, e.w. nusxebs

produqciis fasis Sesaxeb. gazeTis me-4 gverdi iqca calke gamocemad,

mieniWa calke numeracia da daerqva “vaWroba da mrewveloba”. Cveni

SefasebiT, es oTxi Tve 1920 wlis ianvaridan aprilis CaTvliT gazeT

“saqarTvelos” dacemis etapia, gamocema mkiTxvelTa farTo wres, Cveni

azriT, ver daainteresebda. P

12

meoTxe redaqtori iyo spiridon kedia, romelic gamocemas 1920 wlis

agvisotdan daxurvamde, anu 1921 wlis 23 Tebervlamde uZRveboda.

“kediasaTvis, cxadia, Zneli iyo erTdroulad partiis Tavmjdomareoba,

damfuZnebel krebaSi moRvaweoba da yoveldRiuri organos redaqtoroba,

magram igi Tavdauzogavad muSaobda da yvelafers aswrebda”12.

perioduloba. 1915-16 wlebSi gazeTi “saqarTvelo” yoveldRiurad

gamodioda. kvira dRes gamodioda gazeTis Cveulebrivi nomeri da sakvirao

damateba, romelsac ufro literaturul-SemecnebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da

mravalferovani ilustraciebiT gamoirCeoda.

1917 wlidan sakvirao damatebam gamosvla Sewyvita. garda amisa,

readqciam kvira dRe dasvenebis dRed gamohyo da amitom orSabaTs

“saqarTvelo” ar gamodioda. amrigad, 1917 wlidan gazeT “saqarTvelos”

perioduloba ganisazRvra kviraSi 6 nomris (orSabaTis garda) gamocemiT.

mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo gazeTma “saqarTvelom”

ramdenjerme Sewyvita gamosvla. pirvelad 1918 wlis 1 seqtembridan 24

seqtembramde (amis gamo redaqciam mkiTxvels bodiSic mouxada. ix:

“saqarTvelo”; # 176); xolo meored _ 1920 wels. kerZod, 1920 wlis maisSi,

ivnissa da ivlisSi gazeTi ar gamosula. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom gazeTs

SeiZleboda hqonoda wyvetis kidev erTi etapi, kerZod 1919 wlis maisidan

(#133-dan) dekembris CaTvliT. Tumca, amis Taobaze dadsturebuli pasuxi

Cven ar gagvaCnia.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 1918 wlis seqtemberSi gazeTis gamocemis pirveli

wyvetis mizezi finansuris garda sakadro problemebic unda yofiliyo. 1918

wels erovnul-demokratiul partiaSi Seqmnili dapirispirebis gamo

partiidan garicxes mixeil maCabeli da daTa vaCnaZe. es ori wevri

saqarTvelos parlamentSi erovnul-demokratiuli fraqciis wevrebi iyvnen

da, aseve partiis komitetis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen. garicxvis Semdeg

maT miemxrnen erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevrebi _ revaz gabaSvili,

vasil wereTeli, Salva qarumiZe, ivane eliaSvili, dimitri javaxiSvili da

gazeT “saqarTvelos” redaqtori grigol veSapeli.13

gazeT “saqarTvelos” redaqtorma gr. veSapelma datova gamocema.

gazeTis gamocema SeaCera misma da jer kidev Jurnal “kldeSi” momuSave

kadrebis _ revaz gabaSvili, dimitri javaxiSvili da daTa vaCnaZe _

13

wasvlam. daTa vaCnaZe Jurnal “kldis” damfuZnebeli da finansuri

mxardamWeri iyo. Tumca, krizisi or-sam kviraSi moagvara “saqarTveloSi”

darCenilma TanamSromelTa jgufma. gazeTi “saqarTvelo” mxolod sami

kvira ar gamodioda.

gazeTis redaqtorebisa da Seferxebebis Sesaxeb informacias Tavi

movuyareT qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi.

cxrili 1

gazeTi “saqarTvelo” 1915 wlis 24 maisi

1921 wlis 23 Tebervali

periodi redaqtori1915 wlis 24.05 – 1917 wlis 12. 04 Aaleqsandre/ sandro SanSiaSvili1917 wlis 12. 04 – 1918 wlis 15.08 Ggrigol veSapeli/veSapiZe1918 wlis 15.08 – 1919 wlis 18.05(1918wlis 1.09- 24.09 gazeTi ar gamodis)

geronti qiqoZe

1919 wlis 18.05 -1919 wlis 12. ar viciT, gamodis Tu ara gazeTi, an _ vin xelmZRvanelobda redaqcias.

1920 wlis 01 _ 04 “Tbilisis vaWar-mrewvelTa palatis” saredaqcio kolegia.

1920 wlis 04-07 gazeTi ar gamodis.1920 wlis 08 – 19121 wlis 23.02 spiridon kedia

4. gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi

cnobili publicistebi. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoCenili

qarTveli mwerlebi, poetebi, istorikosebi da sxvadasxva sferos sazogado

moRvaweebi TanamSromlobdnen. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia mwerlebi _ mixeil

javaxiSvili, romelic m. adamaSvilis fsevdonimiT aqveynebda werilebs,

grigol robaqiZe (givi gollend), vasil barnovi; poetebi _ tician tabiZe,

valerian gafrindaSvili, giorgi leoniZe. cisferyanweli poeti leli

jafariZe am gamocemaSi Jurnalistad mogvevlina. igi 1918-1919 wlebSi

uZRveboda rubrikas “saqarTvelos parlamentSi”, romelSic moTavsebuli

14

iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis, SemdgomSi damfuZnebeli krebis muSaobis

amsaxveli angariSebi.

gazeT “saqarTveloSi” muSaobdnen cnobili qarTvevli Jurnalistebi

da publicistebi: _ daviT kasraZe, Salva amirejibi, Salva qarumiZe, daTa

vaCnaZe, giorgi gabaSvili, giorgi gvazava, zaqaria edili, niko TavdgiriZe,

rafiel ingilo/ivanicki, mose janaSvili, ilia Wyonia, apolon wulaZe da

sxva mravali saintereso saxe, romelTa Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis

Seswavla calke kvlevis sagans warmoadgens.

bunebrivia, saqarTvelos redaqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT _ grigol

veSapeli, geronti qiqoZe da spiridon kedia _ gvevlinebian araerTi

mniSvnelovani saredaqcio werilis avtorebad. am werilebidan mravali

swored saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs mieZRvna.

afxazeTze yvelaze ufro xSirad werdnen niko TavdgiriZe da zaqaria

edili. Tumca, Zalzed sainterereso statia daba ilorsa da iloris wminda

giorgis eklesiaze “am-ber”-is fsevdonomiT gamoaqveyna arqimandritma

(SemdgomSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ) ambrosi xelaiam14; agreTve,

aRsaniSnavia grigol veSapelis saredaqcio statia “afxazeTisaTvis”15 da

grigol robaqiZis (fsevdonimiT _ giv gillend) ramdenime literaturul-

publicisturi werili.

samaCabloze gamoqeynebul werilebSi aRsaniSnavia Salva amirejibisa

da geronti qiqoZis publikaciebi, aseve, 1918 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” 203-

e da 207-e nomrebSi sayuradRebo statia “saqarTvelos osebi (mgzavris

STabeWdilebani)” gamoaqveyna z. edilma. saintereso samogzauri narkvevi

“mogzauris rame-rume16” ekuTvnis Jurnalists (ZiriTadi profesiiT

agronoms) apolon wulaZes. aRsaniSnavia, aseve, leli jafariZisa da daviT

kasraZis TiTo-TiTo statia saCxereSi osTa mier mowyobil rigiT meore

ajanyebaze.

saingilos problemebs yvelaze ufro xSirad aSuqebda ori

gamoCenili ingilo _ rafiel ingilo (ivanicki) da mose janaSvili, aseve

Jurnalisti _ ilia Wyonia. saingilos Sesaxeb arerTi saintereso werili

ekuTvnis zaqaria edils. calke aRniSnvas imsaxurebs spiridon kedias

apolon wulaZe gazeT “saqarTveloSi” intensiurad aSuqebda aWarisa da aWarlebis yofa-cxovrebas.

15

saredaqcio statia, romelic saingiloSi qarTuli wera-kiTxvis

gavrcelebis problemas exeba17.

zemoTCamoTvlil gvarebs Soris zaqaria edili erTgvar gamonakliss

warmoadgens, radgan igi sxvebze ufro intensiurad aSuqebda samive

regionis problemebs. amasTan, yvelaze ufro xSirad saingiloze werda,

araerTi werili miuZRvna afxazeTs, xolo samaCablos Sesaxeb erTi, magram

Zalian sayuradRebo werili gamoaqveyna. radgan z. edilis publikaciebs

Cveni Sromis yvela TavSi SevxvdebiT, saWirod migvaCnia ramdenime sityva

vTqvaT mis Sesaxeb.

“zaqaria edilaSvilis werilebi, romlebic gazeT “saqarTveloSi”

qveyndeboda 1915-20 wlebSi sainteresoa bevri ramiT, maTi SeswavliT

istorikosi mkvlevari utyuar dokumentebs moipovebs aramarto

imdroindeli saingilosa da Sida qarTlis cxovrebidan, aramed ruseTis

mTeli batonobis periodSi am kuTxeebisa mier gadatanil tragedias

gvamcnobs da gvagrZnobinebs”18, ase axasiaTebs z. edils istorikosi dodo

WumburiZe wignSi _ istoriuli portretebi, dasawyisi XX saukunisa.

zaqaria edili Sida qarTlSi (sof. breTa, qarelis raioni) daibada.

igi iyo daviT sarajiSvilis stipendianti da swored misi wyalobiT

umaRlesi veterinaruli ganaTleba estoneTis q. tartus universitetSi

miiRo. Sida qarTlSi dabadebuli da gazrdili edili bedma samuSaod

saingilos sofel kaxSi gadaisrola, sadac igi ojaxTan erTad 10 weli

cxovrobda da es kuTxe ise Seiyvara, rogorc _ sakuTari. aRsaniSnavia, rom

mas imave siyvaruliT pasuxobdnen ingiloebi, rac Cans kidec saingilos

Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul mis publikaciebSi.

1916 wels igi pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT frontze Savi zRvis

sanapiro rkinigzis mSeneblobaze gaiwvies, sadac pirveli msoflio omis

damTavrebamde darCa. swored aqedan gaicno da Seiyvara man afxazeTi,

romlis Sesaxeb araerTi saintereso masala gamoaqveyna gazeT

“saqarTveloSi”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom edili im iSviaT publicistTa ricxvs miekuTvneba,

romlebic eTnikur umciresobasa daumravlesobas Soris warmoqmnili

konfliqtis gaSuqebisas damnaSaveebs ar eZeben; da Tu aseTi ramis

16

aucilebloba Seiqmna, yovelTvis erovnuli umravlesobis

pasuxismgeblobiT iwyeben konfliqtis gaSuqebas.

magaliTad, rodesac afxazebma afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri

eklesiis avtokefalia moiTxoves, edilma mianiSna, rom isini aravis

daupatiJnia 1917 wlis martSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis

aRdgenis RonisZiebaze, rom samurzayanos marTlmadideblurma samrevloebma

ise miiRes saqarTvelos avtokefalur eklesiasTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetileba, rom amis Sesaxeb afxazebs arc ki acnobes. “yvela es swyinT

afxazebs”, werda edili.

garda amisa, edili Tavis statiebSi (maTi mniSvnelovani nawli

gamoqveynebulia qvesaTauriT _ “mgzavris STabeWdilebani”) xSirad

aqveynebda dialogebs adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. magaliTad, erT-erT

moxuc afxazTan saubris Sinaarsi z. edilma ase gadmogvca:

“_ qarTvelebma ver daimsaxureT Cveni siyvaruli…

_ romelma qarTvelebma, meTqi, gakvirvebiT SevekiTxe me,

_ CvenSi bevri qarTvelebi msaxurobdnen olqis ufrosad, ginda

boqaulad, Tu sxva ram moxeled da ai im vaJbatonebma aramcTu daimsaxures

Cveni siyvaruli, aramed Tavi mogvaZuleso19”.

zaqaria edilma moxuc afxazs auxsna, rom Cinovniki qarTvelebi

saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxeSi ar uyvardaT. “Cinovniki qarTveli, Tu mudam

rusis mTavrobis warbqveS macqerali ar iyo da yvela mis gankargulebas

zedmiwevniT ar asrulebda da xalxisken ixreboda misi saswori, maSin

udReuri iqneboda misi samsaxuri, amitom magisTana movlenam ar unda

imoqmedos Tqvenze, afxazebze-meTqi, vuTxari me.

_ ara, ara, Tqven qarTvelebi, magasac rom Tavi gavaneboT, roca Cven

osmaleTTan erTad TavisuflebisaTvis vebrZodiT ruseTs, maSin Tqven

zurgSi xmals gviSendiT. es raRa iyo, dagaviwydaT, gana?

laparakma cxare xasiaTi miiRo da aSkarad emCenoda, rom afxazebi

ukmayofiloni iyvnen qarTvelebiT da gansakuTrebiT megrelebiT, romelTac

im brals sdebdnen, rom miwa-wyali mTlaT imaT daiWireso20”, werda zaqaria

edili (xazi Cvenia) .

17

sxvagan afxazeTis “turfa miwa-wylis” dampyroblebs Soris rusebs,

berZnebs, somxebsa da ebraelebis garda megrelebs da imerlebsac

asaxelebs. “yvela, visac mosvla ar dazarebia, aq mosula da dasaxlebula,

rusi, bolgarieli, albaneli, estoneli, ukraineli, germaneli, imereli da

umetesad megreli yvela eseni Semohkedlebian afxazeTs da misi turfa vel-

mindori CaugdiaT xelSi”21 (xazi Cvenia).

Cveni dakvirvebiT, z. edilis zogierTi Tvalsazrisi, erovnul-

demokratTa msofmxedvelobasTan TanxvedraSi ar aris. magaliTisTvis or

faqts moviyvanT _ man megrelebi afxazeTis miwis dampyroblebad

warmoaCina; sxvagan _ afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis

moTxovnas miesalma da maT am saqmeSi warmateba usurva kidec. (ix:

“avtokefaliis sakiTxi afxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #128; gv: 4.) amrigad,

z. edilis saxes Cvens SromaSi SedarebiT didi adgili davuTmeT, radgan am

publicists Cven sadisertacio kvlevis yvela TavSi SexvdebiT.

aranakleb sainteresoa niko TavdgiriZis, rafiel ingilos, mose

janaSvilis, Salva amirejibis, d.kasraZis, apolon wulaZis, agreTve

gazeTis redaqtorebis _ grigol veSapelis, geronti qiqoZis, spiridon

kedias _ saxeebi. Tumca, TiToeuli maTganis daxasiaTeba Zalian Sors

wagviyvanda, amitom mxolod maTi publikaciebis analiziT SemovifargleT.

ucnobi gvarebi. disertaciaze muSaobisas Segvxvda araerTi

naklebad cnobili gvari, romlebic SromaSi im mizniT mogvayavs, rom

samomavlod SeiZleba maTi vinaobis Sesaxeb romelime mkvlevarma

sagulisxmo informacia Sekribos.

18

cxrili 2

afaxzeTze, samaCablosa da saingiloze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis ucnobi avtorebi

fsevdonimebi. bunebrivia, gazeTze muSaobisas araerTi fsevdonimi

Segvxvda, maTi umetesoba gauSifravia. Cven es fsedonimebic regionebze

gamoqveynebuli masalebis mixedviT davalageT. ramdenime maTganis

afxazeTiilarion xoWava “iloris skola”; 1916w; # 220; gv: 3.

samaCabloa. levaniSvili Cveni korespondentebi; d. cxinvali; 1920w; # 150; gv.4.

iason javaxiSvili

“gagris kari”. ix; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #133; gv: 1-2

i.javaxi (Cveni azriT iason javaxiSvilia)

“soWis asparezidan”; 1919w.; #237; gv. 4

javaxi (Cveni azriT iason javaxiSvilia)

korespondenciebi; soxumi; 1920w; # 4; gv.4.

a.l. (Cveni azriT,

a.levaniSvili)“didi liaxvis xeoba (mowerili ambavi)”; 1919w.; 10; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi cxinvali”; 1920w; # 104; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi; cxinvali”; 1920w; # 108; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi; cxinvali”; 1920w; # 110; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi; cxinvali”; 1920w; # 164; gv.4.“javis xeoba”; 1921weli; # 5; gv 4.

a-l (Cveni azriT,

a.levaniSvili)

“mTa oseTis samilicio raioni”; 1919w; #60; gv: 2.

a.okroSiZe “wm. abos dResaswaulis gamo”; 1917w; #44; gv: 4.al.maCabeli “mamuli samaCablo”; 1917 weli, #94, gv.4

“daba cxinvali”; 1921 weli; # 6; gv 4.

d. saZagliSvili “korespondencia qvemo niqozidan” 1917 weli, #179, gv.4vasil TedeSvili javisxeoba; 1915 weli; # 54; gv 6.

av. abesaZe “saqarTvelos Sinauri mdgomareoba ruseTTan SeerTebis dros”; 1917w; #86, gv: 2.

saingilo

g. aTanelaSvili “korespondencia saingilodan”; 1917w; #202; gv: 4g.andriaSvili “korespondencia, mahmadianTa mufti kaxSi”; 1917w; #111; gv: 4.a. maCabeli “alaznis gaRma mxare, zaqaTalas olqi”; 1918w; #164, 165, 166, 167;

gv: 4.gr.JRenti “korespondencia, zaqaTala”, 1917w; #100; gv: 4.

“korespondencia qalis gayidvis Cveuleba saingiloSi”; 1917w; #122;gv: 4

arCil yuloSvili

“werili saingilodan”; 1915w; #65; gv; 3.

barTlome xuciSvili

“sof.kaxi”; 1915w; #129; gv: 2.

19

gamocnoba publicistis saxelTan da gvarTan siaxlovis gamo, Zalian

martivi gamodga. amdenad, gTavazobT Cven varaudebsac, romelic didi

albaTobiT swori gvgonia.

afxazeTi

fsevdonimebi: glexiSvili; kai; juanSer; iloreli; i-le-baRaTureli;

am-beri; in-ri; Waxraki; givi gollend; rioneli; sali; irakli; s. f. ;

megobari; galius; i.j. ; javaxi.

am fsevdonomebidan gaSifrulia am-beri (ambrosi xelaia) da givi

gollend (grigol robaqiZe). Cveni varaudiT fsevdonimebi _ i.j. da

javaxi unda ekuTvnodes iason javaxiSvilis, romelmac fsevdonimis gareSe

sakuTari saxeliT da gvariT gamoaqveyna statia“gagris kari”. ix;

“saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #133; gv: 1-2.

samaCablo

fsevdonimebi: soso; gulSematkivari; solomoni; legatus; wikeli; xion;

liaxveli; C. k-Ze; mokeTe; oboli; v. leliani; gzaT Camvleli; nikeli;

qarTleli qali; simarTle; bagrat beTaneli; vinme Toreli;

al. m-li; dav. gamrekeli; meTvalyure; i. ji-li; mejvrisxeveli

n.k.; moambe; cxinvaleli; a.l.; a-l; vefxvi.

am fsevdonimebidan gaSifrulia fsevdonimi liaxveli, romelic

ekuTvnis saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs kirions (saZagliSvils).

Cveni varaudiT, fsevdonimi al. m-li SeiZleba ekuTvnodes

aleqsandre maCabels.

fsevdonimi n.k SeiZleba ekuTvnodes niko kecxovels (SemdgomSi

cnobil botanikossa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtors),

romelic gazeT saqarTveloSi drodadro beWdavda korespondenciebs.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi samogzauro korespondenciebi mesxeTSi (ix:

“saqarTvelo”..) am varaudis sasargeblod metyvelebs isic, rom statia,

romelsac xels n.k awers, aris korespondencia sof tyviavidan (ix:

“saqarTvelo”, 1917 weli, #148, “korespondencia/sof. tyviavi”; gv.4). tyviavi

ki, niko kecxovelis mSobliuri sofelia.

magaliTad, niko kecxovelma 1917 wels gazeT “saqarTveloSi” (#266; 267) gamoqveyna

werilebis, samogzauro narkvevebis cikli “erTi Tve mesxeTSi”.

20

fsevdonimebi a.l. da a-l SeiZleba ekuTvnodes aleqsandre

levaniSvils, romelmac 1919 - 20 wlebSi gazeT “saqarTveloSi” araerTi

korespondencia gamoaqveyna samaCabloze.

saingilo

s.k-dia; Toma maRaroeli; d.k. ; meTvalyure; n-ani; qiziyeli; i. maruSiZe;

keWneli; s.d.s.

am fsevdonimebidan s. k-dia udavod aris spiridon kedias fsevdonimi,

xolo d.k. _ daviT kasraZis.

4. Sromis struqtura

Cveni Sroma Sesavlisa da daskvnis garda Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi

Tavisagan. pirveli TavSi gaanalizebulia afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili

publikaciebi, meoreSi _ samaCablosadmi, xolo mesameSi _ saingilosadmi.

Tavebi problemebis mixedviT dayofilia qveTavebad. raodenobis

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze vrcelia afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili nawili, romelic

oTxi Tavisagan Sedgeba. maTgan yvelaze moculobiTia Tavi, romelSic

vcadeT afxazeTSi mimdinare separatistuli moZraobis aRwera.

samaCablosadmi miZRvnili nawili SedarebiT mcirea, kidev ufro

mcire ki _ saingilosadmi miZRvnili nawilia. aseTi araTanabari

gadanawileba gamoiwvia regionebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis

gansxvavebulma rodenobam.

gazeT “saqarTveloSi” afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili publikaciebi

Warbobs. amas Tavisi obieqturi mizezi aqvs: mxolod 1918 wels afxazeTSi

bolSevikTa mier sami SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma da politikuri

gadatrialebis ori mcdeloba ganxorcielda. garda amisa, 1918 wlis bolos

da mTeli 1919 wlis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTi TeTrgvardieli generlis

denikis moxaliseTa armiasa da saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro

nawilebs Soris gamarTuli dapirispirebis asparezi iyo.

aranakleb daZabuli iyo es periodi samaCabloSi. kerZod,

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg am regionSi

bolSevikTa inspirirebiT sami ajanyeba moxda. Tumca, afxazeTisagan

gansxvavebiT samaCabloSi mxolod erTi gareSe Zala _ bolSevikuri ruseTi

gegmavda provokaciebs. afxazeTSi ki, daZabulobas erTmaneTis

21

monacvleobiT iwvevda sami gareSe Zala _ TurqeTi, TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi

da bolSevikuri ruseTi.

Tavisi arsiT srulad gansxvavdeba saingilos situacia. Tuki

afxazeTisa da samaCablos mosaxleobaSi arsebobda separatistuli

ganwyoba, saingilos qarTvelebSi aseTi ganwyoba an ar arsebobda, anda

arsebobda sakmaod sustad _ isic gamahmadianebul (galekebul) ingiloebSi.

garda amisa, saingilo warmoadgenda ZaliT dapyrobil da gamahmadianebul

mxares, romelsac Tumc SemorCenili hqonda istoriuli samSoblos

mexsiereba, magram ar Seswevda Zala, rom ebrZola masTan dabrunebisaTvis.

garda amisa, disertacias boloSi danarTis saxiT davamateT Cven mier

afxazeTze, samaCablosa da saingiloze mokrebili publikaciebis reestri,

nusxa. es nusxa amomwuravi ar aris, radgan gazeT “saqarTvelos” koleqcia,

romelic saqarTvelos paralmentis erovnul biblioTekaSi inaxeba sakamod

naklulia. publikaciebis nusxas Tan axlavs CamonaTvali im nomrebisa,

romelic sajaro biblioTekaSi ar aris daculi.

Cveni Sromis danarTi, ra Tqma unda, ver Seavsebs 1900-1921 wlebis

perioduli gamocemebis Tematuri saZieblebis ararsebobiTYSeqmnil

sicarieles. Tumca, es nusxa, imeds vitovebT, gauadvilebs Sromas maT, vinc

afxazeTis, samaCablos, saingilos sakiTxebs swavlobs da imaTac, visac

XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli presa ainteresebs.

22

I afxazeTiF

1. afxazeTi XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi

1.1. teritoria, mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri

Semadgenloba. ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis damxobamde, anu 1917 wlis

Tebervlamde afxazeTi oTx saboqaulod iyo dayofili. gazeT

“saqarTvelos” monacemebis Tanaxmad, romelic Tavis mxriv gazeT

“peterburgskie vedmostis” eyrdnoboda, qarTuli mosaxleobis simravliT

gamoiCeoda samurzayanos olqi, gudauTisa da kodoris olqebSi afxazuri

mosaxleobis raodenobrivi upiratesoba igrZnoboda; gumisTis olqSi ki,

berZnebi sWarbobdnen.22

1917 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTs, anu, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen

soxumis olqs, amierkavkasiis komisariatis dadgenilebiT SeuerTda gagrisa

da bzifis olqebi, romlebic 1903 wlidan mefis ruseTis gadawyvetilebiT

Savi zRvis gubernias hqonda miwerili. rogorc istorikosi oTar janeliZe

wers, “amiT afxazeTi oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli saqarTvelo-

amierkavkasiis nawilad”23. amrigad, 1917 wlisaTvis afxazeTi Sedgeboda

samurzayanos, gudauTis, gumisTis, kodoris, bzifisa da gagris olqebisgan.

eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT afxazeTi erT-erT yvelaze mravalferovan

mxares warmoadgenda. mogvianebiT gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespndenti

zaqaria edili, romelmac afxazeTSi imogzaura, dawers: “ara mgonia,

romelime kuTxe kavkasiisa ise iyves Wreli, rogorc dRes aris afxazeTi. is

wminda mozaikas warmoadgens am mxriv, yvela, visac mosvla ar dazarebia, aq

mosula da dasaxlebula, rusi, bolgarieli, albaneli, estoneli,

ukraineli, germaneli...”24 afxazeTis dampyroblad zaqaria edilma

qarTvelebic, kerZod ki, imerlebi da megrelebi daasaxela. misi TqmiT,

“yvela eseni Semohkedlebian afxazeTs da misi turfa vel-mindori CaugdiaT

xelSi”.25

23

dRemde aqtualuria kiTxva, Tu ramdeni iyo me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi

afxazi da qarTveli mosaxleobis raodenoba soxumis olqSi. 1993 wels

moskovSi rusi mecnierebis avtorobiT gamocemuli wignis (Белая книга

Абхазии) Tanaxmad, afxazeTSi me-19 saukunis bolodan 1926 wlamde

afxazuri mosaxleobis raodenoba 58 aTassa da 55 aTass Soris meryeobda,

xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi daaxloebiT 25 aTasidan 67 aTasamde

gaizardnen26. am monacemebs kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba qarTveli

demografi anzor ToTaZe27. misi TqmiT, rusma mecnierebma 1886 da 1897 wlis

saojaxo siebis monacemebi daamaxinjes, radgan samurzayanos eTnikurad

qarTveli mosaxleobis, romelic 30 aTasze met suls Seadgenda, miaweres

afxazi mosaxleobis raodenobas. igive Secdoma, ufro sworad

mizanmimarTuli uzustoba iqna daSvebuli 1897 wels ruseTis imperiaSi

Catarebuli mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris dros, rodesac samurzayanos

mosaxleoba miaTvales eTnikur afxazebs, ris Semdegac afxazTa

xelovnurad gazrdilma raodenobam Seadgina 58 697, xolo eTnikuri

qarTvelebisam - 25 87528.

Tumca, 1902 wels rusi Cinovnikebis mier Sedgenili yovelwliuri

angariSgebis – mosaxleobis erovnuli, sarwmunoebrivi da wodebrivi

uwyisis Tanaxmad, romlis monacemebic qarTvel mecnierebs sandod miaCniaT,

XX saukunis afxazeTSi cxovrobda 46,4 aTasi afxazi da 51,3 aTasi

qarTveli29.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalzed saintereso statistikuri

monacemebia motanili saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ambrosi xelaias

naSromSi “statiis gamo xma “soxumidan”. avtori eyrdnoba 1895-1905 wlebSi

afxazeTis episkoposis arsenis mier rusuli sinodis oberprokurorisaTvis

gagzavnili statistikur angariSs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom episkoposi arseni

cnobili qarTvelTmoZule saeklesio piri iyo, amdenad eTnikuri

qarTvelebis raodenobas ganzrax ar gazrdida.

ambrosi xelaia werda: “mTels soxumis mxareSi ep. Arsenis

statistikis Tanaxmad (ix.sinodis kantoris aRniSnuli saqme) saxlobs orive

sqesis 78 109 suli. maTgan qarTvelia (megreli, qarTleli, imereli,

amJamindeli gali, mdinare RaliZgasa da mdinare engurs Soris teritoria.

24

guruli da samurzayanoeli) 45 353 suli, danarCeni afxazebi – 24 598,

rusebi – 2745; berZnebi – 4762; somxebi – 638 da sxva erovnebisa – 1013

suli”30.

avtori sxva wyaroze (Абхазия, соч Цхумели, С-ПБ, 1906, стр.16, прим. 18)

dayrdnobiT acxadebs, rom 1906 wels soxumis mxareSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis

raodenoba 53 829-s Seadgenda31. amrigad, qarTveli mecnierebis Sromebze,

agreTve sxvadasxva araqarTuli wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia vTqvaT,

rom me-19 saukunis bolos afxazeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobas eTnikuri

qarTvelebi Seadgendnen

sainteresoa afxazeTis mosaxleobis sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobac.

religiaTmcodnis nugzar papuaSvilis TqmiT, “saqarTvelos erTiani

samefos dayofis Semdeg (1490-1495 ww) afxazeTSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos

sxva ganapira kuTxeebSi, kanonikuri saeklesio wyobileba (anu,

marTlmadidebloba m.m) Seirya. misi adgili umetesad arakanonikurma

rwmena-warmodgenebma, ufro sworad gaurkvevelma religiam, adgilobrivma

paganurma (soflurma) kultmsaxurebam (warmarTobam) daikava; gavrcelda

islamic. Aase rom, am mxareSi (afxazeTSi) caristuli ruseTis koloniuri

reJimis damyarebamde religiuri qaosi iyo”32.

Ddemograf anzor ToTaZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis dasawyisis

afxazeTSi mosaxleobis 89,5 procenti marTlmadidebeli qristiani iyo, 3,1

procenti – grigorianeli, xolo 7 procenti - musulmani”33.

1860 wels ruseTis wminda sinodis wiaRSi Seqmnilma “kavkasiaSi

marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis aRmdgenma sazogadoebam” afxazeTis

mosaxleobis marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebaze moqceva daiwyo. am process

Sesabamis TavSi vrclad ganvixilavT. aq mxolod imas vityviT, rom

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan

nawls formalurad hqonda miRebuli.Aamis Sesaxeb saintereso faqti aris

motanili saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosi (xelais) zemoT

xsenebul statiaSi34. avtori aq mkiTxvels uambobs, Tu rogor miiRo

mRvdelma kereseliZem afxazeTis eiskoposisgan davaleba, rom erT dReSi

moenTla 14 afxazi, radgan es erTgvari gegmis Sesasruleblad iyo saWiro.

25

1.2. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

mkvlevari daviT Ciataia aRniSnavs: “XX saukunis damdegs afxazeTi

warmoadgenda ekonomikurad CamorCenil agrarul mxares, sadac sustad iyo

ganviTarebuli, rogorc soflis meurneoba, aseve mrewveloba”35. garda

amisa, mkvlevari afxazeTSi am droisaTvis arsebul kapitalistur

urTierTobas axasiaTebs sami niSniT: 1) mrewveloba sustad iyo

ganviTarebuli da TiTqmis ar arsebobda fabrika-qarxnebi; 2)kapitalizmi

swrafad viTardeboda soflis meurneobaSi, gansakuTrebiT – meTambaqeobaSi;

3) TiTqmis ar arsebobda samrewvelo proletariati, samagierod

arsebobdnen sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis daqiravebuli muSebi, romelTa

eTnikuri Semadgenlobac Wreli iyo36.

msgavsad aRwers afxazeTis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas

istorikosi meri gabedavac. misi TqmiT, “axali warmoebiTi urTierTobis

formirebis procesSi wamyvan rols asrulebda qarTuli mosaxleoba, aseve

Camosuli berZnebi da somxebi... afxazebi nela ebmebodnen sasaqonlo-fulad

urTierTobebSi. ar misdevdnen vaWrobas, daqiravebul Sromas, radgan es

samarcxvino saqmianobad miaCndaT”37.

istorikosi jemal gamaxaria Tavis wignSi “qarTul afxazur

urTierTobaTa istoriidan” iSveliebs cnobili qarTveli sazogado

moRvawis, eqimis, social-demokratiuli partiis e.w. erovnuli jgufis

warmomadgenlis ivane gomarTelis Sefasebebs, romelic man 1905 wlis 19

noembers gazeT “cnobis furcelSi” gamoaqveyna saTauriT “afxazeTi

mcxovrebTa moTxovnebi”38.

ivane gomarTeli wers: “afxazebi arc meurneobas misdeven, arc xvna-

Tesvas, arc vaWrobas, arc xelosnobas,” samagierod afxaz glexs aqvs 30-60

dRiuri da zogan meti miwa. igi “moxdenilia, tanadi, lamazi. mas uyvars

cxeni, qeifi, buneba – Sroma, muSaoba ki - ara. miwa imdeni aqvs, rom

SeuZlia TviTon ar imuSaos. miwas afxazi ijariT aZlevs qarTvels, berZens,

somexs... namdvili miwis muSa afxazeTSi megrelia. yovel moZraobisa da

revoluciis dros afxazsa da megrels Soris ibadeba uTanxmoeba, radgan

pirvelia memamule, miwis patroni, meore ki – miwis muSa. revoluciis xanaSi

26

megreli afxazs mosavals an ar aZlevs, an - aZlevs naklebs. socialisturi

qadageba - miwa mSromels, miwis muSaso, megrelebSi fexs ikidebs da afxazs

afrTxobs. afxazi SiSobs, vaiTu miwa megrelma wamarTvaso”39.

jemal gamaxarias TqmiT, afxazeTSi Tavad-aznaurobas, rogorc

wodebas, udidesi gavlena hqonda yvela sxva wodebaze, maT Soris

glexobazec. afxazi glexobis erTi nawili bolomde erTguli darCa Tavad-

aznaurobisa da socialuri brZolaze uari ganacxada, xolo meore nawili

“gabolSevikda”. pirveli nawili afxaz TavadaznaurobasTan erTad

proTurqul orientacias daadga, xolo meore nawili – wiTel, bolSevikur

ruseTze amyarebda imedebs. “erTi ram ueWvelia, afxazeTSi socialuri

konfliqti erovnebaTaSoris konfliqtad iqca aq arsebuli speifikuri

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gamo”, aRniSnavs jemal gamaxaria40.

afxazur-qarTuli dapirispirebis socialur niadagi gazeT

“saqarTvelos” publicistebmac SeniSnes. am Temas redaqciam arerTi

publikacia miuZRvna, romlebsac qvemoT afxazuri-qarTuli

dapirispirebisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi ganvixilavT. manamde ki

sailustraciod movitanT 1919 wels afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi arCeul

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erTaderTi warmomadgenlis niko

TavdgiriZis Tvalsazriss. Nniko TavdgiriZe qarTvelebs (ZiriTadad megrel

glexebs) adanaSaulebda imaSi, rom socialisturi Rirebulebebis

gaziarebis gamo afxazebTan urTierToba gaifuWes. somxebSic arian

socialisturad ganwyobili jgufebi, magram somex glexs azradac ar mouva

afxaz memamules, romlis miwasac igi ijariT amuSavebs, socialisturi

Rirebulebebi Tavs moaxvios da amis gamo ijaris fuli ar gadauxados, an

miwis warTmeviT daemuqroso. “Cven mjiRiT da damuqrebiT vaSinebT yvelas

da amitom erTgul megobrebsac vkargavT. Cveni metoqeebi ki cxovrebrivi,

gonieris saSualebiT moqmedoben da kidec imarjveben”41, werda igi.

1.3. politikuri situacia.

istorikosebi meoce saukunis pirvel ocwleulis afxazeTSi oTx

gareSe politikur moTamaSes gamoyofen, kerZod: 1. mTielTa kavSirs; 2.

TurqeTs; 3. ruseTis monarqistul moZraobas, e.w. TeTrgvardielebs; 4.

bolSevikur ruseTs.

27

kavkasiis mTielTa kavSiri, romelic monarqiuli ruseTis daSlis

Semdeg Seiqmna, aerTianebda kavkasiis mTis xalxTa warmomadgenlebs.

mTielTa kavSirs surda afxazeTTan siaxlove da misi SemoerTebac ki,

radgan amis Sedegad igi zRvis saSualebiT pirdapir gasasvlels gaWrida

TurqeTTan. TurqeTi ki, mTielTa kavSiris erTmorwmune da sasurveli

partniori iyo.42 meores mxriv, afxaz Tavad-aznaurobis erTi nawli

socialisturi ajanyebebis epoqaSi sakuTari privilegiebis SenarCunebis

imeds kavkasiis mTielTa kavSirze amyarebda. swored afxazi

Tavadaznaurobis am nawilma gaimarjva 1917 wlis 7-8 noembers soxumSi

gamarTul afxazi xalxis pirvel yrilobaze, romelzec Seiqmna erovnul-

politikuri organizacia afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo. yrilobaze miRebul

iqna afxazi xalxis deklaracia da konstitucia, amasTan gadawyvites

Sesvla gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSirSi.43

jer kidev afxazi xalxis pirveli yrilobis mowvevamde, kerZod

1917 wlis 20 oqtombers, separatistma afxazma Tavadma a.g SarvaSiZem qalaq

vladikavkazSi xeli moawera kavkasiis mTielTa kavSirSi Sesvlas. Ees

xelmowera TviTneburad, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebul saqmeTa komitetTan

yovelgvari SeTanxmebis gareSe moxda. Tumca, a.SarvaSiZem xeli mTlianad

afxazeTis saxeliT ar moawera da miuTiTa mxolod “soxumis olqis mTis

xalxi – afxazebi”. (xazi Cemia m.m)

“a.g. SarvaSiZe, marTalia, warmoadgenda oficialur xelisuflebas

(afxazeTis saolqo komisari iyo. Mm.m.), magram mas ar hqonda saxelmwifo

rwmuneba raime politikuri molaparakebis sawarmoeblad. kavSiris

SemadgenlobaSi mxolod “afxazi xalxis” dasaxeleba, safiqrebelia,

ganpirobebuli iyo imiTac, rom a.g. SarvaSiZem ver gabeda Tavze aeRo mTeli

afxazeTis mosaxleobis warmomadgenloba, icoda ra im saerTo ganwyobis

Sesaxeb, romelic am sakTxTan dakavSirebiT afxazeTSi arsebobda44”.

afxazTa separatistuli jgufis mcdelobis miuxedavad, kavkasiis

mTielTa kavSiris saxelmwifo xelisufleba afxazeTze ar gavrcelebula.

marTalia, mTielTa kavSirma jer Tavi ruseTis federaciuli respublikis

Statad gamoacxada (1917 wlis dekemberi); xolo ruseTSi bolSevikebis

gamarjvebis Semdeg TurqeTis daxmarebiT sakuTari Tavis damoukidebel

28

saxelmwifod ratificirebac ki moaxdina (1918 wlis maisi), magram

afxazeTis SemoerTebis sakiTxi mTielTa kavSirs arsebiTad ar ganuxilavs.

istorikos meri gabedavas dakvirvebiT, mTielTa kavSiris

politikuri gadawyvetileba iyo, rom ar gaefuWebina urTierToba

saqarTvelos erovnul sabWosTan, Semdgom ki damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

xelisuflebasTan. mTielTa kavSris warmomadgenlebis saqarTvelos

erovnul sabWosTan Sexvedrisas (1917 wlis 1-2 dekemberi) “...aRiniSna, rom

yuradReba unda mieqces sazRvris mowesrigebis sakiTxs (afxazeTTan,

oseTTan, zaqaTalaSi). aseve, mTielTa warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom

maTi mTavroba mzadaa keTilmezobluri urTierToba daamyaros

saqarTvelosTan. es keTilmezobluri urTierToba saqarTvelosa da

mTielTa mTavrobas Soris bolomde iqna SenarCunebuli.45”

TurqeTi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri sagareo Zala iyo, romelic XX

saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan gamijnvis process

asazrdovebda. 1917 wlis bolosaTvis mTels amierkavkasias demuqra ori

udidesi Zala _ erTis mxriv leninis ruseTi, xolo meores mxriv _

TurqeTi. 1918 wlis pirveli xuTi Tve amierkavkasiis seimma TurqeTTan

samSvidobo molaparakebebSi gaatara. paralelurad TurqeTi ipyrobda

saqarTvelosa da somxeTis teritoriebs. Teberval-martSi molaparakebebi

qalaq trapzonSi, xolo maisSi _ qalaq baTumSi mimdinareobda.

baTumis samSvidobo molaparakebebs afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos

warmomadgenlebic eswrebodnen. maT unda emcnoT TurqeTis mTavrobisaTvis,

rom afxazeTi Sedis amierkavkasiis erTa ojaxSi da unda darCes

amierkavkasiis SemadgenlobaSi. afxazeTis delegaciis ramdenime

warmomadgeneli farulad Sexvda TurqeTis sazavo delegaciis

xelmZRvanels halil beis, Sexvedraze saubari iyo afxazeTis miwaze im

musulmani afxazebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb, romlebic TurqeTSi muhajirobis

dros gadasaxldnen. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi TurqeTis mTavroba mzad

iyo, rom afxazeTis sabWos daxmareboda jariT da iaraRiT46.

am Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb informirebuli yofila amierkavkasis

delegaciis xelmZRvaneli a.Cxenkeli. 1918 wlis 15 maiss man acnoba

saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos: “aq arian afxazTa warmomadgenelni. sruliad

29

naTlad gairkva, rom maT undaT da kidevac ganaxorcieleben TurqeTis

Tavdasxmas afxazeTze. aris gegmac, aris saamisod gamzadebuli Zalebic.

Sevecdebi xeli SevuSalo maTi am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebas”47.

Turquli desanti 1918 wels orjer _ ivnisSi da agvistoSi _ iqna

gadmosxmuli afxazeTSi. niSandoblivia, rom orjerve am procesis

iniciatorebi afxazi Tavadebi (a.v. SarvaSiZe, t.marSania) iyvnen, romlebmac

sakuTari mamulSi umaspinZles kidec Turquli armiis warmomadgenlebs.

1918 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTis mxardaWeriT daimedebulma afxazi

Tavadaznaurobis nawilma soxumSi alya Semoartya saxalxo sabWos Senobas

da gadatrialebis mowyoba scada, magram proqarTulad ganwyobilma

afxazebma xma droulad miawvdines damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobas.

gadatrialeba ar Sedga, xolo afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, rogorc kontr

revoluciuri da xalxis interesebis damRupveli, gauqmebulad gamoacxades.

Seiqmna axali sabWo, romelmac droebiTi dairqva”48. droebiTma sabWom

Turqofilebi eris moRalateebad gamoacxada, droebiTi sabWos

SemadgenlobaSi Sevida afxazeTSi macxovrebeli yvela eri.

TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi, igive moxaliseTa nawilebi. 1918 wlis

oqtombridan 1919 wlis oqtombramde TeTrgvardieli generali denikini

afxaz separatistTa jgufs aqtiurad exmareboda. afxazTa separatistulma

jgufma, romelsac TurqeTis mxridan daxmarebis imedi gaucruvda,

mokavSired TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi airCia. cnobili faqtia, rom 1918 wlis

seqtemberSi q. soWSi TeTrgvardiel general aleqseevs Sexvda afxazTa

delegacia,romelsac a. g.ServaSiZe meTaurobda ( es is ServaSiZea, romelmac

mTielTa kavSirSi Sesvlas moawera xeli da manamde proTurqul

orientacias uWerda mxars).

delegaciis wevrebma general aleqseevs sTxoves “gaeTavisuflbinaT

afxazeTi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebisagan”49. Aam droisaTvis

denikiis axalgazrda bolSevikuri ruseTis winaaRndeg brZolaSi

warmatebul etapze imyofeboda. rusul qalaq yubanSi samxreT ruseTis

mTavrobac ki iyo Seiqmnili.

30

TeTrgvardielebs aRizianebdaT is faqti, rom damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos sazRvarSi Sedioda qalasi soWi, romelic rusuli kapitaliT

aRorZinebul qalaqi iyo da, amdenad, rusebs TavianT sakuTrebad miaCndaT.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam sazRvari ar Semoswia, anu soWi da gagra ar

dauTmo denikinis moxaliseTa armias.

vidre saqarTveloSi germaniis jarebi idgnen, samxreT ruseTi ver

bedavda saqarTvelosTan samxedro dapirispirebas, Tumca, politikuri

dapirispireba mimdinareobda afxazeTis droebiT sabWoSi, sadac TeTri

ruseTis mxardamWer jgufs xemZRvanelobda rusi demianovi.

“demianovis gverdiT sabWoSi monarqistuli orientaciis

gamtareblebad gamovidnen e.w. socialisturi fraqciis warmomadgenlebi,

maT mxars uWerda afxazeTis rusuli eklesiis klerikalebi, afxazeTis

“rusTa erovnuli sabWo” da afxazeTis somxoba”50.

am Zalebma gadatrialebis mowyoba 1918 wlis 9 oqtombers scades,

Tumca afxazeTis droebiTi sabWos proqarTuli orientaciis wevrebma

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT moaxerxes gadatrialebis Tavidan

acileba. amboxebis organizatorebi daapatimres, Seiqmna saarCevno komisia,

romelmac uzrunvelyo afxazeTis axali saxalxo sabWos arCevnebi. 1919

wlis 13 Tebervals arCeul iqna afxazeTis axali saxalxo sabWo, romelic

40 wevrisgan dakompleqtda. “sabWoSi ar iyo erTsulovneba, gansakuTrebiT

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi da sxvadasxva partiebis warmomadgenlebs

gansxvavebuli poziciebi gaaCndaT51”.

MTeTri ruseTis agresia saqarTvelos axalgazrda demokratiuli

respublikis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gaZlierda, rac 1918

wlis 30 oqtombers TurqeTsa da antantis qveynebs Soris q.medrosSi daido

samSvidobo xelSekruleba da amierkavkasia, maT Soris saqarTvelo,

inglisis kontrols daeqvemdebara.

1919 wels denikinma aiRo jer soWi, Semdeg gagra. Mmis agresias

saqarTvelos xelisufleba amierkavkasiaSi inglisis warmomadgenlobasTan

amaod aprotestebda. inglisis mxridan saqarTvelos interesebisadmi

gulgrilobas istorikosi meri gabedava ase xnis: saerTaSoriso

31

Tanamegobrobis mxardaWera TeTrgvardiuli ruseTisaTvis ganpirobebuli

iyo sabWoTa ruseTis likvidaciis surviliT. am miznis erTaderT

ganmaxorcilebel Zalad maSindeli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba swored

denikins da mis moxaliseTa armias miiCnevda52.

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Ddenikinis agresia mxolod mas Semdeg

Sewyda, rac gaZlierebulma bolSevikurma xelisuflebam TeTrgvardielebi

daamarcxa. “1920 wlis 27 marts wiTelma armiam daikava denikinelTa

ukanaskneli dasayrdeni novorosiiski. sabWoTa xelisufleba gamocxadda

samxreT ruseTis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze da wiTelgvardielebi

uSualod amierkavkasias moadgnen”53.

bolSevikuri ruseTi aRmoCnda is Zala, romelmac sabolood

SeZlo afxazeTis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gancalkaveba. 1921 wlamde

bolSevikebis mier afxazeTSi ori ajanyeba moewyo: pirvelad 1918 wlis 7

aprils, xolo meored _ 1918 wlis 16 ivniss. Oorive ajanyeba CaxSobil iqna:

pirvelad _ amierkavkasiis saxalxo gvardiis mier general valiko

juRelisa da da polkovnik koniaSvilis meTaurobiT; xolo meorejer _

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samxedro razmebis mier general giorgi

mazniaSvilis meTaurobiT.

istorikos meri gabedavas TqmiT, “1919 wlis maisisaTvis afxazeTSi

arsebobda 32 bolSevikuri ujredi, romelic 320 wevrs iTvlida. Ees

imdenad umniSvnelo Zala iyo, rom maT xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri

RonisZiebis gatareba ar SeeZloT”54. situacia Seicvala 1920 wels, rodesac

bolSevikurma ruseTma daamarcxa TeTrgvardielebi, samSvidobo

xelSekruleba gaaforma qemalistur TurqeTTan da gaasabWova azerbaijani,

ris Semdegac gasabWovebis jeri saqarTvelosa da somxeTze midga. 1920

wels kremlSi SemuSavda gegma, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTveloze sabWoTa

armiis nawilebs ieriSi eqvsi mxridan, maT Soris gagra-soWis

mimarTulebiTac unda mietanaT.

19 Tbervals ruseTis IX armiam daiwyo ieriSi afxazeTis

mimarTulebiT, rac sabolood 4 marts soxumSi SesvliTa da sabWoTa

xelisuflebis gamocxadebiT dasrulda. Aamrigad, 1921 wlis Teberval-

32

martSi ganxorcielda saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis ZaldatanebiTi

gasabWoeba.

afxazeTis proqarTulma Zalebma moqmedeba jer kidev saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde daiwyes. 1918 wlis 9 Tebervals afxazeTis

saxalxo sabWos wevrebi TbilisSi Sexvdnen saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos

aRmaskomis wevrebs. Sexvedraze daisva afxazeTis damoukideblobis sakiTxi,

romelsac saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo ar daeTanxma. zepiri SeTanxmebiT

gadawyda, rom “afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mowyobis sakiTxi

unda gadaewyvita afxazeTis damfuZnebel krebas. SeTanxmebaSi

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo afxazeTis farTo Sinagani avtonomia saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi55”.

afxazur-qarTul urTierTobebSi kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji

iyo 1918 wlis 11 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da afxazeTis saxalxo

sabWos Soris ukve werilobiT gaformebuli xelSekruleba. xelSekrulebiT

saqarTvelo afxazeTs aniWebda farTo avtonomias da hpirdeboda samxedro

da ekonomikur daxmarebas.56 9 Tebrvlis sityvieri da 11 ivnisis werilobiTi

SeTanxmebebi gaxda iuridiuli safuZveli imisa, 1918 wels bolSevikebis

mier organizebuli ori SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis CaxSobaSi afxazeTs

swored saqarTvelo daexmara.

afxazeTSi proqarTuli mimdinareobis asparezi iyo afxazeTis

saxalxo sabWo: “miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos wevrebi

ar iyvnen erTsulovanni axlad Seqmnili saqarTvelos damoukidebel

respublikasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi, es organo mainc proqarTuli

orientaciis matarebeli da saqarTvelos mTavrobis dasayrdeni iyo

afxazeTSi.57” sabWos proqarTulad ganwyobilma wevrebma orjer moaxerxes

gadatrialebis mcdelobis aRkveTa (pirvelad 1918 wlis agvistoSi

proTurquli Zalebis mier inspirirebuli gadatrialebis, xolo meored _

1918 wlis oqtomberSi denikinis mxardaWeriT waqezebuli gadatrialebis).

1919 wlis 13 Tebervals afxazeTSi arCeul iqna warmomadgenlobiTi

organo _ afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, romelic ormoci wevrisgan Sedgeboda.

sabWom 1919 wlis 18 marts daiwyo muSaoba, 20 marts man miiRo dokumenti

“aqti afxazeTis avtonomizaciis Sesaxeb”, am dokumentis pirvel muxlSi

33

naTqvami iyo: “afxazeTi Sedis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi avtonomiuri erTeuli...”58. Aam muxls damswre

34 deputatidan 27-ma dauWira mxari, samma Tavi Seikava, oTx deputats ki,

kenWisyraSi monawileoba ar miuRia.59

Aamave sxdomaze SeiqmnaK komisia, romelsac afxazeTis

konstitucia unda SeemuSavebina. komisia mudmivi urTierTdapirispirebis

fonze muSaobda. “antiqarTuli Zalebi moiTxovdnen debulebis proqtSi

SeetanaT iseTi muxlebi, romelic aSkarad cildebodnen avtonomiuri

marTvis uflebebs (sakuTari jari, safinanso sistema, afxazeTis bunebrivi

resursebis afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos sakuTrebad gamocxadeba da a.S.).

afxazeTis demokratiuli Zalebi, saxalxo sabWos memarcxene frTa ibrZoda

erTiani saqarTvelosaTvis... uaryofda opoziciuri mxaris moTxovnebs da

moiTxovda afxazeTisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebas Sinagani marTvis

sferoSi60”.

1919 wlis dekemberSi komisiam SeimuSava “afxazeTis avtonomiuri

mmarTvelobis debulebis proeqti”. 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals saqarTvelos

damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo saqarTvelos konstitucia, romliTac afxazeTs

mieniWa avtonomiis statusi.

qarTvel istorikosTa SefasebiT 1917-21 wlebSi safuZveli Caeyara

“afxazTa erTian qarTul saxelmwifoSi integrirebis Tvisobrivad axal

etaps... bolSevikuri ruseTis okupaciam 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals umZimesi

dartyma miayena am process”61.

amrigad, pirveli qveTavi davuTmeT me-20 saukunis dasawyisis

afxazeTis socialuri da politikuri suraTis aRweras. aRniSnul amocanas

SedarebiT didi adgili imitom davuTmeT, rom Cveni azriT, istoriuli

fonis codnis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda gazeT “saqarTveloSi”

afxazeTis Sesaxebgamoqveynebuli publikaciebis saTanado analizi.

34

2. gazeT “saqarTvelos” Tvalsawieridan

danaxuli antiqarTuli moZraoba da

separatizmi afxazeTSi

XX saukunis dasawyisSi separatistul moZraobas afxazeTSi

gamokveTili saxe hqonda micemuli. eTnikuri afxazebis erTi jgufi,

romelsac didgvarovani afxazuri gvarebis warmomadgenlebi meTaurobdnen,

Zalas ar iSurebda erTiani qarTuli sivricidan afxazeTis

gamosacalkaveblad.

separatistuli moZraobis gaSuqebisas gazeTs afxazTa es jgufi ar

daudanaSaulebia. procesebisadmi redaqciis damokidebuleba aseTi iyo:

pirveli, afxazuri separatizmi Sedegia mesame Zalis, anu ruseTis

antiqarTuli politikisa; da meore ruseTis miznebs afxazeTSi xels

uwyobs amierkavkasiis, SemdgomSi ki, saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobis

mier daSvebuli Secdomebi. A

A aqve xazgasmiT gvsurs vTqvaT, rom “saqarTvelos” publicistTa

Soris iyvnen zomieri nacionalistebi da ukiduresi nacionalistebi.

magaliTad, “saqarTvelos” redaqtori grigol veSapeli, romelic

ukiduresi nacionalisturi poziciiT gamoirCeoda, moiTxovda saqarTvelos

gavlenis gaZlierebas afxazeTSi. igi werda: “ dRevandel afxazT sjuli

samgvari aqvT: qrisitianebic arian, mahmadianebic da kerpT msaxurnic,

magram maTi qriste da mati mahmadi iseTive qarTuli unda iyvnen, rogoric

iyo Zveli armazi”62. (xazi Cvenia)

aseTi kategoriuli poziciis gamo zogierTma afxazma (sxvaTa Soris,

maT, romlebic ar gamoirCeodnen separatizmiT) gazeT “saqarTveloSi”

ukmayofilebis werili gamoaqveyna. isini aqcents akeTbdnen sakuTar

TviTmyofadobaze, im faqtze, rom eTnikurad afxazebi iyvnen da ara _

qarTvelebi: “afxazebs rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi calke Taviseburi

politikuri cxovreba hqondaT, amis axsna arc axlandel qarTvels ar

esaWiroeba (xazi Cvenia m. m.). yoveli eri, romelsac Tavisi vinaobis

Senaxvis survili jer ar dahkargvia, cdilobs, ramenaerad iseTi

35

gamgebloba moawyos Tavis Sinaur saqmeebSi, rom mis eTnografiul

Tvisebebsa da erovnul xasiaTs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da mzrunveloba

aRmouCinos ...

BCven gvakvirvebs da gvwyins is, rom xSirad jerovani sifrTxiliT

ver epyrobian Cven erovnul Tavmoyvareobas zogierTi axalgazrda

qarTveli. Cveni survilia SevinaxoT Cveni ena da gansakuTrebuli Tviseba.

Cvens bunebriv moTxovnilebebs eseni ukmayofilebis grZnobiT uyureben da

xSirad presaSic ukeTurad ixseneben, es garemoeba Zlier amwvavebs Cven

Soris urTierTobebs”63.

Uukiduresi nacionalistebis gverdiT gazeT “saqarTveloSi” sakuTar

publikaciebs aqveynebdnen zomieri nacionalistebi, romlebic didi taqtiTa

da sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen afxazeTSi arsebul viTarebas. Cveni azriT, am

niSniT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva ori publicisti: zaqaria edili

(edilaSvili) da niko TavdgiriZe. maT publikaciebs Cven qvemoT vrclad

ganvixilavT.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” furclebze aisaxa afxazeTSi mimdinare

antiqarTuli procesebi: qarTuli enisa da zogadad qarTuli ganaTlebis

devna, saqarTvelos eklesiisagan damoukideblad afxazeTis avtokefaluri

eklesiis formirebis survili, ZvelqarTuli taZrebisa da istoriuli

Zeglebis araqarTulad gamocxadeba. Ddabolos, am periodulma organom

gaaSuqa separatistebis mier provocirebuli samxedro agresiis faqtebi _

1918 wels politikuri gadatrialebis ori mcdeloba; 1919 wels

TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis mier afxazeTis teritoriebis dapyroba da 1921

wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsia, kerZod, gagra-soWs

mimarTulebidan SemoWra.

2.1 enis sakiTxi

meoce saukunis ocian wlebis afxazeTSi adgili hqonda

saqarTvelosTan brZolis yvelaze gavrcelebul simptoms _ qarTuli enis

Seviwrovebas. qarTuli ena idevneboda socialistur jgufSi, muSaTa

klasSic ki; qarTuli idevneboda afxazeTSi moqmedi yvela tipis skolidan

da marTlmadidebluri eklesiidan.

36

gazeT “saqarTvelos” erT-erTi Jurnalisti fsevdonimiT pr. askaneli

soxumis saxalxo universitetSi daeswro soxumis muSaTa yrilobas.

yrilobaze qarTulenovani sul ori muSa aRmoCnda, maT sakuTari saTqmeli

qarTulad daiwyes, magram krebaze damswreTa daJinebuli moTxovnis Semdeg

saubari cudi rusuliT gaagrZeles, ris gamoc sayovelTao dacinva

daumsaxurebiaT. Aavtoris TqmiT, rusulenovan soxumSi qarTul enasTan

brZola SovinizmTan (bunebrivia, qarTuli Sovinizmi igulisxmeba) brZolis

Zalian popularuli lozungiT iyo gamyarebuli. socialistebma soxumis

saxalxo universiteti dasebis brZolis asparezad gadaaqcies, “TiTqos,

sxva jgufebi winaaRmdegni iyvnen universitetebisa. erTxel da samudamod

gaigeT, batonebo, rom yvelgan jgufobrioba ar varga”64, werda pr.askaneli.

amave korespondenciaSi avtorma gaaSuqa qarTul enasTan brZolis

kidev erTi faqti. soxumSi universitetTan daarsda qarTuli wignebis

jixuri “dioskuria”, romelSic qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebi Tveebis

dagvianebiT Cadioda. “dioskuria” soxumis saxalxo universitetis

TanamSromelTa krebaze gangaSis sababi gamxdara. qarTuli wignebis axali

jixuris daarsebiT Cveni universitetis wignebis Zvel jixurs konkurenti

gamouCnda, saswrafod unda miviRoT zoma da universitetis axal SenobaSi

gadavitanoT Zveli jixurio,65 daadgines Sekrebaze.

qarTul enasTan (da zogadad yovelive qarTulTan) brZolis yvelaze

agresiuli Zalas warmoadgenda rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

sasuliero pirTa is jgufi, romelic afxazeTSi marTlmadideblobis

gavrcelebas iyenebda, rogorc rusuli saxelmwifo plitikis gatarebisa da

am regionis rusifikaciis meTods. samwuxarod, 1885 wlidan, rodesac

daarsda soxumis (anu axazeTis) rusuli eparqia, afxazeTSi ZiriTadad

rusifikatoruli politikis gamtarebeli sasuliero pirebi iniSnebodnen.

maT Soris qarTvelTmoZuleobiT gamoirCeodnen epikoposi arseni

(izotovi), dekanozebi _ vostorgovi da iastrebovi.66 Ees sasuliero

episkoposi arseni yvelaze didxans (1895-1905) meTurobda soxumis saeklesio kaTedras. am

xnis ganmavlobaSi igi qarTvelebisadmi (agreTve, afxazebis, iseve rogorc soxumis olqSi macxovrebeli sxva ararusi erovnebebis warmomadgenlebisadmi) sastik Sovinistur damokidebulebas amJRavnebda. Mmisi soxumidan gawvevis mizezi gaxda is faqti, rom man soxumis sakaTedro taZarSi yvelasaTvis sayvareli qarTveli sasuliero piris dekanoz

37

pirebi afxazeTSi 1906 wlamde moRvaweobdnen; antiqarTuli muSaobis gamo

maTze Sesulma uamravma saCivarma ruseTis sinodi iZulebuli gaxada

gaeTxova isini regionidan. Tumca, qarTul enasa, da zogadad qarTul

kulturasTan brZolis maTeuli tradicia afxazeTSi sabolood

damkvidrda.

magaliTad, 1916 wlis “saqarTvelos” 42-e nomerSi, axali ambebis

gverdze vkiTxulobT, rom “sofel galis (samurzayano) samrevlo skolaSi

q.S.w.k. gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas Tavisi maswavlebeli hyavs qarTuli

enisa. aqamde qarTul enas daTmobili hqonda iq me-2, me-3 da me-4

gakveTilebi; axla ki soxumis episkoposs ubrZanebia eparqiuli sabWosaTvis,

rom qarTul enas mxolod me-6 gakveTili dauTmeTo da sabWosac es

brZaneba ukve Seusrulebia”67.

1917 wlidan, rodesac mefis ruseTi daemxo da erovnul miswrafebebs

gasaqani mieca, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi moiTxoves skolebSi

swavla-ganaTlebis qarTul enaze SemoReba. es tendencia ganpirobebuli iyo

imiTac, rom saqarTvelos regionebis mosaxleobas rusuli enis aTviseba

yovelTvis uWirda. afxazeTSi ki piriqiT moxda, am droisaTvis afxazeTis

eTnikurad Wrel mosaxleobaSi, maT Soris TviT afxazebSi, rusuli

mSobliur enad iyo qceuli. afxazeTis soflebSic ki, mosaxleobis

moTxovniT rusuli enis swavlebisaTvis gamoyofili saaTebi ar

Semcirebula, mSoblebi maswavleblebs daemuqrnen, Tu swavlas qarTul

enaze warmarTavT, Svilebs skolidan gamoviyvanTo.

“saqarTvelos” korespondentma zaqaria edilma am movlenis mizezi ase

axsna: “sazogadod, afxazeTSi rusul atmosferos didad aqvs fesvebi

gamdgari da rusebis erTs saukunovans mecadineobas maTi gadagvarebisaTvis

unayofod ar Cauvlia”68.

rusulis, rogorc ZiriTadi enis, arseboba afxazeTSi, imdenad

bunebriv procesad iyo miCneuli, rom es faqti eTnikur qarTvelebSic ar

iwvevda protests. 1917 wels afxazeTSi mimavalma z. edilma matarebelSi

daviT maWavarianis cxedris dasvenebasa da misi sulis mosaxseniebeli wirvis Catarebis neba aravis darTo. (amis Taobaze ixile _ Aambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi (statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb; 2005w; gv: 152.)

38

megreli Tanamgzavrisgan Seityo, rom monarqiis damxobis Semdegac

samurzayanoSi mdebare iloris eklesiaSi bolo dromde wirva-locva

rusulad mimdinareobda, arada, samurzayanos mosaxleobis umravlesobas

eTnikuri qarTvelebi (megrelebi) Sedgendnen. Jurnalistma es ambavi gaioca.

misi gaoceba ki megreli Tanamgzavris gakvirvebis mizezi gaxda: _ ra

gikvirT, afxazi mRvdeli roca meTaurobda am eklesias, rusulad swiravda,

axla qarTveli xelaia daniSnes da is qarTulad swiravso69.

gazeTma “saqarTvelom” mwirad, magram mainc gaaSuqa afxazuri enis

dacvis sakiTxic. gazeTis korespondenti zaqaria edili erT-erT Tavis

publikaciaSi rus lingvist uslaris mier afxazuri anbanis Seqmnis faqts

exeba. man Tavi aarida faqtis dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad Sefasebas.

korespondentma mxolod is aRniSna, rom anbani uxarisxod aris Sedgenili,

kerZod, afxazuri bgerebi gamoxatulia rusuli asoebiT, xolo is bgerebi,

rasac rusuli ar miesadageba, gamouxatavT jer qarTuli asoebiT, Semdeg

ki qarTuli asoebi gaurkveveli aso-niSnebiT CaunacvlebiaTo. “ramdenime

skolis maswavlebelma miTxra, rom verc skolaSi da verc miwer-moweraSi

ver gvixmaria es qarTuli anbani, radgan misi wera SeuZlebeliao”70, wers

gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.

Uunda hqondeT, Tu ara afxazebs sakuTari damwerloba? gazeT

“saqarTveloSi” Cven TiTqmis ver vnaxeT publikacia, romelic am SekiTxvaze

dadebiT, an uaryofiT pasuxs gascemda. Tumca, ori garemoebis gamo,

vfiqrobT, rom JurnalistTa da publicistTa is jgufi, romelic gazeT

“saqarTvelos” garSemo iyo gaerTianebuli, Tvlida, rom afxazebs sakuTari

damwerloba unda hqonodaT.

P pirveli, da umTavresi garemoeba ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosi xelaias figuras. ambrosi xelaia

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad 1921 wels, anu saqarTvelos

gasabWoebisa da gazeT “saqarTvelos” daxurvis Semdeg iqna xeldasxmuli.

1916-18 wlebSi, anu gazeT “saqarTvelosTan” misi TanamSromlobis periodSi,

wm. ambrosi jer arqimandritis, xolo Semdeg mitropolitis (1917w) wodebiT

sargeblobda, 1917 wlidan igi Wyondideli episkoposicaa.

39

1916 wels man gazeT “saqarTveloSi” axel-is fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna

werilebis cikli “ra mdgomareobaSia dRes iveriis eklesiis sakiTxi?”,

agreTve 1917 wels (#54) arqimandrit ambrosis xelmoweriT gamoaqveynda

statia “qarTvelis saflavi qalaq riazanSi”, 1918 wels (#25) “am-beris”

fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna statia “iloris bedi”.

A ambrosi xelaia, rogorc qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis

zedmiwevniT mcodne piri, afxazebisaTvis afxazuri enis SenarCunebisa da

maTTvis damwerlobis Seqmnis momxre iyo. marTalia, amis Sesaxeb gazeT

“saqarTveloSi” sakuTari pozicia ar daufiqsirebia, magram Cven mier

araerTgzis damowmebul mis polemikur werilSi “statiis gamo “xma

soxumidan”, igi wers, rom istoriulad qarTveli sasuliero pirebi

cdilobdnen marTlmadidebluri literaturis afxazur enaze Targmnas.

amis dasturad man moixmo fragmenti imereTis episkopos gabrielis

angariSebidan, romelsac gabrieli afxazeTSi sakuTari misioneruli

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb “kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis aRmdgen

sazogadoebas” ugzavnida.

angariSebidan irkveva, rom 1868 wels episkoposi gabrieli Sexvda

kneina kesaria ServaSiZes (dadianis STamomavals) da mas, rogorc “afxazuri

enis Cinebul mcodnesa da uanarian adamians”, SesTavaza Camoeyalibebina

komiteti da afxazurad eTargmna “dawyebiTi locvebi, mrwamsi, 10 mcneba da,

ramdenadac moxerxdeboda, liturgia da saaRdgomo saxareba”71.

episkopos gabrielis ganzraxvas afxazuri enis qristianul

literaturaSi gacocxlebis Sesaxeb arqimandriti ambrosi sanimuSod

miiCnevs. es faqti mas imis dasturad miaCnda, rom qarTveli sasuliero

pirebi “ar iyvnen mowamlulni ukiduresi “qarTvelomanizmiT” da

afxazebisadmi siZulviliT”. amdenad, kaTolikos patriarq ambrosis figura,

metadre ki is faqti, rom igi gazeT “saqarTvelosTan” TanamSromlobda,

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosi xelaias fsevdonimebis Sesaxeb

informacia gamoviyeneT nugzar papuaSvilis wignidan ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi (statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 42. n. papuaSvili Tavis mxriv wm ambrosi fsevdonimebTan dakavSirebiT eyrdnoba kaaTolokos patriarq kalistrate cincaZis wigns “Cemi mogonebebi”; Tbilisi 2001 weli.

40

gvibiZgebs varaudiosken, rom afxazuri anbanis Seqmna gazeT “saqarTvelos”

mesveurebs saSur saqmed miaCndaT.

M meore, garemoeba afxazebisadmi gazeT “saqarTvelos” zogadi

damokidebulebaa. kerZod, erT-erT saredaqcio werilSi vkiTxulobT:

“dRevandeli saqarTvelo sulieri memkvidre winandeli saqarTvelosi,

romelsac Tavisi saxierebis dasacavad araviTari msxverpli ar dauzogavs

da romelsac afxazebTan erTad harmoniulad ucxovria da uqmnia erTi

istoria da kultura, gadmocemul tradicias TayvaniscemiT Tan atarebs da

Tavisi RviZli Zmis Tviseburebebs imdenad pativs scems, ramdenadac

sakuTarzed xels ver aiRebs”72. ( xazi Cvenia)

afxazuri enis gadarCenis aucileblobas daucvia soxumis qarTvelTa

erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenel niko TavdgiriZesac (igi gazeT

“saqarTveloSi” afxazeTze gamoqveynebuli araerTi saintereso statiis

avtoricaa). gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli sainformacio masalidan

vgebulobT, rom TavdgiriZes damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe

dauyenebia Suamdgomloba, rom soxumSi gaxsniliyo qarTuli skola,

romelSic afxazuri enasac aswavlidnen. es, TavdgiriZis azriT, afxazebs

ubiZgebda Svilebis qarTul skolaSi Semoyvanisken.

“mTeli uTanxmoeba afxazTa da qarTvelT Soris imisgan

gamomdinareobs, rom afxazebs Cvenma mtrebma Caagones, TiTqos, Cven maTi

gadagvareba gvindodes, maTi enis mospoba. Cven unda davumtkicoT maT, rom

Cven didi pativiscemiT vepyrobiT yovelive eris deda-enas. am mosazrebiT

sasurvelia afxazuri enis Semswavleli kaTedra daarsdes qarTul

universitetSi”73, razec molaparakebas vawamoeb saqarTvelos ganaTlebis

ministrTan da saxelmwifo universitetis profesorTan ivane

javaxiSvilTan. saqme ukve gadawyvetilad iTvleba, univerisitetSi

mowveulia afxazuri enis leqtorad cnobili lingvisti petre taraia –

werda niko TavdgiriZe damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobas.

maSasadame, afxazuri enis sakiTxi, Tumca gazeT “saqarTvelos”

publicistTa mier calke ar ganxilula, magram is Rirebulebebi, rasac

redaqcia popularizacias uwevda da, rac mTavaria, im adamianTa

avtoriteti, romlebic afxazeTis Temas aSuqebdnen, gvafiqrebinebs, rom

41

afxazuri ena, istoria da kultura redaqciisaTvis iseTsave Rirebulebas

warmoadgenda, rogorsac _ qarTuli.

2.2. marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sakiTxi

afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis

damkvidrebis kampania ruseTis imperiam me-19 saukunis samociani wlebidan

daiwyo, am process kurirebda “kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis

aRmdgeni sazogadoeba”. bevri sasargeblo saqmis miuxedavad, am

organizaciis saqmianobis miznad qarTveli istorikosebi mainc kavkasiis

mosaxleobis rusifikacias miiCneven. “[rusifikacia] marTlmadidebluri

sarwmunoebis xmauriani propagandis fonze mimdinareobda da SeuiaraRebeli

TvaliTac Canda, rom am sarwmunoebis propaganda faqtobrivad

didmpyrobeluri saxelmwifos politikur da asimilatorul zraxvebs

niRbavda”74, wers religiaTmcodne nugzar papuaSvili.

gaqristianebis iZulebiT process, rogorc kaTolikos-patriarqi

ambrosi xelaia ambobs, mohyva ukuSedegi. protestis niSnad afxazebi

masobrivad gadadiodnen mahmadis sjulze. afxazTa gamahmadianebas xels

uwyobda 1866-77 wlebSi ruseT-TurqeTs Soris mimdinare omi, romlis

drosac rusebma afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi arasaimedo mfarvelis reputacia

daimsaxures, radgan xSirad, kritikul momentSi Tavs gaqceviT Svelodnen

da marTlmadidebel afxazebs SemoWrili Turqebis risxvis pirispir

martos stovebdnen.

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis misioneruli funqcia, kvlavac ambrosi

xelaias naSroms veyrdnobiT, yvelaze warmatebuli iyo 1869-1885 wlebSi,

rodesac misionerul saqmianobas qarTveli mRvdlebis _ dekanoz daviT

maWavarianis, mRvdlebis kereseliZis, axvledianis, ioane gegias da sxvaTa

mxardaWeriT, axorcielebda imereTis episkoposi gabrieli. maTgan bevrma

sakuTari sicocxlis fasad SeinarCuna marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi.

zogierTi gaavebulma muhajirebma mokles, zogi ki _ saswaulebrivad

gadaurCa sikvdils.

42

1885 wlidan, rodesac afxazeTSi Seiqmna soxumis saepiskoposo,

episkoposi gabrieli misionerul moRvaweobas CamoaSores.

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis gavrceleba rusifikaciis agresiuli

iaraRad iqca, soxumis saepiskoposoSi igzavnebodnen is rusi sasuliero

pirebi, romlebmac “iwyes, Tanac xalxis daufaravad, TavianTi

rusifikatoruli miswrafebebis misionerul saqmianobasTan aSkara aRreva.

maT undodaT mxaris uswrafesi garuseba yovelgvari aucilebeli

etapobriobis dacvis gareSe. Mmagram yovel xalxs aqvs TviTgadarCenis

impulsi, nacionalur TaviseburebaTa Senaxvis grZnoba, metadre – enisa.

amitomac, rodesac xalxi sasuliero mTavrobasa, Tu rjulis

mqadageblebs amgvar miswrafebebs miuxvdeba, eWvebiT ismens maT

misionerul saubrebs da, bunebrivia, afxazebi dRes kbiliT icaven TavianT

muslimur rwmenas, radgan mas TavianT nacionalobasTan akavSireben; marto

am gziT warmoudgeniaT maT TavianTi TviTmyofadobis gadarCena qristian

mqadagebelTa xelyofisagan, sxvanaerad arc SeiZleboda momxdariyo,

vinaidan sarwmunoebis ama Tu im policiuri samsaxurSi Cayeneba... sxva

araferia, Tu ara erTgvari urwmunoebis qadageba, SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro

saSiSi. yvelasaTvis advilad gasagebi mizezebis gamo”75, werda arqimandriti

ambrosi xelaia.

Aamrigad, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTis marTlmadideblur

eklesiaSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen qarTveli da rusi sasuliero pirebi.

pirveli Zala ibrZoda afxazeTis erTian qarTul sivrceSi integraciisTvis

(magram ara afxazTa gaqarTvelebis, aramed maTi erovnuli identobis

SenarCunebis gziT); xolo meore _ afxazeTis eklesiis ruseTis eklesiaSi

SerwymisaTvis, mxaris rusifikaciisaTvis.

Ees procesi gazeTma “saqarTvelomac” asaxa. 1918 wels 37-e nomerSi

gazeTma gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT “afxazeTis eklesiis garusebis

istoriidan”. statia dafuZnebulia saarqivo masalaze, kerZod 1900 wels

quTaisis Jandarmeriis ufrossa da afxazeTis episkoposs Soris mimoweraze.

Jandarmeriis ufrosis werili episkoposisadmi Sedgeba 12 SekiTxvisagan.

SekiTxvebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, quTaisis mTavari policieli iTxovs

detaluri informaciis miwodebas Semdegi pirebis Sesaxeb: Tedo saxokia,

43

anTimoz juReli, mRvdelni _ maWavariani, Cxenkeli, kereseliZe da besarion

(berad aRkvecis Semdeg ambrosi) xelaias Sesaxeb.76

Mmesame SekiTxva, magaliTad, pirdapir aseTia: “scdiloben, Tu ara

afxazeTis gaqarTvelebas Semdegni pirni: Tedo saxokia, anTimoz juReli,

mRvdelni maWavariani, Cxenkeli, kereseliZe da xelaia vesarion”, me-6

SekiTxva ki ase JRers: “marTalia, Tu ara, rom besarion xelaiam, romelic

qarTuls enazed wirva-locvis SemoRebas moiTxovda, gangicxadaT, rom aq

saqarTveloa da ara ruseTi da amitom wirvac qarTulad unda iyveso?”

SekiTxvaze afxazeTis episkoposma (savaraudod arseni, romelic 1905 wlamde

msaxurobda afxazeTSi) upasuxa: “ mRvdelma xelaiam kerZo laparakSi,

rodesac mTxovda da mimtkicebda qarTuli wirva-locvis SemoRebas, miTxra,

rom “aq saqarTveloa da ara ruseTi da wirva-locvac qarTulad unda

iyveso”77.

zemoT moxseniebuli pirebi “saSiSebi iyvnen Tu ara?”, amaze

episkoposma Jandarmeriis ufross miswera: “TuUrom mRvdelni: maWavariani,

Cxenkeli, kereseliZe da xelaia moqmedeben afxazeT-samurzayanos

gasaqarTveleblad, maSin rasakvirvelia, mavned unda CaiTvalos maTi

moRvaweoba, radgan amiT isini win aRudgebian ruseTis imperiis mizansa da

miswrafebas”. rac Seexeba qarTvel sazogado moRvaweebs anTimoz juRelsa

da Tedo saxokias, maT Sesaxeb afxazeTis episkoposi wers: “ moqmedeba Tedo

saxokiasi da juRelisa mavneblad unda CaiTvalos, radgan gaqarTulebuli

maTgan axalgazrdoba mtrad gauxdeba ruseTis eklesias, romelic sul sxva

miznebiT moqmedobs saqarTveloSi”78.

gazeTma “saqarTvelom” aRniSnuli Jurnalisturi masala komentaris

gareSe gamoaqveyna. saarqivo dokumentebiT dadasturebuli faqtis Sefaseba

redaqciam savsebiT mkiTxvels miando.

ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis rusifikatoruli politikis

Sedegad me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi afxazTa mniSvnelovani nawili

gulmxurvale mahmadinad darCa. marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba ki (rogorc

afxazebi, ise sxva eTnikuri kuTvnilebis adamianebi) or nawilad gaiyo.

pirveli afxazeTis marTlmadideblur eklesias ganixilavda, rogorc

nawils ruseTis erTiani marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa, ruseTSi

44

bolSevikebis gamarjvebis Semdeg isini afxazeTis avtokefalias iTxovdnen.

marTlmadidebelTa meore nawili _ afxazeTis marTlmadideblur eklesiis

saqarTvelos sakaTalikozosTan SeerTebas emxroboda. es procesi gazeTma

“saqarTvelomac” gaaSuqa.

EsaqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebamde erTi wliT

adre ruseTis sinodma afxazeTis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan

CamoSoreba gadawyvita. TxovniT, rom es ganzraxva sisruleSi ar moeyvanaT,

afxazTa delegacia 1916 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos egzarqossa da

kavkasiaSi mefisnacvals, did mTavar nikoloz nikolozis Ze romanovs

estumra. delegaciis wevrebi iyvnen: Tavadebi al. SarvaSiZe, d. marSania,

astamur inalipa, g. SarvaSiZe, p.anCabaZe. glexebi: anton Cukbari da

ezuxbaia.79

jer kidev TbilisSi Camosvlamde afxazTa deputaciis Txovnis teqsti

gamoaqveyna gazeTma “saqarTvelom”. maT mimarTvaSi vkiTxulobT: “XIX

saukunis meore naxevridan afxazeTis eklesiebSi wirva-locva SemoRebul

iqna xalxisaTvis gaugebar slavianur enaze. xalxs da moZRvars Soris

Sewyda uSualo damokidebuleba, ramac Cveni eklesia miiyvana dRevandel

samwuxaro mdgomareobamde (igulisxmeba afxazTa gamahmadianeba. m.m.) ...

sarwmunoebriv sakiTxSi politikas ar unda hqondes adgili. istoriulad

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda qristianobis qadageba erTgvaris

cnobilis wesiT, romlis SecvliTac (anu saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan

afxazeTis eklesiis gamoyofiTo. m.m) sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba ki ar

ganviTardeba, aramed Sesustdeba da daClungdeba. am mosazrebaTa da

sarwmunoebriv interesTa dacvis gamo, gTxovT, ar gamogvTiSoT da

gamogvyoT arsebuli wes-wyobilebidan, romelic Seqmnilia saukunoebis

ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos da afxazeTis istoriul da kulturul

cxovrebis mier”80.

gazeTis amave nomerSi ganaTavsebulia saredaqcio werili “afxazeTis

xma”. werilis avtori gulgrilobaSi adanaSaulebs qarTul sazogadoebas,

gansakuTrebiT ki _ samRvdeloebas, romelic mSvidad Sexvda afxazeTis

eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososgan CamoSorebis proeqts. “saWiroa TviT

samRvdeloTa da eris warmomadgenelTa xma SeuerTdes maTs [afxazebis]

45

xmas, raTa ganwirul eparqiasTan erTad viTxovoT sinodis winaSe

SeCerebul iqnas ganzraxva misi. eris keTildReoba moiTxovs

keTilgonierebas. Zmebs salocavi SevunarCunoT mamapapeuls samlocveloSi,

rom maTTan erTad viyvneT sulierad da xorcielad, Wiric da lxinic erTi

gavinawiloT”81 _ werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.

Aamave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 1916 wlis “saqarTvelos” me-100

nomerSi vkiTxulobT: “soxumis eparqias saqarTvelos saeqsarxosoSi surs

darCena. pativi eciT am survils, romelic mravalis saukunis istoriuli

sinamdvilisa da samarTlianobis xma aris! afxazebis Segneba da sifxizle

am sakiTxSi aSkarad da saqveynod gamocxadda. ukanono ganzraxvis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi qarTvelebisa da afxazebis erTad gamosvla sasurvel

nayofs gamoiRebs, da unda vimedovnoT, rom soxumis eparqia isev da isev

saqarTvelos ganukveTel nawilad darCeba, Cveni Zala SeerTebaSia, es unda

gvaxsovdes yovel sazogado saqmeSi”82.

afxazeTis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan gamoyofis ganzraxva

ar ganxorcielda. EsaqarTvelos egzarqos platons delegaciis

wevrebisaTvis uTqvams: “me ambebi momdioda, TiTqos afxazebs sdomebodeT

soxumis eparqiis gamoyofa saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan, magram radgan

Tqvengan, rogorc xalxis namdvili warmomadgenlebisgan xalxis namdvili

survili mesmis, vecdebi, rom soxumis eparqia aRar gamosTiSono83”. Aamave

Sexvedraze egzrqoss afxazTa deputaciam sxva Txovnebic warudgina:

afxazeTis eklesiebSi wirva-locva qarTulad dawesdes, afxazeTis

samrevlo skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba savaldebulo iyos, “xolo

samurzayanoSi am sagnis Sesaxeb gankarguleba axlave gaeciTo”84.

egzarqosma platonma am moTxovnebis ganxilvis pirobac dado.

1917 wlis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg afxazTa da rusTa is

nawili, romelic afxazeTis eklesiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan

gamoyofis ideas asazrdovebda, axali ideiT _ afxazeTis avtokefaliis

moTxovniT gamovida. 1917 wels soxumSi gamarTul krebaze afxazebis erTma

nawilma avtokefaliis survili ase daasabuTa: “... saqarTvelos eklesiasTan

rom SeverTdeT, maSin saqarTvelos avtonomia Tu gamocxadda, Cvenc imaSi

mogvaTavseben da radganac CvenSi bevri mamulia, qarTvelebi movlen da

46

Camogvisaxldebiano. ... isini [qarTvelebi] TavianT mRvdlebs, sasuliero

gamgeebs gamogvigzavnian da es CvenTvis sasurveli ar ariso”85.

Ggansxvavebul proqarTul poziciaze idgnen afxazeTis

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis qarTveli sasuliero pirebi. mRvdlebi buaCiZe

da besarion kapanaZe 1917 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefalias iTxovdnen da imasac aRniSnavdnen, rom am moTxovnas

afxazeTis avtokefaliac unda izirebdeso. amave wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos”

24-e nomerSi mRvdeli besarion kapanaZe werda: “soxumis eparqiis qarTveli

samRvdeloeba aRZrul kiTxvaSi suliTa da guliT TqvenTan aris, magram ra

hqnas, rogor moaxerxos Tavisi gulis nadebis gamoxatva, rodesac is xel-

fex Sekruli, SeboWilia”.

imis dasturad, rom afxazeTSi moRvawe sasuliero pirebi yovelTvis

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis momxreni iyvnen, mRvdelma kapanaZem

“saqarTveloSi” gamoaqveyna jer kidev 1906 wels soxumis samRvdeloebis

mier Sedgenili Txovna saqarTvelos eklesiis rusuli sinodidan

gamoyofis Sesaxeb, romelic maSindel mTavrobas gaugzavnes da amiT mxari

dauWires aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samRvdeloebas86.

afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefaliis mosurneTa Sesaxeb zaqaria edili

wers: “axalgazrda afxazi samRvdeloeba rusifikatorebis xelSia

aRzrdili. rusifikatorebma afxazi samRvdeloeba qarTvelebisadmi

mtrulad gawvrTneso da maTgan gandgomis mets arafers unda moelodeTo,

miTxres soxumelebma”87.

Jurnalisti afxazTa Soris prorusuli ganwyobis gamo qarTul

sazogadoebasac sayvedurobs. kerZod ki im faqtis gamo, rom 1917 wlis

martSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis dRes afxazebi aravin

miiwviao. saqme kidev orma garemoebamac gaarTula: pirveli is, rom

“samurzayanos qarTvel samRvdeloebas kerZo kreba hqoniaT da daudgeniaT

saqarTvelos sakaTalikozosTan SeerTeba, afxazebisTvis ki ar

SeutyobinebiaT, yvelaferi es swyinT afxazebs”, werda edili iqve meore

mizezs miuTiTebda: “ufro ki damokidebulebas provokatorebi amwvaveben,

romelnic xmebsa yrian, qarTvelebs Tqveni adgil-mamulebis xelSi Cagdeba

undaTo”88.

47

A amave statiaSi Jurnalistma mogvawoda faqtebi afxazeTis

eklesiis istoriidan. misi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis eklesia

TviTmyofadi iyo XVI saukunidan XVIII saukunemde da masSi afxazeTis

teritoriis garda Sedioda svaneTis, guriisa da samegrelos eklesia-

monastrebi, zeobdnen afxazi kaTalikosni “sul ricxviT Teqvsmetamdis”. Ees

istoriuli eqskursi zaqaria edils afiqrebinebs, rom afxazeTis

avtokefaliis moTxovna samarTliania:

“dRes afxaz axalgazrda samRvdeloebas surs afxazeTis

avtokefaliis aRdgena, SesaZlebelia sakuTar avtokefalur eklesiasTan

gaerTiandes mTeli afxazeTi... es miT ufro SesaZlebelia, rom afxazi jer

kidev savsebiT ar gamusulmanebula da yovelive qristianuli wesi da

adaTi maTSi dResac tradiciiT da siwmindiT aris daculi. vusurvebT

axalgazrda afxazebs, suliT da guliT, TavianTi wadilis ganxorcielebas

da masTan erTad maTs mezobel da didad moZme saqarTvelos eklesiasTan

megobrobas da keTilganwyobis ardaviwyebas”89, werda igi. Tumca, iqve

uTiTebda, rom afxazeTSi mxolod 30 samrevloa da maTTvis avtokefaliis

miniWeba “kanonikuris samarTliT SeuZlebelia”.

G garda amisa, avtoris TqmiT, mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis

manZilze afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia qarTuli eklesiis

zegavlenis qveS iyo da mis nawils warmoadgenda. “qarTulad swarmoebda

wirva-locva da mRvdelTmsaxureba afxazeTSi, qarTuli mwignobroba iyo

damkvidrebuli monastrebSi da qarTulive warwerani aqvT rogorc eklesia-

monastrebs, aseve sxva naSTebs”90.

sxvagan “saqarTvelos” Jurnalistma dawera “saqarTvelos warsuli da

afxazeTisa ise arian erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTulni, rom Znelad mixvdeba

kaci, Tu sad iwyeba pirveli da sad mTavrdeba meore”91.

igive mosazreba ikveTeba grigol veSapelis werilSi

“afxazeTisaTvis92”. Aavtori statiaSi eyrdnoba cnobili sasuliero piris,

qarTvelTa megobris n. durnovos mosazrebas, romelic gazeT

“peterburgskie vedmosti”-Si werda (durnovos am publikaciis mokle

Sinaarsi “saqarTvelom” calke dabeWda.):

48

“marTalia, afxazuri ena Zlier ganirCeva qarTuli enisagan, magram am

enaze araviTari literatura ar arsebobs. amis gamo ZveliTgan afxazebi

xmarobdnen qarTul anbans da qarTvel salocav wignebs. Tu es ase ar

yofiliyo, afxazebi qristianul sarwmunoebas ver SeinarCunebdnen da ise

gaeTiSebodnen mas”93.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” interesis sferoSi moeqca afxazeTis taZrebis

rusifikaciis procesi. BaTonis, bediis, iloris, drandisa da biWvinTis

taZrebis Sesaxeb gazeTi drodadro aqveynebda Jurnalisturi masalebs. Eam

Temis gaSuqebisas wamyvani adgili kvlavac korespondent zaqaria edils

ekuTvnis. statiaSi “afxazeTis siwmindeni”94, edili wers, rom aTonis,

biWvinTisa da drandis eklesia-monastrebi mTlianad rusi erovnebis ber-

monazonTa xelSia gadasuli.Aam taZrebsa da samonastro kompleqsebis

monaxulebisas adamiani Znelad Tu mixvdeba, rom afxazur-qarTul

kulturis nimuSebTan aqvs saqmeo.

sxva werilSi igi ambobs, rom aTonis monastris monaxulebisas

yvelaze metad im faqtma gaaoca, rom qarTvelebis mier daarsebuli taZris

freskebze erTi qarTveli wmindanis saxec ki ver naxa. amis mizezi rom

ikiTxa, aTonis monastris erT-erTma rusma berma upasuxa: “aq rusTa

monasteria da qarTvel wmindanebs ra undaTo.95”

afxazuri siwmindeni metnaklebad bediisa da iloris taZrebma

Semoinaxeso, werda zaqaria edili. bediis taZari qarTvel bers (avtori ar

asaxelebs mis vinaobas) qarTvelebisadmi tolerantulad ganwyobili

afxazeTis rusi episkoposis andrias SewvniT aRudgenia. swored am

monastris berebma Semogvinaxes afxazuri kulturis SesaniSnavi nimuSi

oqros barZimi. edilis TqmiT, es eqsponati amtkicebs, rom afxazuri

siwmindeni qarTuli qrisitianuli xelovnebis ganuyofeli nawilia96.

avtori gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iloris wminda giorgis taZars

aniWebda. misi azriT, namdvili afxazebi is xalxi iyo, vinc rusul

Zalmomreobas protests ucxadebda da Tavisi TviTmyofadobis

dasamtkiceblad garusebas gadarCenili iloris eklesiis garSemo

ikribeboda, Tundac sjuliT arc yofiliyo qristiani.

49

“raki sxva siwmindeni rusebs CaugdiaT xelSi, amitom mTeli afxazeTi

mxolod am eklesiis garSemoRa ikribeba, qristiani da xSirad musulmanic

aq midis salocavad da ficis misaRebad. afxazi daaqcies, waarTves mas

yovelive da ai, mxolod es erTaderTi siwmindeRa SerCenia da masRa

Sehxaris igi, misiT iTqvams suls. Mmaszed iklavs sarwmunoebriv Jinsa da

ltolvas”97, werda zaqaria edili.

rogorc vxedavT, avtori iloris wminda giorgis monasters

afxazeTis siwminded miiCnevda. sxva werlTa ciklSi (“Savi zRvis

sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”98) z. edili daba ilors

(bunebrivia monasterTan erTad) uwodebs sazRvars afxazeTsa da

samegrelos Soris da mas kvlav afxazeTs akuTvnebs. A

amis gamo 1918 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” 25-e nomerSi arqimandritma

ambrosim am-beri-s fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna werili “iloris bedi”99. statiis

mizania daasabuTos, rom daba ilori da iloris eklesia istoriulad

yovelTvis iyo ar afxazeTis, aramed samegrelos, konkretulad ki

samurzayanos nawili. misi TqmiT, werilis dawera gadaawyvetina im faqtma,

rom soxumis saeparqio xelmZRvanelobam, romelmac aRiara saqarTvelos

eklesiis avtokefalia, “yvela samurzayanoelebi scno qarTvelebad da

maSasadame saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesiis wevrebaT, garda oris

soflisa _ bediisa da ilorisa”100.

Aavtori sakuTar mosazrebas, rom ilori yovelTvis samurzayanos

nawili iyo, asabuTebs istoriuli faqtebiT. XVII saukuneSi, maraTalia,

afxazebma daipyres samurzayanos miwebi jer md kelasuramde Semdeg ki _

kodoramdec, magram dapyrobili mosaxleoba ar gaafxazebula. im adgils,

sadac mdinare kelasura erTvis Sav zRvas beninkazis da fredruCis

ruqebiT erqva megrelebis navsadguri (porto mengrello). mecnierebis broses da

brunes TqmiT, ilorSi mosCans nangrevebi wminda giorgis cixisa, romelic

auSenebia samegrelos erT-erT mTavarso. “seleznevi, romelmac 1841 wels

moinaxula afxazeTi, wers, rom moqvis monasteri mdebareobs 17 verstis

Suasakuneebis cnobili italieli kartografebi

50

manZilze samurzayanos sofle iloridano... berJes TqmiT, samurzayanoSi da

saxeldobr ilorsa da anakliaSi iyo aSenebuli cixeebio, brosec,

romelmac 1849 wels inaxula ilori, gveubneba imasve101”, wers statiis

avtori.

M1864 wels afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg ruseTis mTavrobam

ilori kodoris administraciul erTeuls miawera. am faqtis gamomwvev

mizezze ambrosi xelaia wers: “SesaZloa, vifiqroT, garusebis politikis

mwarmoebelT swaddaT samegrelos istoriuli Zegli da sarwmunoebrivi

centri, rogoric aris ilori, samegrelosTvis moeSorebinaT da amiT

SeesustebinaT iloris mniSvneloba qarTvelebis gamagrebisaTvis afxazeTis

sazRvarze. rom es ukanaskneli Cveni mosazreba misaRebia, amas naTlad

amtkicebs is, rom am ramdenime wlis winaT gamrusebeli politika

cdilobda ilori waerTmia qarTvelebisaTvis da gaekeTebinaT rusi qalebis

monastrad”102.

1918 wels arqimandriti ambrosi Wyondidel episkoposad airCies, 1919

wels mis eparqias SeuerTes cxum-afxazeTis saepiskoposoc. mizezi, ramac am

gadawyvetilebisken ubiZga saqarTvelos sasuliero da politikur

xelisuflebas, Semonaxulia gazeT “saqarTvelos” 1919 wlis 198-e nomerSi.

1919 wels soxumis sakaTedro eklesiaSi kvlavac mxolod erovnebiT

rusi sasuliero pirebi msaxurobdnen. wirva-locva rusulad tardeboda da

masze mxolod moskovis patriarqs moixseniebdnen103. arada, am droisaTvis

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublika arsebobis weliwadze mets

iTvlida da afxazeTic, avtonomiuri respublikis principis safuZvelze,

mis nawilad iTvleboda.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti Seswrebia Semdeg faqts: “amas

winaT frontis dRes dResaswaulobda afxazeTis mTavroba. sadResaswaulo

wesrigSi eklesiaSi paraklisis gadaxdac iyo. roca jari miadga

salocavad taZars, rusis mRvdlebma kari miuxures da uari ganucxades

eklesiaSi paraklisis Sesrulebaze104”. amis gamo afxazeTis mTavrobam

albaT, igulisxmeba adolf berJe, geografi da mxareTmcodne, ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis wevri. igi iyo amave saxogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebis mier TbilisSi daarsebuli kavkasiis muzeumis zedamxedveli.

51

dekretiT gamoacxada afxazeTSi rusuli wirva-locvis akrZalva. cxumis

saepiskoposo, savaraudod samurzayanos SeuerTdeba da soxumSic

Wyondideli mitropolitis, afxazeTSi kargad cnobili abxazuri, megruli

da da qarTuli enis kargad mcodne ambrosi xelaias samRvdelo Zala-

ufleba gavrceldebao”. Aasec moxda.

kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis Sesaxeb mravali Tqmula da dawerila,

magram mis portrets, Cveni azriT, saintereso Strixi miemateba, Tu

moviyvanT vrcel citatas mis mier 1918 wels warmorTqmuli erT-erTi

qadagebidan. es qadageba man q. soxumSi, afxazTa ukanaskenli mTavris

STamomavalis _ giorgi ServaSiZis _ sulis mosaxseniebeli wirvis Semdeg

warmosTqva.

Awminda ambrosi ambobda: “arc Zvelad... rodesac Cveni eklesia TviT

ganagebda Tavis beds, ar uwarmoebia da arc axla, rasakvirvelia, ar

awarmoebs masze mcirericxovani erebis eklesiurad STanTqmis politikas,

piriqiT, yovelTvis xels uwyobda sxva Tanamorwmune xalxTa eklesiis

nacionalizacias. saqarTvelos eklesiis saukeTeso warmomadgenelni

amgvarad moqmedobdnen, warmoidgineT, im drosac ki, rodesac aq saSinlad

boboqrobda Cveni xalxis gamanadgurebeli sinodaluri saeklesio

politika.

Aam azris sailustraciod sakmarisia movigonoT sulmnaTi episkoposi

gabrieli, romelic afxazTa Soris qristianobis damkvidrebis saukeTeso

saSualebad sTvlida seminariaSi afxazuri enis swavlebis SemoRebas. meore

qarTvelma moRvawe mRvdelmTavarma, aw ukve gansvenebulma kaTolikosma

kirionma Tavis soxumSi yofnis dros bevri afxazTa erovnebis sasargeblo

saqmeebi gaakeTa, sxvaTa Soris, Cauyara safuZveli saRmrTo werilisa da

saRvTismsaxuro wignebis gadaTargmnis saqmes afxazur enaze.

afxaz-qarTvelni unda SeerTdnen ise, rom nacionalurad TiToeulma

maTganma SeinarCunos Tavis elferi. msgavsad imisa, rogorc sxvadasxva

saamo sunis yvavilebi, Tumca Sedian TaigulSi, rogorc misi elementebi,

magram Tavis specifikur Tvisebas ki ar hkargaven da amave dros, yvelni

erTad Seadgenen erTs saucxovo da mSvenier Taiguls”105.

52

ambrosi, rogorc mitropoliti, cxum-afxazeTis eklesiis mrevls 1919-

21 wlebSi mwyemsavda. mkvlevari nugzar papuaSvili wers, rom 1919-21 wlebSi

afxazeTis eklesiaSi eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT simSvide iyo,

yovelSemTxvevaSi ase Canso. igi Tvlis, rom es garemoeba episkopos

ambrosis koreqtuli da sasargeblo muSaobis Sedegi iyo.106

amrigad, gazeTma “saqarTvelom” gansakuTrebuli adgili dauTmo

ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier afxazeTSi warmarTuli

rusifikatoruli politikis mxilebas. redaqciis Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad,

afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis moTxovnac iyo

Sedegi ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis antiqarTuli saqmianobisa.

garda amisa, gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda araerTi masala, romelSic

afxazeTis eklesia-monastrebis mdgomareoba aisaxa, Jurnalistebi

afxazeTis marTlmadideblur eklesias erTiani qarTuli

marTlmadidebluri sivrcis nawilad miiCnevdnen da misi TviTmyofadobis

gadarCenis erTaderT gzad saqarTvelos avtokefalur eklesiasTan erToba

esaxebodaT.

2.3 saomari moqmedebebi da politikuri gadatrialebebis

mcdelobebi afxazeTSi

1918-19 wlebi afxazeTisaTvis politikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalzed

daZabuli iyo. mxolod 1918 wels regionma bolSevikTa sami SeiarRebuli

agresia da politikuri gadatrialebis ori mcdeloba gadaitana. 1919 wels

ki, afxazeTi TeTrgvardieli sardlis denikinis moxaliseTa armiasa da

saqarTvelos respublikis jars Soris gaCaRebuli omis asparezad iqca.

moxaliseebma 1919 wels daipyres soWa da gagra, anu zustad is qalaqebi,

romlebic 1918 wels bolSevikebTan brZolis Semdeg qarTvelma generlebma

(jer valiko juRelma, Semdeg ki giorgi mazniaSvilma) aiRes.

AafxazeTSi areulobas iwvevda sami didi gareSe Zala _ TurqeTi,

TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi da bolSevikuri ruseTi. maTgan pirvel ors _

TurqeTsa da TeTrgvardiul ruseTs, afxazi separatistebis saxiT, saimedo

dasayrdeni hyavda.

53

separatizmis gaZliereba afxazeTSi pirveli msoflio omis

dawyebisTanave aRiniSna. mcire eqskursis saxiT gTavazobT im ramdenime

sagazeTo masalis analizs, romelic gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1918 wlamde

gamoqveynda da asaxa regionSi separtizmis gaZlierebis niSnebi.

separatizmi afxazeTSi 1918 wlmde. erT-erT saredaqcio

werilSi107, romelic “saqarTvelos” redaqtorma grigol veSapelma 1917

wels gamoaqveyna mimoxilulia afxazi eris umZimesi istoria, maTi dapyroba

jer TurqeTis, Semdeg ki _ ruseTis mier. afxazeTis simdidre jer

TurqeTma gazida, 1810 wlidan axalma dampyrobelma ruseTma mravali aTasi

“desetina” afxazuri miwa iq Casaxlebul rus mosaxleobas dauriga, miwis

namdvili mesakuTreebi, eTnikuri afxazebi ki, TurqeTSi gadaasaxla. manve

CamoaWra afxazeTs soWis olqi da CerqezeTis Zvlebze aSenebul

Cernogoriis gubernias SeuerTao.

mravalsaukunovani Ddapyrobisa da ieriSebis gamo afxazeTis

mosaxleoba, bunebrivia, dabneulia da yvelas eWvis TvaliT uyurebs, werda

grigol veSapeli, magram “maT unda axsovdeT, rom tomiTac da eniTac

qarTvelebs enaTesavebian... [maTi] xalxuri kultura yovelTvis qarTuli

eniT, qarTuli wigniT viTardeboda”. rusi cdilobs afxazebi wahkidos

qarTvelebs, maT yurSi CasCurCulebs: “afxazeTi arasodes saqarTvelo ar

yofila, megrelebi mudam Tqveni mtrebi iyvnen. TuU saqarTvelos avtonomia

eqmna da Tqven mis farglebSi SexvalT, sruli ganadgureba mogeliTo.

piriqiT, Tu saqarTvelos CamoSordebiT, meti fasi geqnebaTo”108.

1916 wels, anu jer kidev mefis ruseTis damxobamde, afxazeTSi

separatistuli ganwyoba im garemoebam gaamwvava, rom saqarTvelos ruseTis

imperiis farglebSi erobis (avtonomiis) miRebis perspeqtiva gauCnda.

ruseTis mier dapyrobili Cveni qveyna erobis SemoRebas 1870-iani

wlebidan iTxovda. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam caristuli ruseTi

aiZula dapyrobili erebis nacionaluri miswrafebebisaTvis angariSi

gaewia, erobis miniWebis Sesaxeb piroba saqarTvelomac miiRo.

ganixileboda erobis ramdenime modeli, maTgan erovnul-

demokratiuli mimarTulebis moRvaweebi 1890 wlis models uWerdnen mxars.

54

xolo is Zalebi, romlebic saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebiT ar

xelmZRvanelobdnen, 1890 wlis modelis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. EerT-erTi

aseTi Zala soxumis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaSic muSaobda.

gazeTi “saqarTvelo” gvatyobinebda, rom soxumis TviTmmarTvelobis

“WeSmarit rusad” cnobil xmosans tomara (gvaria. Mm.m.) winadadeba

Semoutania, afxazeTi ar SeuerTdes qarTvelTa moTxovnas erobis 1890 wlis

modelis SemoRebis Taobazeo. amis mizezad ki is dausaxelebia, rom es

modeli wodebrivi principzea dafuZnebuli, maSasadame,

arasocialisturiao. tomaras winadadeba Cavarda (aTma xmosanma dauWira

mxari da 22 winaaRmdegi wavida)109. Tumca, “saqarTvelos” 1916 wlis 138-e

nomerSi vkiTxulobT, rom tomaram erovnebiT rusi da berZeni aTamde

Tanamoazris xelmoweriT kvlav Seitana saprotesto gancxadeba.

saqarTvelos SesaZlo avtonomiam eTnikuri afxazebis sepratistuli

nawili rom daafrTxo, amaze zemoT motanili faqtic metyvelebs. kerZod ki

is, rom separatistulad ganwyobilma afxazebma saswrafod moiTxoves

afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefalia da es ase daasabuTes: “... saqarTvelos

eklesiasTan rom SeverTdeT, maSin saqarTvelos avtonomia Tu gamocxadda,

Cvenc imaSi mogvaTavseben da radganac CvenSi bevri mamulia, qarTvelebi

movlen da Camogvisaxldebiano...”110. (xazi Cvenia, m. m.)

afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gancalkavebis kidev erTi mcdeloba 1917

wlis noemberSi soxumSi gamarTul afxazeTis pirvel saxalxo yrilobaze

Sedga. yrilobaze miRebuli deklaraciis oTxpunqtian teqsts, romelic

gazeTma “saqarTvelom” gamoaqveyna, srulad gTavazobT.

“afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos movaleobaa:

1. revoluciis mopovebaTa dacva da ganmtkiceba, xalxis

politikuri aRzrda da organizacia;

2. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom unda daicvas, agreTve,

afxazeTis erovnuli da kulturul-ekonomiuri uflebebi maTi

yovelgvari Selaxvis cdisgan, saidanac ar unda momdinareobdes

igi;

55

3. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos umTavresi sazrunavia imuSavos

afxazeTis xalxis TviTgamosarkvevad;

4. afxazeTis xalxi Sedis CrdiloeT kavkasiis, daRestnis,

da afxazeTis SeerTebul mTielTa kavSirSi, da rasakvirvelia, is

saWiroebs mWidro kavSiri iqonios mTiel ZmebTan. afxazeTis

saxalxo sabWo iqneba is organo, romelic SeaerTebs afxazebs

mTielTa kavSirTan da gaatarebs cxovrebaSi kavSiris politikur

lozungebsa da dadgenilebebs”111.

rogorc vxedavT, deklaracia (kerZod ki, me-4 punqti) aris

separatistuli da saxavs saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gancalkavebis mizans.

afxazeTisadmi miZRvnil pirvel qveTavSi (ix: “politikuri situacia”)

aRvniSneT, rom saxalxo sabWos deklaraciis miRebamdec (1917 wlis 20

oqtombers) separatistuli moZraobis maSindeli lideri a.g. ServaSiZe

imyofeboda CrdiloeT oseTSi mTielTa kavSiris erT-erT Sekrebaze da man

afxazeTis Sesvlas mTielTa kavSirSi xeli moawera “afxazeTis xalxis”

saxeliT. or kviraSi miRebul iqna Cven mier citirebuli deklaracia,

romelmac a. g.ServaSiZis TviTnebur qmedebas iuridiuli safuZveli misca.

gazeTma “saqarTvelom” separatizmis es gamovlena Sefasebis gareSe

datova da mxolod faqtobrivi garemoebebis konstataciiT Semoifargla.

Cveni azriT, sakiTxis gaSuqebisadmi aseTi midgoma ganapiroba redaqciis

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobam, afxazur-qarTuli urTierTobis argamwvavebis

survilma.

Cveni varaudiT, redaqciis “siCume” ganpirobebuli iyo im faqtiTac,

rom “saqarTvelos” Jurnalistebma am droisaTvis ukve icodnen _ mTielTa

kavSiri angariSs uwevda amierkavkasiis mTavrobas, sadac qarTvel

politikosebs didi gavlena hqondaT. amitom, Txovnis miuxedavad, mTielTa

kavSiri afxazeTs ar SeierTebda.

kerZod, a.g. ServaSiZem xeli moawera mTielTa kavSirSi “soxumis olqis mTieli xalxis

(afxazebis)” Sesvlas. afxazeTis mosaxleoba ver daasaxela, radgan icoda, rom afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erTsulovneba ar iyo. amis Sesaxeb ix: “Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi”; Tb; 2006w; gv: 112

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amis Sesaxeb cnoba (axali ambis, sainformacio SeniSvnis saxiT)

gamoqveynebulia gazeTis imave gverdze, romelzec afxazTa saxalxo sabWos

deklaraciaa ganTavsebuli. kerZod, mTielTa kavSiris gancxadebiT, isini

afxazi xalxis survils mxolod amierkavkasiis mTavrobis nebarTvis

SemTxvevaSi gaivaliswinebdnen112. Ees marTlac ase moxda, mTielTa kavSiris

“saxelmwifo xelisufleba soxumis olqze ar ganuxorcielebia. am kavSiris

xelisufleba afxazeTze mxolod “erovnuli, kulturuli da politikuri

kompetenciiT” Semoifargla”113.

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos formirebis Semdeg,

afxazTa separatistulad ganwyobilma nawilma sakuTari miznebis

misaRwevad agresiuli gza airCia. 1918 wels maT saxelmwifo gadatrialebis

ori mcdeloba ganaxorcieles. Epirvelad 1918 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTis

politikuri mxardaWeriT; meore ki oqtomberSi _ TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis

inspirirebiT. gadatrialebebis es mcdelobebi gazeTma “saqarTvelomac”

gaaSuqa.

TurqeTi da afxazuri separatizmi. 1918 wlis april-maisSi

bolSevikuri wiTeli armia SeiWras soxumSi, rasac sapasuxo reaqcia mohyva

amierkavkasiis maTavrobis mxridan. maT SesaCereblad gagzavnil iqna

amierkavkasiis sajariso nawilebi general valiko juRelis meTaurobiT.

sabolood bolSevikebi afxazeTidan gandevnil iqnen, magram maTi SemoWris

faqti sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoiyenes afxazma separatistebma, romlebmac

saSvelad TurqeTis regularuli armiis nawilebs mouxmes. Turquli

desanti afxazeTSi gadmojda, ase rom juRels erTi xeliT bolSevikebTan

brZola mouxda, xolo meore xeliT _ Turqul desntTan.

amis Sesaxeb “saqarTvelo” werda: “afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom sastiki

protesti ganacxada mtris desantis gadmosxmis gamo da osmalTa sardals

ganucxada, rom abxazTa teritoriaze moqmedoben afxazTa razmebi

bolSevikebTan saomari moqmedebebis mimdinareobis periodSi saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, Seiqmna saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli mTavroba, romelmac gaagrZela afxazeTis bolSevikebisagan dacvis saqme.

1918 wels bolSevikebis mier afxazeTze ganxorcielebuli samive samxedro

agresia ZiriTadad mokle sainformacio SeniSvnebisa da samTavrobo angariSebis formiT gaSuqda “saqarTvelos” 1918 wlis Semdeg nomrebSi: 44; 70; 86; 96; 97; 98; 100;106; 126.

57

saqarTvelos respublikis jarebTan erTad”114. saqarTvelos mTavrobam

afxazeTSi Turqi desantis ukanono gadmosxmis gamo protesti ganucxada

TurqeTis politikur mekavSires _ germanias, romlis samxedro danayofebi

maSin amierkavkasiaSi imyofebodnen. “germaniis warmomadgenlebma

[saqarTvelos mTavrobas] aRuTqves, amis Sesaxeb osmaleTis mTavrobas

movelaparakebiTo”115, wers “saqarTvelo”.

gazeT “saqarTvelodan” vgebulobT imasac, rom Turqulma desantma

afxazeTi swored germanelebis moTxovniT datova. “generalma fon kresma

ganucxada osmaleTs, rom osmaleTis gadadgmuli nabiji sruliad

ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs da im movaleobas, romelic

germaniam ikisra saqarTvelos respublikis mimarT”116.

warumateblad damTavrebul Turquli desantis pirveli laSqrobas

or TveSi desantis meored gadmosxmac mohyva. 1918 wlis 9 agvistos amjerad

afxazi aznauris t.marSanias mamulSi gadmosxmul iqna Turquli desanti,

romelic Seudga saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaaRmdeg afxazi da

adgilobrivi Turqi plantatorebis mobilizacias117.

ramdenime dReSi Turqebisa da qarTvelebis samxedro danayofebs

Soris Setakeba moxda axal aTonTan. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” amis Taobaze

qarTuli gvardiis razmis ufrosis Setyobineba gamoqveynda” “18 agvistos

axali aTonis monasterSi gamagrebuli qarTuli gvardiis nawils Tavs

daesxa osmaloTa da afxazTa gaerTianebuli razmi 1000 kacamde, Cvenebma

gaimarjves, Tumca 55 kaci moukvdaT qarTvelebs”118.

brZolis dResve, dilis 9 sT-ze, rodesac afxazeTis erovnuli sabWos

sxdoma unda gaxsniliyo, opoziciam v.a. SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT da misma

momxreebma SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT alya Semoartya saxalxo sabWos

Senobas”119. es faqti, anu afxazeTSi pirveli politikuri gadatrialebis

mcdeloba gazeT “saqarTvelos” ar gauSuqebia. erTaderTi werili120,

romelic aRniSnul movlenas exmianeba ekuTvnis niko TavdgiriZes. es

publikacia Tavisi SinaarsiT socialisturi politikis kritikaa, avtori

saqarTvelos menSevikur mTavrobas sayvedurobda im afxazebis daWeris

gamo, romlebsac saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobasTan kavSiri ar

hqondaT. am mizezis gamo statiiss Sinaarss sxva qveTavSi ganvixilavT.

58

afxazeTSi TurqeTis politikaze saubars davamTavrebT gazeT

“saqarTveloSi” gamoqveyenebuli im statiis SinaarsiT, roelic 1919 wels

Turqul gazeT “kaetSi”, savaraudod afxazma avtorebma gamoaqveynes da

romelic azerbaijanulma gazeTma (“azerbaijanSi”) gamoqveyna. statiis

avtori afxazeTSi saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis politikas afxazi

eris genocidad miiCnevs:

“qarTvelebs germanelTa mxardaWeriT afxazebis Jleta ar eyoT da

axla wiTeli armiis (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis armia. Mm. m.)

daxmarebiT Jleten afxazebs. ... ubeduri afxazebi, romelTac dRemde

SeinarCunes Tavis xalxosnoba da romelTac vera daaklo ra TviT ruseTis

devnamac, iRupebian dRes samudamoT... afxazTa darbeul soflebSi daZrwian

qarTveli agentebi, romlebic ZaliT awerineben maT xels qveSevrdomobaze

am rigad qarTvelebs surT Tavis Zaladoba daakanon sazavo konferenciis

winaSec, magram maT amaze amao imedi ar unda hqondeT.

mdidari da mSvenieri afxazeTi, romelmac saSneli mada aRuZra

saqarTvelos, dRes cremlisa da dardis ares warmoadgens. siamovnebiT

unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cveni tanjva-wameba mxolod somxebma Seismines,

mxolod maT aRimaRles xma da afxazeTSi xalxi miendo am keTilSobilur

Zalas”121.

rogorc Cans, TurqeTis mier afxazeTis aneqsiis warumatebeli

mcdelobebis Semdeg saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego qmedebaTa asparezad

Turquli presa iqca.

denikinis moxaliseTa armia. TurqeTis daxmarebiT politikuri

gadatrialebis mcdeloba rom kraxiT dasrulda, separatistTa jgufma gezi

im droisTvis gaZlierebuli TeTrgvardiuli ruseTisaken aiRo. erT dros

Turqofili separatistis a. g. ServaSiZis meTaurobiT afxazTa delegacia

TeTrgvardiel general aleqseevs 1918 wlis seqtemberSi q. soWSi Sexvda.

delegaciis wevrebma generals “sTxoves gaenTavisuflebina afxazeTi

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebisagan...” Txovna generalma aleqseevma

xelsayrel sababad gamoiyena dakarguli miwebis (igulisxmeba soWi da

gagra. m.m. ) ruseTis mflobelobaSi dasabruneblad122.

59

Aagvisto-seqtemberi saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evgeni

gegeWkorma yubanSi, q. ekaterinodarSi general aleqseevTan molaparakebebs

moandoma. molaparakebebi warumatebeli gamodga. saqarTvelom daTmo q.

tuafse, magram TeTrgvardielebi moiTxovdnen qarTuli sajariso nawilebis

gayvanas q. soWidan da q. gagridanac. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” istorikosi

sargis kakabaZe werda: “tuafses olqi amJamad dakargulia CvenTvis da ev.

gegeWkors bedad xvda es oficialurad dakarguli daedasturebina

ekaterinodarSi gamarTuli molaparakebebis dros...

bolSevikebTan brZolaSi garjvebuli generali aleqseevi mainc cali

TvaliT samxreTisken iyureba da saqarTvelos mis bunebriv mijnas

(igulisxmeba gagra da soWi m. m.) ecileba. es cxadi maCvenebelia imisi, rom

agresiuli rusuli nacionalizmi, romelsac Cven aq gaborotebuli rusuli

aficrobisa da Cinovnikobis saxiT vxedavT, yubanis olqSi realur Zalad

iqca da Cvens winaaRmdeg amxedrebas ar daayovnebs, Tuki viTarebam xeli

Seuwyo”123.

Mmas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam general aleqseevis moTxovna

ar Seasrula da ar daTmo qalaqebi – soWi da gagra, afxazeTSi Sida

antiqarTuli Zalebi amoqmeddnen. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos nawilma 1918

wlis 9 oqtombers meore politikuri gadatrialebis mcdeloba

ganaxorciela. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Senobas alya Semoartya afxazTa

SeiarRebulma razmebma. am operacias Taosnobdnen afxazeTis saolqo

komisari iv. marRania, afxazeTis saqmeTa ministri r.Cqotua. saxalxo sabWos

antiqarTulad ganwyobilma frTam (xmosnebi d.alania; s.aSxacava da sxvebi)

saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomares menSevik eqims v. ServaSiZes Tanamdebobis

datoveba mosTxova. maT am Tanamdebobaze s. aSxacavas daniSnva surdaT.

v.ServaSiZis mxardamWerma jgufma moaxerxa saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan

dakavSireba. saxalxo sabWoSi gamocxaddnen sanapiro frontis Stabis

ufrosi podpolkovniki Tuxareli da polkovniki wereTeli. gadatrialebis

meore mcdelobac marcxiT damTavrda 124.

gazeTi “saqarTvelo” am faqts mxolod mTavrobis mier gavrcelebuli

oficialuri cnobiT gamoexmaura: “olqis komisris marRaniasa da afxazeTis

saqmeTa ministris polkovnik Cxotuas meTaurobiT Sedga gadatrialebis

60

mcdeloba. maTi meTurobiT afxazeTis cxenosani aseuli da afxazeTis

milicia gars Semoertya afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Senobas. SenobaSi

Sevidnen SeiarRebuli pirebi, xolo gareT tyviamfrqvevlebi gamagrdnen”125.

ajanyebis marcxiT damTavrebis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavrobam daSlilad

gamoacxada afxazTis saxalxo sabWo da axali arCevnebi daniSna.

“ saarCevno komisiaSi dasaxelebul iqnen varlam ServaSiZe, isidore

ramiSvili, vasil gurjua, eqimi paSalidi da girgi SanSievi. garda amisa,

soxumis komisrad dasaxelda benia CxikviSvili, romelic amavdroulad

quTaisis gubernatoria”126.

afxazeTSi 1919 wels saxalxo sabWos arCevnebi Catarda. menSevikTa

SemuSavebuli saarCevno debulebis Tanaxmad, arCevnebSi monawileoba

afxazeTSi macxovrebel im pirebsac miecaT, romlebic ar iyvnen

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi. swored amitom is Zala, romelmac 1918 wlis 9

oqtombris politikuri gadatrialeba dagegma ( denikinis gamogzavnili

rusi demianovi da mis garSemo gaerTianebuli separatistuli xmosnebi)

afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi darCa.

1919 weli afxazeTSi TeTrgvardielebis samxedro agresiis weli iyo.

amierkavkasidan germaniis wasvlisa da TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis mekavSiris

– inglisis Semosvlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavroba denikinisa

da misi TanamebrZolebis pirispir martodmarto aRmoCnda.

1919 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” nomrebi gajerebulia

TeTrgvardielebsa da saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro nawlebs Soris

mimdinare saomari dapirispirebis amsaxveli masalebiT. gazeTma gamoaqveyna

soWSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlis mixa xoWolavas satelefono

(pirdapiri mavTuliT) Setyobineba.

Setyobinebis Tanaxmad, qarTveli generali koniaSvili, polkovniki

wereTeli da petrievi moxaliseTa armias tyved auyvania. moxaliseTa armiam

soWze ieriSi miitana 24 ianvars gamTeniisas. maT exmarebodnen “bandebi”,

romlebic somxebisagan iyo dakompleqtebulio. “somxebsa da qarTvelebs

Soris momxdar uTanxmoebaSi muSaobs viRacis ucxo xeli, romelic sTesavs

provokacias”127, atyobinebda saqarTvelos mTavrobas mixa xoWolava.

61

TeTrgvardielebma qarTveli samxedroebi gamouSves, magram tuapsis

razmis generalma burneviCma konievis SekiTxvebs ultimatumiT upasuxa: “me

miviRe brZaneba Cemi mTavrobis mier davikavo soWis olqi im carcva-

glejisa da Zalmomreobis gamo, romelic xsenebul olqSi xdeba. amitom,

Tqveno aRmatebulebav, sisxlis Rvris Tavidan asacileblad winadadebas

gaZlevT, dahyaroT iaraRi da CagvabaroT mTeli samxedro masala. yvela

qarTveli meomari da administracii mosamsaxureni, iaraRis Cabarebis

Semdeg ganTavisuflebulni iqnebian da SeuZlianT wavidnen saqarTveloSi”.

koniaSvili saqarTvelos mTavrobas atyobinebda: “mdgomareoba mZimea,

frontzed mravali daWrili da daxocilia. xostSi “moxaliseT” zurgSi

gadmogvisxes desanti. zRvaSi naRmosani sdgas da niSans elis. veli Tqvens

kategoriuls brZanebas”128.

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa minitrma evgeni gegeWkorma es ambavi

Seatyobina inglisis warmomadgenlobas. gazeTma “saqarTvelom”

ingliselebisadmi miwerili saprotesto notis sruli teqsti gamoaqveyna:

“saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam momando ganvucxado Tqvens

aRmatebulebas sastiki protesti moxaliseTa armiis aseTi gamosvlis

winaaRmdeg da ganvacxado, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba urTierTSorisi

gavlenis moxdenis principiT miiRebs yvela zomebs Tavisi interesebis

dasacavad da iaraRiT xelSi daicavs Tavis teritoriebis xelSeuxeblobas

da mis xalxis uflebebs da interesebs”129, werda saqarTvelos sagareo

ministri.

saprotesto notisa da inglisis warmomadgenelTa moTxovnis

miuxedavad denikinis moxaliseTa armiam saomari moqmedebebi ar SeaCera.

erTmaneTis miyolebiT aiRes qalaqebi soWi da gagra. gazeT “saqarTvelos”

erT-erTi saredaqcio werili kavkasiaSi didi britaneTis politikas

akritikebs.

“Cvenma jarma soWis olqSi ingliselebis rCeviT daiWra is xazi,

romelic CvenTvis nakleb xelsayreli iyo strategiulad. es Secdoma

Zvirad dagvijda. mteri Ria karebSi SemogveWra, mowinave razmebi

gagviJlita da Cven mTavar Zalas xostSi ukan dasaxevi gza gadauWra...

inglisis mTavarsardali aSoSminebs Cvens mTavrobas da arwmunebs, mas, rom

62

Tu moxaliseTa razmma saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gadmolaxa, TviT inglisi

amas omis sababad miiCnevs da saqarTvelos teritoriis xeluxleblobas

daicavs. rogor SeiZleba, rom romelime kavkasiel ers mokrZaleba hqondes

didi britaneTis Zlierebis winaSe, Tuki mis sityvas denikinis razmebic ki

arafrad agdeben?130” werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.

TeTrgvardielTa brZola saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg q. gagris aRebiT

dasrulda.

bolSevikuri ruseTi afxazeTSi. gazeTma “saqarTvelom”

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo afxazeTSi bolSevikebis mier

ganxorcilebeuli samxedro agresiis faqtebis gaSuqebas. pirveli

bolSevikuri gamosvla 1918 wlis TebervalSi, q. soxumSi moxda.

1918 wlis 15 Tebervals soxumis portSi Semovida ruseTis

SavizRvispireTis frontis samxedro eskadris kreiseri “dakia”. 16

Tebervals erT-erTma mezRvaurma Seuracxyofa miayena poruCik n.emxvars,

romelmac mezRvaurs ar apatia da igi mokla. mezRvaurebma mTeli rigi

moTxovnebi wauyenes qalaqis xelmZRvanelobas maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi

iyo samxedro-revoluciuri komitetis Seqmna. xelisufleba iZulebuli

gaxda daekmayofilebina moTxovnebi. Kkreiseri “dakia” javSnosanma

“derzkim” Secvala. drandis mosaxleobam Seipyro emxvari da misi ZuZumte,

romelic gadasces “derzkis” ekipaJs, rusma mezRvaurebma afxazebi wamebiT

mokles. Aaman sayovelTao aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia

afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom dauyovneblov datova soxumi da kodoris

mosaxleobasTan erTad samxedro samzadisi daiwyo. maT mosTxoves

mezRvaurebs daeSalaT samxedro revoluciuri komiteti, am moTxovnaze

uari miiRes. bolSevikebma cixeebidan gaaTavisufles patimrebi, maT Soris

yaCaRebi, dauriges maT iaraRi da brZolaSi CarTes. soxumi ori dRis

ganmavlobaSi ibombeboda rusuli javSnosanis “karol karlis” mier.

adgilobrivma xelisuflebam mxolod 20 Tebervals moxerxa soxumis

dabruneba.131

es ambavi leo qiaCelma sakuTari novelis “haki aZbas” fabulad gamoiyena.

63

es bolSevikuri gamosvla gazeTma “saqarTvelom” mxolod erTi

sainformacio SeniSvniT, mas Semdeg gaaSuqa, rac soxumSi kvlav

amierkavkasiis komisariatis mmarTveloba aRdga. komisariatis mier qalaqis

Tavad daniSnuli menSeviki benia CxikviSvili depeSiT ityobineboda, rom

bolSevikebis mier ganTavisuflebulma patimrebma tyeebs Seafares Tavio:

“mdgomareoba sasowarkveTilebamde midis, Cven ar gvijereben da mtrulad

gvicqerian. drandis megrelebi da afxazebi, romlebsac CvenTan kargi

damokidebuleba aqvT, sasowarkveTilebaSi arian Seqmnili mdgomareobis

gamo da SesaZlebelia osmaleTis desants gadmosxma sTxovon wesrigis

dasamyareblad, Tu droze Sesaferisi RonisZieba ar vixmareT...132” _

atyobinebda mTavrobas CxikviSvili.

mdgomareoba or TveSi kvlav daiZaba. Tavdapirvelad bolSevikuri

gamosvlebi daiwyo gagraSi, sadac adamianTa mcire jgufma Seqmna

aRmasrulebeli komiteti da gagraSi gamoacxada sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyareba. 7 aprils maT alya Semoartyes soxums, daikaves fosta,

telegrafi da sxva sasicocxlo punqtebi. Seiqmna samxedro revoluciuri

komitetebi, muSaTa da glexTa aRmasrulebeli komitetebi Seiqmna

gudauTasa da samurzayanoSic.133

gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondentis mier mowodebuli informaciis

Tanaxmad bolSevikebis mier Seqmnili samxedro revoluciuri komitetebi

iTxovdnen, rom afxazeTis yvela saboqaulos, maT Soris q. soxums ecno

saxalxo komisrebis, anu bolSevikuri mTavrobis Zalaufleba. soxumis

mosaxleobam winaaRmdegobis gaweva scada, magram megrelebisa da somxebis

daxmarebiT gaZlierebulma bolSevikebma ieriSi miitanes soxumze, aiRes igi

da qalaqs 2 mln maneTis kontribuciac daakisreso. “senakSi bolSevikebma

gagzavnes depeSa: soxumi aviReT da ganzrxva gvaqvs foTze gamovilaSqroTo.

bolSevikebs aqvT iaraRi da fuli. bolSeviki jariskaci dRe-RameSi 2 Tuman

fuls Rebulobs”134, ityobineboda gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.

soxumis mosaxleobis bolSevikurad ganwyobil nawils amierkavkasiis

mTavrobis wevrma akaki Cxenkelma specialuri Setyobinebac gaugzavna: “me

gTxovT, yovelgvari zomebi miiRoT dauyovnebliv anarqiis SesaCereblad.

moiwvieT saxalxo yriloba da gamoagzavneT TbilisSi Tqven Tqveni

64

warmomadgenlebi, raTa CvenTan erTad da Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa

warmomadgenlebTan erTad, SeerTebulis ZaliT, gamovimuSavoT konstitucia,

ganvsazRvroT da davadginoT saxelmwifoebrivi swori mijnebi, raTa

Tqvenma xalxma mTelma afxazobam da samurzayanoelebma, masSi hpovon

TavianTi imedebisa da survilebis axdena, farTo guliTadi gamoZaxili,

rom savsebiT, rogorc kavkasiis federaciis sruluflebian wevrs

Tanasworive mzrunveloba da yuradReba mieces yovelisferis

dasakmayofileblad”135.

Tumca, mSvidobismoyvareobisaken mowodebam bolSevikuri amboxeba ver

CaaxSo. maTi damarcxeba amierkavkasiis seimis mier gagzavnilma samxedro

armiam SesZlo, romelsac generali valiko juReli da polkovniki

koniaSvili meTurobdnen. “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda mokle Sinaarsi im

angariSisa, romliTac valiko juReli 1918 wlis 29 maiss ukve

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis

winaSe warsdga.

juRelis TqmiT, man saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde TurqeTsa da

amierkavkasiis mTavrobebs Soris qalaq baTumSi mimdinare molaparakebebze

gaagzavna afxaz muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgenlebi da TurqeTis

mTavrobas gadasca, rom is afxazebi, romlebmac Turquli desanti

afxazeTSi bolSevikebTan sabrZolvelad miiwvies, sinamdvileSi ar

gamoxatavdnen afxazi xalxis umravlesobis nebas (xazi Cvenia).

amis Semdeg igi kodoris xeobaSi gamagrebul bolSevikebTan

sabrZolvelad gaemgzavra, Tavdapirvelad maTTan mSvidobiani molaparakeba

scada, magram uSedegod. bolSevikebma dayares Wori, rom juRelis razmi

Tavadaznaurebisagan Sedgeboda da afxazeTSi kontr revoluciisaTvis

Cavida. aman rom ar gasWra, axali Wori moifiqres, viTom juRelis razmi

afxazeTSi somexi erovnebis mosaxleobis amosaJletad iyo Casuli, amanac

rom ar gaWra, xmebi dayares, juReli afxazeTis dasapyrobad aris

Camosulio.

Worebma ar gaamarTla da bolSevikebi samxedro dapirispirebaze

gadavidnen, pirveli yumbara maT gaisroles. iRbali Tavidan maT mxares iyo,

magram Semdeg qarTulma artileriam Zalian zusti ieriSi miitana

65

bolSevikTa banakze da isini oCamCiridan gagramde, Semdeg ki soWamdec

gandevnao. “bolSevikebs TanaugrZnobdnen moijarade megrelebi, moijarade

da plantatori somxebi da afxazebi. kodoris afxazebi Cven mxares iyvnen,

gudauTisa, ki _ bolSevikebis mxares136”, aseTi informacia miawoda

mTavrobas generalma juRelma.

misive TqmiT, im xamokle periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac bolSevikebi

afxazeTSi mmarTvelobdnen, moaswres erovnuli SuRlis gaRviveba jer

berZnebsa da megrelebs, xolo Semdeg somxebsa da berZnebs Soris.

maSasadame 1918 wlis maisSi general valiko juRelis meTurobiT

bolSevikebi afxazeTidan gandevnil iqnen.

meore bolSevikuri Tavdasxma afxazeTze 1918 wlis ivnisSi

ganxorcielda. “maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelaad soxumSi gadasrolil iqna

qarTuli samxedro razmebi general g.mazniaSvili xelmZRvanelobiT.

qarTulma SeiarRebulma Zalebma soWis bolSevikuri razmebi, romlebic

zurgs umagrebdnen afxazeTis bolSevikebs, daamarcxes, isini aiZules ukan

daexiaT da daetovebinaT gagra. saomari operaciebi gadatanil iqna soWis

olqis teritoriaze. saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankargulebiT generalma

mazniaSvilma gaagrZela bolSevikebis devna. qarTulma jarma 3 ivliss

daikava adleri, xolo 27 ivliss - soWi137”.

mazniaSvilis samxedro eqspediciis Sesaxeb gazeTi “saqarTvelo”

werda: “general mazniaSvilis jars miznad aqvs dasaxuli sul mokle xanSi

gawmindos soxumis olqi bolSevikebisgan da iaraRi ahyaros arasaimedo

elementebs, rasac Zalian didi TanagrZnobiT ekideba afxazebis

umravlesoba”138.

mazniaSvilma, araTu soxumi gaanTavisufla, aramed gagra, soWi da

tuafsec ki aiRo. qarTuli armiis am xanmokle warmatebam gazeT

“saqarTvelos” korespondentebs axali imedebi Causaxa: “Tu Savi zRvis

gubernia saqarTvelom SemoierTa, xelovnurad amarTuli yoreebi moiSleba

da soWisa da tuafses midamoebis gaqarTuleba ramdenime welSi moxdeba. es

sabolood daaSoSminebs samegrelosac, romelic did siviwroves ganicdis

Tavisufali miwis uqonlobiT139”, werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.

66

sxvagan gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicisti niko TavdgiriZe qarTuli

armiis saomar moqmedbebs ase afasebda: “xSirad roca xalxis ganwyoba

surT aamaRlon, raime saxaliso movlenas gangeb gamoigoneben. aq ki TviT

Cvenive moZmeebis sagmiro saqmeebi ucxoelebs ipyrobs, imonebs da qeds

axrevinebs Cveni Zlierebis winaSe”140. 300-400 kaciani razmiT soWisa da

tuafses aReba da bolSevikuri armiis gandevna aris warmoudgeneli

gmiroba, rasac general mazniaSvilis meTaurobiTa da qarTveli

jariskacebis gambedaobiT mivaRwieTo, werda niko TavdgiriZe.

“ramdenadac Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebze mterTan Setakebam

saxeli gautexa qarTuls laSqars(igulisxmeba baTumis dapyroba TurqeTis

mier. m.m.) da mware grZnobiT aRavso yoveli WeSmariti mamuliSvili,

imdenad ukanaskneli operacia (igulisxmeba mazniaSvilis mier afxazeTidan

bolSevikebis gandevna m.m.) istoriulad damsaxurebuls saxels ubrunebs

mTels qarTul mxedrobas da aimedovnebs moqalaqeebs, rom damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos bedi amieridan uzrunvelyofil iqneba muxanaTur mtris

Semosavisagan”,141 werda gazeT “saqarTvelos” kidev erTi ucnobi

publicisti.

“saqarTvelos” publicistTa sixaruli naadrevi gamodga, radgan

qalaqi tuafse daaxloebiT erT TveSi davTmeT, xolo qalaqebi _ soWi da

gagra 1919 wels erTmaneTis miyolebiT daipyro TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis

moxaliseTa razmebma.

1920 wels Savi zRvis guberniaSi glexebi ajanydnen, maT denikinis

razmebi gaaZeves soflebidan _ xosta, plastunka, adleri. martis TvisaTvis

mTeli Savi zRvis gubernia bolSevikuri organizciebis mmarTvelobis qveS

moeqca. istorikos meri gabedavas TqmiT, 1920 wlis mais-ivnisSi ruseTis

waqezebiTa da daxmarebiT bolSevikuri moZraobis inspirirebas adgili

hqonda samaCabloel osebSi. paralelurad bolSevikebma Tavi wamoyves

afxazeTSic, magram adgilobrivma xelisuflebam moaxerxa es moZraoba

ZirSive CaexSo. “afxazeTis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli

RonisZiebebis Sedegad 1920 wlis meore naxevridan afxazeTSi faqtobrivad

Sewyda bolSevikuri saqmianoba”142.

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aqve unda vTqvaT, rom 1920 wlis mais-ivnisSi, rodesac afxazeTSi

bolSevkTa mxridan kidev erTi provokacia ganxorcielda, gazeTi

“saqarTvelo” ara gamodioda. Sesabamisad am movlenebs gazeTi ver

gaaSuqebda.

afxazeTSi bolSevikebis ukansakneli Semoteva 1921 wlis Tebrvlis

bolos ganxorcielda. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis 6

mimarTulebian gegmaSi, erT-erTi mimarTuleba swored gagra-soxumis

mimarTuleba gaxldaT. afxazeTze sabWoTa ruseTis me-9 armiis Semoteva 19

Tebervals daiwyo. amave dRes gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda

korespondencia “afxazeTSi”. avtoris TqmiT, soxumSi Sekrebila erovnul-

demokratiuli partiis wevrTa saerTo yriloba.

“mTavrobis mowodebam qveynis dasacavad ZalTa mobilizaciis Sesaxeb

didi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia. yrilobam daadgina: miiRos yovelgvari

zomebi qveynis dasacavad. dgeba moxaliseTa razmebi ... yriloba Rrmad

darwmunebulia, rom qarTveli xalxi kvlav gaimarjvebs mterze, romelic

saqarTvelos veluraT daesxa Tavs”143.

meore dRes, gazeTi “saqarTvelo” sul ori winadadebiT iuwyeboda,

rom gagris mimarTulebiT mtris Semoteva SeCerebulia144. Tumca, am saimedo

informacias realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnda, 22 Tebervals sabWoTa jarebma

aiRes gagra, 3 marts ki qalaqi _ soxumi. am droisaTvis gazeTi

“saqarTvelo” daxuruli iyo, dedaqalaqSi sabWoTa ruseTis droSa

frialebda.

amrigad, gazeT “saqarTveloSi” aisaxa afxazeTSi 1915-18 wlebSi

arsebuli separatistuli moZraobis tendenciebi _ kerZod ki is, rom

afxazeTis mosaxleobis nawils _ rogorc soxumis qalaqis sabWos rus,

berZen da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, aseve, eTnikuri afxazebis erT

jgufsac _ ar surda saqarTvelos avtonomia, maT eSinodaT, rom

“qarTvelebi Causaxldebodnen”, es ki CvenTvis sasurveli ar ariso.

1918 wlis Semdeg afxazeTSi arsebuli Sida separatizmi ikvebeboda

jer TurqeTis, Semdeg ki TeTri ruseTis samxedro mxardaWeriT.

mogvianebiT es gareSe Zala Caanacvla sabWoTa ruseTma, romelic afxazTa

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erovnuli TviTmyofadobis motivaciiT ki ara, socialuri samarTlianobis

demagogiuri lozungiT moqmedebda. swored amitom, regions SigniT

bolSevikur gamosvlebs eTnikuri afxazebze metad moijarade glexebi

(rogorc qarTvelebi_ megrelebi, aseve somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi) uWerdnen

mxars.

am istoriuli konteqstis fonze gazeTma “saqarTvelom” 1918 wels

asaxa afxazeTSi sami bolSevikuri gamosvla, Turquli desantis orjer

gadmosxmis faqti, politikuri gadatrialebis mcdelobebi; 1919 wels _

denikinis moxaliseTa armiasTan samxedro dapirispireba; 1920 wels _ Savi

zRvis guberniaSi glexTa ajanyebebi da TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis

damarcxeba; dabolos, 1921 wels gazeTis usafuZvlo optimizmis miRma

gamoikveTa gasabWoebis, maT Soris gagra-soxumis mxridan wamosuli aneqsiis

garduvali perspeqtiva.

2.4.G”saqarTvelo” patrioti afxazebis Sesaxeb

gazeT “saqarTveloSi” afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul publikaciebs

Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSnvis Rirsad migvaCnia is Jurnalisturi

masalebi, romelSic afxazebisadmi mxardaWera, mowoneba da siyvarulia

gamoxatuli.

gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT redaqciam afxazeTis ukanskneli mTavris

ubrwyinvalesi Tavadis mixeil ServaSiZis (xamuT beis) vaJis giorgi

ServaSiZis (zogan SarvaSiZed aris moxseniebuli) gamoxata. afxazi mamisa da

qarTveli dedis aleqsandra (cucu, kesaria) dadianis ვაჟი, giorgi

enciklopediur wyaroebSi moxseniebulia afxaz da qarTveli poetad,

dramaturgad, publicistad da sazogado moRvawed, qarTvel

TergdaleulTa Tanamoazred. igi mTeli Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis

manZilze afxazTa da qarTvelTa Soris urTierTobis gamyarebisaTvis,

afxazeTis proqarTuli orientaciisaTvis ibrZoda.

giorgi ServaSiZe iseve, rogorc mamamisi, ruseTis imperiis mier

araerTgzis iqna represirebuli. 1866 wels saglexo reformis gatarebis

gamo ajanyebulma afxazebma scades 1864 wels gauqmebuli afxazTa

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samTavros aRdgena da mTavrad giorgis dasma. Tumca, am ajanyebas, romelic

ruseTma sisxlSi CaaxSo, mohyva muhajirobis pirveli talRa, 20 wlis

giorgi ServaSiZe ki, ruseTSi gadaasaxles. marTalia, 9 wlis Semdeg igi

udanaSaulod scnes da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ufleba misces, magram

1905 wlamde afxazeTSi Casvlis ufleba ar misces.

Ggiorgi ServaSiZis pirovnebis aRsawerad movixmobT im nawyvets,

romelic istorikosma d.Citaiam Tavis wignSi145 moitana. es mogoneba

asaxavs 1917 wels q. soxumSi gamarTul afxazTa pirvel yrilobas,

romelzec Camoyalibda afxazTa saxalxo sabWo, miRebul iqna afxazeTis

konstitucia da deklaracia. Mmogonebis pirvelwyaroa 1931 wels berlinSi

gamomavali qarTuli Jurnalis “TeTri giorgis” furclebze gamoqveynebuli

statia “gaucxoebis dasawyisi”.

“krebis dRea. soxumis quCebi gadaWedilia xalxiT. afxazebis

yrilobaze Tavadoba da glexoba erTad iyris Tavs, erTad bWoben, Tanac

yovel wevri Tanasworuflebiania. krebis darbazSi SemobrZanda mTavris Ze

giorgi SarvaSiZe. yvela fexze daudga. giorgim afxazur enaze mimarTa

damswre sazogadoebas.Aauxsna ruseTis mdgomareoba, miuloca Tavisuflebis

moaxloeba da daaskvna: Tqven ufros Zmebs mihyeviT. (gulisxmobda

qarTvelebs. daviT Citaia), maTTan erTad imoqmedeT da ibrZoleT

Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad da SesanarCuneblad. vici, zogierTebs ar

moewonebaT Cemi aseTi azri, radgan isini moskovisken iyurebian, me ki –

Tbilisisken. sxva gza arc aris da arc yofila arodes afxazeTisTvis,

garda saqarTvelosTan mWidro kavSirisa da masTan yofnisa ganuyrelad

WirSi da lxinSi”. amis Semdeg avtori askvnis, rom es iyo maTraxi

rusofilebisaTvis. “gaaTava giorgim da gamobrZanda darbazidan”146.

zemoTac vTqviT, rom am yrilobaze mainc miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba

afxazeTis kavkasiis mTielTa respublikaSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb.

g.ServaSiZe 1918 wlis TebervalSi swored maSin gardaicvala, rodesac

soxums ruseTis SavizRvispireTis frontis samxedro eskadris javSnosani

gemi “karol karli” bombavda. Qqalaqis mTavroba kodorSi iyo gaxiznuli

da bolSevikebis mier soxumze mitanili SeiaraRebuli agresiis

CaxSobisTvis emzadeboda. gardacvlili uxmaurod da uferulad dakrZales

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moqvis sagvareulo taZarSi. afxazeTs giorgi ServaSiZis glovisTvis ar

ecala.

misi daRupva gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli CanaxatiT aRniSna

qarTvelma mweralma grigol robaqiZem. robaqiZiseuli teqsti, bunebrivia,

mxatvrul-literturuli ufroa, vidre _ publicisturi. avtorma gaixsena,

Tu rogor gaicno giorgi ServaSiZe: “igi cxeniT modioda soxumis quCaSi.

gadmoxta, gavicani: giorgi ServaSiZe Svili afxazeTis ukanaskneli

mTavrisa. ra SesaniSnavad adgas Coxa! tani maRlaT aris ayvanili silaRiT

kidev, _ Tumca etyoba eqvs aTeuls gadascilebia, aseTi moxdenili

Cacmuloba aravize minaxavs saqarTveloSi: aq iyo esTetika oskar uaildis

yelsaxvevisa, qarTuli yaida Cacmulobisa, mkacri stiliT CamokveTili:

sada da amasTanave metad rCeuli...

silamaze iveriuli: xazebis siswore da sirbile, sworupovari

profili: _ aqac sisadave da rCeuloba Tan. mTeli saukunoebia saWiro, rom

biologiurma SerCevam aseTi sruli tipi warmoSobos. ubralo mimoxvrac

mowmobs misi, rom mis gvarSi asi wlobiT yofila Seucnobeli fiqri

biologiuri rCeulobisa. araferSi etyoba Zaldataneba: moZraoba, Tavis

daWera, siaruli, baasi _ Tavisufali metad da amasTanave Zalzed

warCinebuli. rac unda moimoqmedos, yvelaferi lamazi gamouva _ gielvebT

fiqri”147.

SemdgomSi mwerali giorgi ServaSiZes soxumis qalaqis Tavis, niko

TavdgiriZis mier gamarTul vaxSamze Sexvda. amjerad ServaSiZes evropulad

ecva da aranakleb daxvewilad gamoiyureboda. robaqiZem gansakuTrebiT

aRniSna is garemoeba, rom giorgi ServaSiZe Tavisuflad saubrobda

frangulad, rusulad, qarTulad da afxazurad. agreTve, icoda germanuli

da inglisuri enebi. zedmiwevniT icoda “vefxistyaosani” da “TviTonac

mwignobrobda”.

“baasis sagani xSirad saqarTveloa. gabeduleba misi sakiTxis

gadawyvetaSi, araviTari kompromisi, sruli Tavisufleba _ ai misi fiqris

xveuli. xolo aqac neli, rbili, uRelvebeli. xandaxan osmaleTsac

Caayenebs saqarTvelos sakiTxSi da es im dros, rodesac TuTuns moaxvevs,

sagangebod ugzavnis stambolidan erTi osmalo... am dReebSi movida ambavi

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misi sikvdilisa, mogvSorda qarTuli rasis namdvili vaJi”148, werda

grigol robaqiZe.

Ggiorgi ServaSiZis xsovnas afxazeTSi pativi mxolod

gardacvalebidan 6 Tvis Semdeg miages. Aam dros saqarTvelo ukve

damoukidebeli respublika iyo. Wyondidelma episkoposma ambrosim (xelaiam)

soxumSi giorgi ServaSiZis sulis mosaxsenebeli paraklisi gadaixada.

kidev erTxel gaixsenes giorgi ServaSiZis anderZi: “saqarTvelo

uafxazeTod ar varga da afxazeTi usaqarTvelod”149.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” arc sxva afxazebis Rvawli dautovebia

yuradRebis gareSe. magaliTad, gazeTma aRniSna afxaz andria lakerbaias

gardacvalebac. “saqarTvelos” korespondentis TqmiT, gardacvlilma uari

Tqva samxedro samsaxurze, polkovnikobaze da momrigebeli mosamarTlis

naklebad sapatio Tanamdeboba airCia. misi aarCevani ganpirobebuli iyo

sakuTar patara erTan siaxlovis, misi Wirisa da lxinis gaziarebis

surviliT.

andria lakerbaia araerTxel gamohqomagebia Tavis mcirericxovan ers,

daucvia misi Rirseba, maSin, rodesac afxazebis Sesaxeb rusis mTavrobasTan

da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis macxovreblebTan araswori informacia

mihqondaT avis mosurneebso. sikvdilamde cota xniT adre mefis

kancelariaSi dautovebia moxseneba “simarTle afxazeTze”. piradulze win

yovelTvis sazogado saqme eyena da amitomac mTeli afxazeTi dastiriso,

werda gazeT “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti.150

Aaqve oriode sityviT SevexebiT im garemoebas, rom maSin rodesac

afxazi eris reputaciasa da Rirsebas laxavdnen, gazeTi “saqarTvelo” misi

qomagobis tvirTs kisrulobda. 1916 wels afxazeTSi momsaxure erT rus

Cinovniks rusul gazeTSi gamouqveynebia statia, romelSic werda, rom

afxazeTSi mcxovrebi rusebi 1916 wlidan SiSiT elodnen afxazebisa da

Turqebis erTobliv ajanyebas da swored amitom garbodnen afxazeTidano151.

Cveni mxridan davZenT, rom XX saukunis daswyisSi afxazTa

proTurqulad ganwyobilma nawilma marTlac moawyo warumatebuli

SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebebi, oRond ara 1916, aramed 1918 wlebSi. sxva

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sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rusi Cinovnikis informaciaSi simarTlis wili

arcTu mcire iyo.

ATumca gazeTma “saqarTvelom” am braldebas provokacia uwoda da

mefis mTavrobis winaSe afxazTa reputacia ase daicva: “sinamdvileSi ki

afxazebi Svelodnen, exmarebodnen, umaspinZldebodnen im rus mcxovrebT,

romelnic soxums stovebdnen da mTebSi ixiznebodnen”, rusma generalma

zapinskim afxazebs namdvili patriotebi uwoda. mabezRara rusi moxelec

sicrues afxazTa Ralatze, albaT, maSin SeTxzavda, roca romelime

afxazis sufrasTan ijdao152, aRniSna gazeTis korespondentma.

Sejamebisas vityviT, rom afxazi patriotebis amagis dafasebiT da

maTi saqmis popularizaciiT, agreTve, afxazi eris Rirsebis qomagobiTa da

dacviT gazeT saqarTvelos” qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis daTboba-

mogvarebis saqmeSi sakuTari, gamokveTilad dadebiTi wvlili Sehqonda.

3. afxazeTSi menSevikuri mTavrobis

politikis kritika

gazeT “saqarTveloSi”, rogorc saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli

partiis beWdviT organoSi, sistematurad ibeWdeboda masalebi, romelic

socialisturi partiebis, gansakuTrebiT menSevikuri frTis politikas

akritikebda.

socializmis kritika afxazeTze gamoqveynebul sagazeTo masalebSic

drodadro gvxvdeba. gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondentebi akritikebdnen

jer amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da seimis, xolo Semdeg _ saqarTvelos

erovnuli mTavrobis politikas afxazeTSi. kerZod, maT ukmayofilebas

iwvevda menSevikuri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno politika; agreTve

isini miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas ufro efeqturad unda

ebrZola q. soWis SenarCunebisaaTvis da unda hqonoda pretenzia am

qalaqaze, miT ufro, rom saamiso safuZveli arsebobda. garda amisa,

“saqarTvelom” gaakritika afxazeTSi miwebis gadanawilebis sakiTxi.

3.1. menSevikuri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno

politikis kritika

73

“saqarTvelos” erTi-erTi korespondentis (fsevdonimi in-ri) kritika

daimsaxura menSevikma generalma valiko juRelma. erT-erT werilSi153

gatarebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, swored general juRelis mier

daniSnulma rusma moxeleebma moaxdines provocireba imisa, rom afxazebma

TurqeTs daxmareba sTxoves.

1918 wlis TebervalSi afxazeTze bolSevikTa pirveli SeiaraRebuli

agresia rom moigeria, generalma juRelma soxumis samxedro mmarTveloba

Caabara aseve socilatebs, erovnebiT rus tugaevs (qalaqis komendanti) da

novikovs (Stabis ufrosi).

ivnisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam germaniis sajariso nawilebs q.

soxumSi Sesvla sTxova. mTavrobis Txovna ganpirobebuli iyo moaruli

xmebiT, rom adgilobrivi separatistebi apirebdnen TurqeTisaTvis samxedro

daxmarebis Txovnas da afxazeTSi Turquli desantis gadmosxma igegmeboda.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis gaTvliT, es gegma CaiSleboda, Tuki soxumSi

germaniis samxedro nawilebi Sevidoda. gaTvla martiv logikas efuZneboda

_ germania pirvel msoflio omSi TurqeTis politikuri da samxedro

partniori iyo, amdenad TurqeTi ver gabedavda im teritoriis aneqsias,

sadac misi politikuri partnioris, germaniis samxedro nawilebi iqneboda

gamagrebuli.

germanelebma Txovna Segvisrules,Qq. soxumis portsa da sakrebulos

Senobis Tavze germanuli droSa afrialda. “saqarTvelos” korespondentis

TqmiT, aman Zalian gaabraza adgilobrivi rusebi, romelTac mxari aubes

juRelis mier daniSnulma tugaevma da novikovma. maT masxrad aigdes

germaneli maRalCinosani samxedroebi. soxumis sakrebuloSi Sesul

germanelebs moasmenines marselioza da am dros fexze adgomac ki

aiZules.

pirvelad germanelma samxedroebma es moiTmines, meored ki yvelaferi

sakuTar elCs Seatyobines, moxsnes TavianTi droSa da soxumi datoves.

safrangeTi pirvel msoflio omSi germania-TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. bunebrivia, kaizeruli germaniis samxedro pirebi Rrmad Seuracxyofilad igrZnobdnen Tavs, rodesac aiZules fexze adgoma da TavianTi mtris, safrangeTis erovnuli himnis (Tanac socialisturis) marseliozas mosmena .

74

marTalia, soxumel rusebs es Zalian gauxardaT, magram germanelebis

wasvlam Turqebs gza gauxsna. erT kviraSi afxazi Tavadi al. marSania

gudauTaSi gamagrebul bolSevikebTan brZolis egidiT afxazeTSi 600

kacian Turqul desants SemouZRva. es faqti, “saqarTvelos” korespondentis

TqmiT, juRelis mier daniSnuli kadrebis utaqto politikis Sedegi iyo.154

redaqciis guliswyromas saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobis mier

qarTveli jariskacebis arsaTanado dafasebac iwvevda. gazeT

“saqarTvelos” publicistma niko TavdgiriZem erT-erT statiaSi qarTuli

sajariso nawilebisa da qarTveli jariskacebisadmi uRirsi

damokidebulebaSi daadanaSaula menSevikuri mTavrobis mier soxumSi

samoqalaqo Tavmjdomared daniSnuli gizo anjafariZe

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1918 wels afxazeTSi sami bolSevikuri

gamosvla jer amierkavkasiis, Semdeg ki, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

sajariso nawilebma CaaxSes. saomari moqmedebebis dros qarTvelma

jariskacebma cnobili sardlebis meTurobiT afxazeTis sazRvari

gaafarToves da q. tuafsec ki daiWires.

“saqarTvelo” werda: “general mazniaSvilis operaciebma soxumis

olqsa da Savi zRvis guberniaSi aRadgines qarTuli iaraRis prestiJi,

romelic SeibRala baTumis olqSi. Aamas ki udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs

erovnuli TviTcnobierebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. Kkidev ufro didi

mniSvneloba aqvs ucxoelebisaTvis, romlebic jer kidev ver

darwmunebulan, SegviZlian, Tu ara sakuTari ZalebiT saxelmwifos

aSeneba”155.

bunebrivia, rom qarTveli jariskacebi redaqciam gmirebad monaTla

da sakadrisi xotbac Seasxa. Tumca, TavdgiriZis TqmiT, soxumSi menSevik

sajaro moxeles gizo anjafariZes auTvalwunebia qarTveli oficrebi

iaSvili, Wkadua, dundua. isini sastumroSi qeifisas anjafariZes

gaulanZRavs kidec: “iciT me vin var! me SemiZlia Tqveni gaubedureba da

gasaldaTeba”. metic, oficeri dundua anjafariZem daaWerina kidec156.

1918 wlis aprilSi, maissa da ivnisSi TurqeTma daipyro aWara, aiRo q. baTumi da brZolebi axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebSi gadmoitana. axalSeqmnil qarTul armias uWirda TurqeTis Zlier samxedro ZalasTan dapirispireba.

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statiis avtori mkiTxvels afxazeTSi anjafariZis muSaobidan kidev

or faqts awvdis. pirveli isaa, rom anjafariZem soxumSi daabruna ori

bolSeviki, romlebic generalma mazniaSvilma antisaxelmwifoebrivi

moqmedebebis gamo afxazeTidan gaaZeva. (maT afxazeTidan gandevnil

bolSevikuri armiis nawilebisaTvis 2 mln saxelmwifo fuli gautanebiaT).

meore faqti ki is iyo, rom anjafariZem tuafses rusi mosaxleoba Sekriba

da ganucxada, saqarTvelos respublikas tuafses aReba ar surda, ubralod

bolSevikebTan brZolis gamo mouxda am qalaqis aReba. ruseTSi

bolSevikebis damarcxebisa da damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis Semdeg

qarTuli jari tuafsesac da, rac ufr mniSvnelovania, soWsac datovebso157.

anjafariZis saqcieli statiis avtorma antiqarTul politikad

Seafasa: “saWiroa Cvenma mTavrobam meti dakvirveba da windaxeduleba

gamoiCinos, rodesac ganapira regionebSi agzavnis specialur

rwmunebulebs”158, werda TavdgiriZe.

amave werilSi niko TavdgiriZe aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom

saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis braldebiT mTavrobam daakava

cnobili, pativsacemi da, rac mTavaria, qarTvelebisadmi erTgulebiT

gamorCeuli afxazi Tavadi dimitri marSania. misi erTaderTi vaJi, Turme,

qarTul jarSi ibrZoda da mZimed daiWra kidec. dimitri marSania

menSevikur mTavrobas jer TbilisSi gadausaxlebia, mogvianebiT ki

udanaSaulod ucvnia da soxumSi daubrunebia. “amnaeri mopyrobis gamo

yvela is afxazi, romelic CvenTvis Tavs dadebda samsxverplod, Cveni

winaaRmdegi Seiqna”159, werda TavdgiriZe.

niko TavdgiriZe menSevikuri mTavrobis mier sando pirad miCneul

afxaz joto ServaSiZes akritikebs. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos

Tavmjdomres, joto ServaSiZes saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobisaTvis

wauyenebia moTxovna, rom qarTulma jarebma afxazeTi saswrafod datovono.

amis gamo TavdgiriZem ServaSiZe “viTom Cvenianad” moixsenia.

“is jari, romelmac gansacdelisagan ixsna mTeli afxazeTi,

romelmac saarako gabeduleba da mamacoba gamoiCina bolSevikebTan

brZolaSi, es jari unda ganidevnos afxazeTidan? ras moaswavebs devna,

76

damcireba, Cagvra da lanZRva generalis mazniaSvilisa, romelmac aRadgina

ucxoel erTa TvalSi qarTvel meomarTa saxeli?”, werda TavdgiriZe.

Ddabolos, TavdgiriZis gansakuTrebuli ukmayofileba gamoiwvia im

faqtma, rom pirveli gadatrialebis mcdelobis Semdeg, rodesac

saqarTvelos mTavrobam afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo daSlilad gamoacxada,

arCevnebis gareSe Seiqmna droebiTi saxalxo sabWo. es sabWo TiTqmis

mTlianad socialisti xmosnebiT dakompleqtda, xolo Tavmjdomaris

TanaSemwed da faqtobrivad yvela saqmis warmmarTvelad dainiSna rusi

demianovi.

TavdgiriZe werda: “Tu samarTlianobis aRdgena gvindoda,

konstitucionuri wesis Tanaxmad unda movqceuliyaviT: dagveTxova sabWos

mTeli Semadgenloba da axali, wesieri arCevnebi mogvexdina. Cven

gagvexarda, rom erTma nawilma sabWoisam ZaliT gareka meore,

sruluflebiani wevri sabWoisa, magram ra movigeT amiT? icis, Tu ara

mTavrobam, rom exlandeli, viTomda Cveni momxre afxazeTis sabWos

Tavmjdomaris TanaSemwed da faqtiurad saqmeebis gamged mowveulia

kerenskis kabinetSi yofili ministris TanaSemwe demianoviCi. es demianoviCi

aris momxre, TanamgrZnobeli da mesaidumle im rusi moRvaweebisa: tomara-

zaxarovebisa da kompaniisa, romelnic dauZinebeli mterni arian

qarTvelobisa da yovels saSualebas xmaroben, rom qarTvelebs afxazeTSi

niadagi mouspon”160, werda niko TavdgiriZe.

A am striqonebis daweridan 2 TveSi afxazeTSi moxda politikuri

gadatrialebis meore mcdeloba, amjerad TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis

inspirirebiT. gamarTlda niko TavdgiriZis eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom demianovi

ruseTis intersebis gamtarebeli iyo. rogorc istorikos meri gabedava

wers, demianovi afxazeTis sazRvarTan, q. ekaterinodarSi gamagrebul

TeTrgvardieli sardlis aleqseevis kadri gaxldaT. movlenaTa

ganviTarebam daadastura, rom socialisti demianovi ruseTis monarqistuli

miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iRvwoda.

metic, rusi demianovi 1919 wlis TebervalSi afxazeTSi

gamarTuli pirveli arCevnebis Semdegac darCa. man gars Semoikriba sabWos

kidev 7 wevri da afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi Seiqmna separatistulad

77

ganwyobil xmosanTa jgufi. Cveni azriT, afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi

saqarTvelos interesebis mowinaaRmdegeeTa moxvedra iyo Sedegi 1918 wlis

dekemberSi saqarTvelos erovnul sabWosa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier

miRebuli saarCevno debulebisa.

debulebam afxazeTSi macxovrebel saqarTvelos aramoqalaqe, anu sxva

qveynis moqalaqe pirebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba daumtkica.

saarCevno debulebis me-2 muxlSi Caiwera: “afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos

wevrTa arCevnebis ufleba aqvs ganurCevlad sqesisa, erovnebisa da

sarwmunoebisa afxazeTSi mcxovreb yvela moqalaqes, romelsac saarCevno

siebis Sedgenamde Sesrulebia oci weliwadi da romelsac afxazeTSi

binadroba hqonia 1914 wlis ivlisis 19-mde”161.

jer kidev saarCevno debulebis miRebamde gazeT “saqarTvelos”

korespondenti (fsevdonomiT “rioneli”) iTxovda, rom saqarTvelos

parlaments es debuleba ar daemtkicebina. “nuTu, am pativcemulma pirebma

ar uwyian, ras niSnavs aseTi debuleba? nuTu, maT ar esmiT, Tu ra did

safrTxes umzadebs aseTi debuleba rogorc TviT afxazeTs, ise

saqarTvelos teritoriis mTlianobas? nuTu, maT ar ician, afxazeTSi dRes

binadrobs 60 aTasi rusi da 30 000 somexi, romelTa didi umravlesoba

ucxo saxelmwifos qveSevrdomia da amitom maTi miswrafeba, eWvi ar aris,

iqneba ucxoeTisken da ara saqarTvelosken?

da Tu esmiT, ras niSnavs yovelive es, maS ras niSnavs aseTi

politikuri Secdoma? vgoneb, dro aris movSordeT viwro partiul buruss,

vimoqmedoT saxelmwifoebrivi geziT da vawarmooT realuri politika”,

werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti162.

misi ukmayofilebis meore mizezi iyo is, rom afxazeTis

saxalxo sabWos arCevnebisaTvis Seqmnil komisiaSi, romelic uxucesi

Cveni azriT aRniSnuli statiis avtori SeiZleba iyos niko nikolaZe, radgan

fsevdonimi “rioneli” erT-erTia misi fsevdonimebisagan. Tanac, statia, marTalia,

afxazeTs eZRvneba, magram faqtobrivad socialisturi da erovnuli msofl mxedvelobis

dapirispirebas asaxavs.

78

menSevikis isidore ramiSvilis TavmjdomareobiTESeiqmna, afxazi erovnebis

erTi wevric ki ver moxvda. “amrigad, gamodis, rom centraluri saarCevno

komisia swyvets afxazebis beds TviT afxazebis dauswreblad163”, askvnis

“saqarTvelos” korespondenti.

isidore ramiSvilis pasuxma, rom Cven viwvevT afxazebs, magram isini

ar modiano, korespondenti ver daakamyofila. “simarTle gviTxraT, aseTi

pasuxi ar gvakmayofilebs. aseTi pasiuri moqceva mavnebelia rogorc TviT

afxazebisaTvis, ise saqarTvelos respublikisaTvis. saWroa batonma

ramiSvilma gamoikvlios afxazTa mousvlelobis mizezi, miiRos energiuli

zomebi da daainteresos am momaval arCevnebiT afxazi xalxi. gvwams, rom

afxazTa dauswreblobas centralur saarCevno komisiaSi mohyveba mavne da

usiamovno Sedegebi164”, werda “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti.

afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Semadgenloba marTlac Wreli gamodga. es

organo mudmivi urTierTdapirispirebis fonze muSaobda. pirvelsave

sxdomaze moxda konfliqti demianovis jgufsa da sabWos danarCen wevrebs

Soris. “saqarTvelos” korespondentis TqmiT, “parlamentSi (igulisxmeba

afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo m. m.) ori mimdinareobaa: umravlesoba _

demokratiuli; meore jgufi ki (sul 8 kaci) denikinis ruseTis momxreni165”.

amave korespondentis informciiT, sxdomaze ginebamde (separatistma

caguriam Segina mTel sabWos) daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs menSevikebi da

menSevikTa ukiduresad memarjvene jgufi (anu, afxazi separatistebi).

xmosanma kakubavam Tqva, rom “saqarTvelos demokratiam cecxliT da

maxviliT, sikvdiliT dasjiT da ZaldatanebiT, romelic ar naxula

nikoloz me-2 drosac, daimorCila afxazeTi”166.

sabWom miiRo rezolucia, (albaT, igulisxmeba “aqti avtonomiis

Sesaxeb”, romlis ZaliTac afxazeTi gamocxadda saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiur erTeulad.). Dkorespondenciidan

vgebulobT, rom am process demianovi SeewinaaRmdega. misi azriT, sabWo ar

iyo uflebamosili emsjela, Sedioda Tu, ara afxazeTi saqarTvelos

respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli.

79

Tumca, kenWisyriT gadawyda, rom sabWos amis uflebamosileba gaaCda.

demianovma am kenWisyraSi monawileoba ar miiRo.167.

amrigad, gazeTi “saqarTvelo” akritikebda afxazeTSi menSevikuri

centraluri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno politikas. redaqcias arc

socialisturi mTavrobis mier daniSnuli aseve socialisti kadrebi

moswonda da arc is _ Tu rogor Catarda afxazeTSi saxalxo sabWos

arCevnebi.

3.2 soWis SenarCunebisaTavis arasaTanado brZola

araerTgzis aRvniSneT, rom qarTulma armiam 1918 wels aiRo qalaqebi

gagra, soWi, tuafse. tuafse ramdenime kviraSi davTmeT. Tumca,

TeTrgvardieli generali aleqseevi moiTxovda, rom qarTul armias q.

soWic daecala. 1918 wlis agvisto da seqtemberi saqarTvelos sagareo

ministrma evgeni gegeWkorma q. ekarterinodarSi aleqseevis

warmomadgenlebTan molaparakebaSi gaatara.

molaparakebebi jer dasrulebuli ar iyo, rodesac gazeT

“saqarTveloSi” cnobilma qarTvelma istorikosma sargis kakabaZem

gamoaqveyna statia “Savi zRvis sanapirosaTvis”168. statiaSi igi aRniSnavs,

rom tuafse dakargulia da ev. gegeWkors bedad xvda am danakargis

oficialurad dadastureba. Tumca, meore qalaqi soWi, araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar unda davTmoT, radgan am qalaqSi qarTveli mosaxleoba angariSgasawev

Zalas warmoadgens da garda amisa, es qalaqi istoriulad ZvelqarTuli

qalaqiao. bolos, s. kakabaZe soWis strategiul mniSvnelobazec miuTiTebs.

“... Savi zRvis sanapirozed Cveni mijnis mogvarebis saqmeSi Cven mxars

aRaravin dagviWers. saqarTvelos demokratiam unda izrunos sakuTari

ZaliT am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad da energiulad unda Seudges, sanam

dakargulis dabruneba SesaZlebeli iqneba, imis SenarCunebas mainc, rac

Cvens xelT aris. Savi zRvis sanapirozed Cveni sazRvrebi unda

uzrunvelyofil iqmnas. amas moiTxovs Cveni qveynis Tavisufali momavali

da misi interesebi”169.

80

menSevikuri mTavroba tuafsesa da soWis SenarCunebas didi

mniSvnelobis amocanad ar miiCnevda. niko TavdgiriZe gazeT “saqarTveloSi”

gamoqveyenebul werilSi ambobs, rom man saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan

Sesaxvedrad TbilisSi Cerqezebis warmomadgeneli Camoiyvana.

Sexvedris mizani iyo, rom q. tuafseSi macxovrebeli eTnikur

Cerqezebs tuafses SenarCunebis saqmeSi saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis mxari

daeWiraT. TavdgiriZe Savi zRvis qalaqebis SenarCunebis aucileblobas ase

asabuTebda: “tuapse Cveni sanapiroebis da sazRvrebis gasamagreblad

iseTive aucilebelia, rogorc darialis xeoba. Tu tuapse Cven

gankargulebaSi ar iqna, zRvis sanapiroebis dcvas da SenarCunebas Cven ver

SevZlebT”170. Tumca, saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgneblebi Cerqezebis

warmomadgenels arc ki Sexvedrian.

“batonma Cvenma sagangebo rwunebulma evgeni gegeWkorma me TviTon

miTxra: ras veCrebiT Cven tuafsesa da soWSi, roca samegrelo ver

dagvimSvidebiao. SeiZleba es marTali gancxadebac iyos, magram amgvari

ganwyobiT Cven general aleqseevs verafers gamovrCebiT...”171, werda n.

TavdgiriZe.

mogvianebiT, rodesac amierkavkasiaSi germaniis jarebi britaneTis

gaerTianebuli samefos jarebma Caanacvles, saqarTvelos mTavrobis

pozicia aseTi iyo: “soWis olqi qarTveli jaris mier daWerilia droebiT,

TviT adgilobriv mcxovreblebis survilis mixedviT da es teritoria

ruseTs daubrundeba, roca TviT ruseTSi normaluri saxelmwifoebrivi

cxovreba damyardeba...”,172”

gazeT “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti ar eTanxmeboda saqarTvelos

mTavrobis pozicias: “Cveni mTavrobis pretenziebi ar scildeba e.w. gagris

WiSkars, romelic b. n. Jordanias sityviT saqarTvelos istoriul da

strategiul sazRvars warmoadgens... soWis olqi sruliadac ruseTis udavo

kuTvnilebas ar warmoadgens. rogorc ukanasknelma gamokvlevebma

daamtkica, araTu soWis, aramed TviT axlandeli tuafses olqi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Sedioda.

81

rasakvirvelia, dRes Cvens pretenziebs marto Tamar mefis droindeli

sigelebiT ver davicavT, magram rogorc viciT, saqarTvelos respublika

memkvidrea aramarto bagrationebis saqarTvelosi, aramed amierkavkasiis

administratiuli da politikuri erTeulisa, romelSic yovelTvis mTeli

Savi zRvis gubernia Sedioda.

soWis olqSi daaxloebiT samocdaaTi aTasi suli cxovrobs da aqedan

rusoba mxolod naxevari, e.i. ocdaTxuTmeti aTasia. yvelaze Cqaris tempiT

qarTveli mosaxleoba izrdeba da es gasakvirveli arc aris, radgan olqs

mWidrod dasaxlebuli qarTuli provinciebi akravs da Zveli jiqeTi

klimaturi pirobebiT samegrelos da afxazeTis gagrZelebas

warmoadgens”173.

maSasadame, socialisturi mTavrobis kritikis kidev erTi mizezi

mTavrobis mier q. soWis SenarCunebisaTvis arasaTanado brZola iqca.

3.3 afxazeTSi miwebis gadanawilebis politikis kritika

afxazeTSi miwis politika kidev erTi mizezi iyo, ris gamoc gazeT

“saqarTvelos” publicistebma menSevikuri mTavroba gaakritikes.

1918 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” me-6 nomerSi gamoqveynebulia

sainformacio SeniSvna, rom glexTa daJinebuli moTxovnis gamo afxazeTis

saxalxo sabWom daadgina “saxazino, sakabineto, sufliswulo, saeklesio,

samonastro da msxvil mesakuTreTa tyeebi da mTebi unda gadavides

abxazebis da abxazeTis miwa-wyalze mosaxle sxva erTa saTemo

wyobilebaSi”174.

miwis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadeba is umtkivneulesi Tema iyo,

rac afxazi Tavad-aznaurobis antiqarTul ganwyobas kidev ufro

amZafrebda. jer kidev mefis ruseTis damxobamde megreli moijarade

glexebis socialisturma moTxovnebma, miwaze maTma pretenziebma afxazi

Tavadaznaurobis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. is, rom megreli moijarade

glexebis socialisturi ganwyoba afxazebis gabrazebis mizezi xdeboda _

jer kidev 1917 wels gazeT “saqarTveloSi” niko TavdgiriZem aRniSna (ix:

“saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #171; gv:2.). amis Sesaxeb Cven am Tavis SesavalSic

visaubreT.

82

mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos menSevikurma mTavrobam gamosca miwis

dekreti da faqtobrivad miwa saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamoacxada. amis

Sesaxeb gazeT “saqarTveloSi” zaqaria edili werda: “[miwis dekreti]

afxazeTisaTvis metad naadrevi iyo, visac unaxavs afxazeTi, imas isic

ecodineba, rom afxazeTSi dRemdis TiTqmis sisruliT Senaxuli iyo

feodaluri weswyobileba. is pativiscema, is Tavazi, rac 60 wlis winad iyo

CvenSi, afxazeTSi Seucvlelad aris darCenili. dRemdis TavadiSvilis

sityva maTTvis TiTqmis wmindaTa wminda iyo”175.

xolo niko TavdgiriZe, romelic Tavdapirvelad megrel moijaradeTa

socialistur ganwyobas akritikebda, SemdgomS menSevikur mTavrobas

mouwodebda amjerad megreli moijaradeebi ar gaebrazebina. moijarade

megrelebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTSi miwebi saxelmwifo sakuTrebad

gamocxadda, kvlavindeburad umiwod darCnen. saqarTvelos mTavroba maTi

miwiT dakmayofilebis sakiTxs arc ki ganixilavda, Tumca, gaCnda mosazreba,

rom CamorTmeul miwebze TurqeTSi gadasxalebuli muhajirebi unda

daebrunebinaT. aseTi perspeqtiva iwvevda moijarade megrelebis

ukmayofilebas da maTi “gabolSevikebis” process uwyobda xels.

“umiwo da sapatrono Cveneburi moijarade glexebia, eseni arian

faqtiuri memkvidreni aznaurebis mamulis. Cveni socialistebi ki Cven

glexebs arTmeven ofliT da tanjviT gawmendil-damSvenebul miwebs da

saTaTreTSi gaqceul muhajirebs aZleven. Cveneburma glexma veRar gaigo:

vin aris misi mteri da vin _ moyvare. menSevikebi arTmeven miwas da

bolSevikebi ki aZleven”176, werda niko TavdgiriZe. (xazi Cvenia. m. m.)

samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom safuZvels ar iyo

moklebuli afxazi separatistebis SiSi _ “saqarTvelos avtonomia Tu

gamocxadda, Cvenc imaSi mogvaTavseben da radganac CvenSi bevri mamulia,

qarTvelebi movlen da Camogvisaxldebiano”. Cven mier ganxiluli ori

statia miuTiTebs imaze, rom afxazeTSi mciremiwianobiT datanjuli

megreli glexebis Casaxleba saqarTvelosaTvis (yovel SemTxvevaSi

saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebisaTvis)

sasurvel perspeqtivad ganixileboda.

83

pirveli statiis avtori werda_ “Tu Savi zRvis gubernia

saqarTvelom SemoierTa, xelovnurad amarTuli yoreebi moiSleba da

soWisa da tuafses midamoebis gaqarTuleba ramdenime welSi moxdeba. es

sabolood daaSoSminebs samegrelosac, romelic did siviwroves ganicdis

Tavisufali miwis uqonlobiT177” xolo niko TavdgiriZe werda: “umiwo da

sapatrono Cveneburi moijarade glexebia, eseni arian faqtiuri memkvidreni

aznaurebis mamulis...” (orivegan xazi Cvenia).

maSasadame, Cveni dakvirvebiT gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi

afxazeTSi miwebis) saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebas ( da saerTodac

mTela saqarTveloSi kerZo sakuTrebis CamorTmevas ewinaaRmdegebodnen.

Tumca, Tu xelisufleba miwebs saxelmwifo sakuTrebad mainc acxadebda,

“saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT, saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebuli

afxazeTis miwebi erovnebiT qarTvel/megrel glexebze unda

gadanawilebuiliyo. Tu es ase ar moxdeboda, umiwo megrelebi bolSevikuri

ruseTis mekavSired iqceodnen.

4. afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli

publikaciebis statistika; daskvnebi

statistika, avtorebi, fsevdonimebi. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1915-21

wlebSi afxazeTze gamoqveynebuli yvela publikacia im mizezis gamo ver

aRvwereT, rom saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi

koleqcia sakmaod naklulia.

afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli da Cven mier mopovebul-

damuSavebuli publikaciebis saerTo raodenoba Seadgens 218-s. aqedan didi

nawili sainformacio SeniSvnebs ukaviaT. sainformacio SeniSvnebi gazeT

“saqarTvelos” xan meore, xanac mesame gverdze qveyndeboda rubrikiT

“qronika”.

weli

publikaciebis jamuri odenoba

84

1915

28

1916

35

1917

44

1918

34

1919

33

1920

32

1921

12

sul

218

sainformacio SeniSvnebi, sainformacio korespondenciebis didi

nawili da zogierTi saredaqcio statia (saredaqcio statiebs eTmoboda

gazeTis pirveli, an meore gverdi) avtoris xelmoweris gareSe qveyndeboda.

xelmowera aqvT mxolod analitikur statiebs, romlebic gazeTis

SuagulSi, meore da mesame gverdze qveyndeboda. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi avtori

xels awerda saredaqcio, anu pirvel gverdze gamoqveynebul publikaciasac.

afxazeTis Tematikas yvelaze ufro intensiurad aSuqebdnen zaqaria

edili da niko TavdgiriZe. Tumca, saintereso analitikuri statiebi

gamoaqveynes _ spiridon kediam, grigol veSapelma, arqimandritma ambrosi

xelaiam. ramdenime literaturul-publicisturi narkvevi ki, grigol

robaqiZis kalams ekuTvnis.

afxazeTze momuSave Jurnalistebis Cven mier aRnusxuli fsevdonimebia:

am-beri; galius; glexiSvili; i-le-baRaTureli; iloreli; in-ri; irakli; kai;

megobari; rioneli; sali; s. f. ; Waxraki; juanSer; i.j. ; javaxi.

fsevdonimebis umravlesoba ucnobia. cnobilia mxolod is, rom

fsevdonimi am-beri ekuTvnis ambrosi xelaias. amis Sesaxeb wers misi

moRvaweobis mkvlevari n. papuaSvili Cven mier araerTgzis miTiTebul

85

wignSi “ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi”;

Tb; 2005w. wignis avtori kaaTolokos patriarq kalistrate cincaZis

mogonebebze (“Cemi mogonebebi”; Tbilisi 2001 weli) dayrdnobiT acxadebs,

rom ambrosi xelaias publicisturi fsevdonimebidan cnobilia ramdenime:

“amberi”’ “qorinbedieli”; “samurzayanoeli”. (ix, dasax naSromi gv: 42).

rac Seexeba fsevdonimebs _ i.j. da javaxi _ isini, Cveni varaudiT,

ekiTvnis “saqarTvelos” publicists iason javaxiSvils, romelmac sakuTari

gvar-saxeliTac gamoaqveyna ramdenime publikacia afxazeTze. samwuxarod,

iason javaxiSvilis biografia, an sxva raime faqti misi moRvaweobidan,

CvenTvis ucnobia. amitomac, igi SesavalSi gazeT “saqarTvelos” e.w.

naklebad cnobil publicistebs mivakuTvneT.

kidev erTi fsevdonimi “rioneli”, savaraudod niko nikolaZes

ekuTvnis. is faqti, rom aRniSnuli fsevdonimi e.w. gaSfrul fsevdonimTa

rigs miekuTvneba, sakmarisad ar migvaCnia, radgan igi SeiZleba imereTSi md.

rionis daba-soflebsa da q. quTaisSi macxovrebel sxva publicistsac aeRo.

Tumca, im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom werili warmoadgens

afxazeTSi menSevikuri mTavrobis saarCevno politkis kritikas, agreTve,

weris stilisa da argumentebis damajereblobis gamo vfiqrobT, rom

aRniSnuli statiis avtori, fsevdonimiT “rioneli” SeiZleba iyos niko

nikolaZe.

daskvnebi. amrigad, gazeT “saqarTveloSi” xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

Suqdeboda me-20 saukunis dasawyisis afxazeTis cxovreba. afxazeTis Sesaxeb

gamoqveynebul publikaciebs Soris Warbobs sainformacio xasiaTis

masalebi. analitikuri masalaTa raodenoba SedarebiT mcirea, Tumca

sakmarisia, raTa gavigoT redaqciis pozicia, Sexeduleba am metad rTul da

Tavisebur regionSi warmoqmnil problemebTan dakavSirebiT.

afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili sagazeTo masalebis analizisas Cven vcadeT

gamogvekveTa is faqtebi, romlebnac aRweres regionSi arsebuli

separtistuli moZraobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. kerZod,

“afxazeTis arCevnebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918 w; # 241; gv: 3 – 4.

86

1. qarTuli enis devna. afxazeTSi jer kidev mefis ruseTis damxobamde

idevneboda qarTuli ena. ena idevneboda skolebidan, eklesiidan,

yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovrebidanac ki. mefis ruseTis damxobis Semdeg sxva

regionebisgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili

(maT Soris eTnikuri afxazebi) ar miesalma skolebSi qarTul enaze

swavlebis SemoRebas.

qarTuli enis eklesiebSi dabrunebac did dabrkolebebs gadaawyda.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” cnobiT, soxumis sakaTedro taZarSi 1919 wels, anu

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublikis arsebobidan wlinaxevris Semdegac

wirva-locva rusul enaze mimdinareobda.

rac Seexeba afxazur enas, is politikuri jgufi, romelsac gazeTi

“saqarTvelo” warmoadgenda miiCnevda, rom afxazuri ena, iseve rogorc

afxazuri kultura mTlianad, gansakuTrebuli mofrTxilebis sagnad unda

qceuliyo.

2. afxazeTis marTlmadideburi eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi. gazeT

“saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis mixedviT vaskvniT, rom me-20

saukunis dasawyisSi eTnikur afxazebs Soris iyo ori jgufi. erT maTgans

surda afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefalia da es survili saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebluri eklesis avtokefaliis aRdgenisTanave daafiqsires.

savaraudod swored am jgufis moTxovniT, jer kidev mefis ruseTis

dros (1916 wels) dRis wesrigSi dadga afxazeTis eklesiis saqarTvelos

saegzarqosodan gamijnvis sakiTxi. am perspeqtivas SeewinaaRmdega eTnikur

afxazTa proqarTuli jgufi. isini TbilisSi Camovidnen, Sexvdnen egzarqos

platons da amierkavkasiis mefisnacvals did mTavars nikoloz nikolozis

Zes. maTi Txovna iyo, rom afxazeTis eklesia ar gamoscalkaveboda

saqarTvelos saegzarqosos.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi cdilobdnen ganemartaT, rom

istoriulad afxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia ruseTis ki ara,

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.

zaqaria edilic ki, romelic afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

avtokefaliis moTxovnas igi istoriulad gamarTlebul moTxovnad

miiCnevda, werda:

87

“axalgazrda afxazi samRvdeloeba rusifikatorebis xelSia

aRzrdili. rusifikatorebma afxazi samRvdeloeba qarTvelebisadmi

mtrulad gawvrTneso da maTgan gandgomis mets arafers unda moelodeTo,

miTxres soxumelebma”. (xazi Cvenia m.m.) sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

avtokefaliis moTxovna, zogadad qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi da

sarwmunoebrivi sivrcidan separaciis survili, gazeT “saqarTvelos”

publicistTa azriT, Sedegi iyo aswliani rusifikatoruli politikisa.

ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis rusifikatoruli politikis mxilebas

mieZRvna gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli araerTi publikacia.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri

eklesiis TviTmyofadobis gadarCenis erTaderT gzad mis istoriul wiaRSi,

qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi dabrunebas miiCnevdnen. Wyondideli

mitropolitis ambrosi xelais qadagebaSi afxaz marTlmadideblebs

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia atyobinebda: “arc Zvelad...

rodesac Cveni eklesia TviT ganagebda Tavis beds, ar uwarmoebia da arc

axla, rasakvirvelia, ar awarmoebs masze mcirericxovani erebis eklesiurad

STanTqmis politikas, piriqiT, yovelTvis xels uwyobda sxva Tanamorwmune

xalxTa eklesiis nacionalizacias...” – wminda ambrosis es mimarTva swored

gazeTma “saqarTvelom” Semogvinaxa.

3. afxazeTis politikuri mdgomareobis gaSuqeba. rTul sagareo

mdgomareobas afxazi separatistebis jgufi Sida daZabulobis

inicirebisaTvis iyenebda. maT jer kavkasiis mTielTa kavSiris daxmarebiT

surdaT saqarTvelosgan gancalkaveba, Semdeg _ TurqeTis daxmarebiT,

bolos ki _ TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis.

es procesebi, saxelmwifo gadatrialebebis mcdelobebi da denikinis

armiasTan brZola gazeTma “saqarTvelomac” gaaSuqa. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,

rom separatistulad ganwyobili afxazebi redaqcias ar daudanaSaulebia.

maTi damunaTeba, Sercxvena-danamuseba gazeTis arc erT nomerSi ar gvxvdeba.

yvelaze ufro mZafri Sefaseba, romelsac Cven afxazeTSi mimdinare

separatistuli moZraobis Sefasebisas gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gadavawydiT,

aseTia: “... somxebisa da rusebis fuliTa da CagonebiT gabriyvebuli,

Tanamedrove pirobebiT ukmayofilo nawili Cveni istoriulad moZme

afxazebisa farul da cbier politikas awarmoeben: erTi nawli gvemxroboda

88

da meore nawili zurgSi dasacemad iaraRs isxamda da osmaleTis jaris

gadmosasxmelad emzadeboda”178 _ es mkacri Sefaseba, romelic niko

TavdgiriZes ekuTvnis gamonaklisia, sxva msgavsi Sefaseba Cven gazeT

“saqarTveloSi” ar Segvxvedria.

gazeTSi gaSuqda afxazeTSi ganxorcielebuli bolSevikuri samxedro

agresiebic. Tumca, es gamosvlebi adgilobrivi separatistulad ganwyobili

afxazebis mxardaWriT ar sargeblobdnen. mas mxars uWerdnen umiwod

darCenili afxazeTSi mkvidri qarTveli, somexi, berZeni da, rac mTavaria,

rusi mosaxleoba. Seabamisad, es sxvanaeri mxolod socialuri motiviT

nasazrdovebi separatizmi iyo, rac swored aseTad Seafasa kidec gazeT

“saqarTvelos” redaqciam.

3. afxazebis dafaseba-gamoqomageba. gazeT “saqarTveloSi”

gamoqveynda ramdenime publikacia, romlebSic Jurnalistebma pativi miages

Rirseul da patriot afxazebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia afxazeTis

ukanaskneli mTavris vaJis, afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos gulmxurvale

mamuliSvilis giorgi ServaSiZisadmi miZRvnili publikacia, romlis

avtoric grigol robaqiZea.

garda amisa, gazeT “saqarTvelos” furclebze Semonaxulia afxazi

patriotis andria lakerbaias saxeli. gazeTis redaqcia gamoeqomaga afxazi

eris Rirsebas, rodesac afxazebs rusul presaSi igi ruseTis imperiisadmi

Ralatis brali dasdes.

Cveni varaudiT, aseTi publikaciebis mizani qarTul-afxazuri

urTierTobebis daTboba da daregulireba iyo.

4. menSevikuri mTavrobis politikis kritika. gazeT ‘saqarTveloSi”

gamoqveynebul publikaciebis erT nawilSi gakritikebulia menSevikuri

mTavrobis politika afxazeTSi. kritikas imsaxurebda

a) araswori sakadro politika _ sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze

pirTa partiuli niSniT daniSnva. gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT,

swored socialisti Cinovnikebi arTulebdnen qarTul-afxazur

urTierTobebs. waxalisebulni iyvnen zianis momtani pirebi, xolo devnas

ganicdidnen afxazi da qarTveli patriotebi. magaliTad, afxazi Tavadi

dimitri ServaSiZe, romelic usamarTlod daadanaSaules da daiWires, aseve

udierad moepyrnen qarTuli armiis sanaqebo jariskacebs.

89

b) soWis SenarCunebisaTvis arasaTanado brZola. gazeT “saqarTvelos”

araerTi saredaqcio werilSi gaakritikes menSevikuri mTavrobis mier q.

soWis SenarCunebisaTvis gaweuli Zalisxmeva. publicistebis aziriT,

menSevikuri mTavroba arasaTanadod ibrZoda am qalaqisaTvis. miT ufro, rom

soWi saqarTvelos mxolod Sua saukuneebis istoriis safuZvelze ki ara,

uaxlesi istoriis safuZvelzec ekuTvniso. mefis ruseTis daSlisa da

amierkavkasiis federaciuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg Savi zRvis

gubernia (romelSic q. soWic) Sedioda saqarTvelos nawilad gamocxadda.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebis azriT, soWis dakargva samxreT-

dasavleTis karibWis moSlasa da mtrisTvis qveynis sazRvrebis gaxsnas

niSnavda.

g) miwis politika afxazeTSi _ gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebis

azriT, afxazeTSi miwebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadeba ar unda

momxdariyo, radgan patriarqalur, feodalur urTierTobebis mqone

regionSi es nabiji mtrul nabijad iqneboda aRqmuli da afxazebis

antiqarTul ganwyobas kidev ufro gaamZafrebda.

Tumca, saqarTvelos xelisufleba afxazeTSi miwebs saxelmwifo

sakuTrebad mainc acxadebda, “saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT,

saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebuli afxazeTis miwebi erovnebiT

qarTvel/megrel glexebze unda gadanawilebuliyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

umiwo megrelebi bolSevikuri ruseTis mekavSired iqceodnen.

maSasadame, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis yoveldRiurma gazeTma

“saqarTvelom” 1915-21 wlebSi gaaSuqa saqarTvelos erT-erTi urTulesi

regionis, afxazeTis yofa-cxovreba; asaxa is mravalferovani da rTuli

procesebi, romlebic regionSi mimdinareobda. gazeT “saqarTvelos”

furclebze Semonaxul sagazeTo masalebSi SexvdebiT araerT sagulisxmo

faqts, romelic SeiZleba Zlier sasargeblo iyos afxazur-qarTuli

konfliqtis SeswavliT dainteresebuli specialistebis kvlevebisaTvis.

90

II samaCablo

1. samaCablo XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi

Zveli samaCablos, amJamad samxreT oseTis separatistul respublikad

wodebuli teritoria “CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, sadac osTa istoriuli

samSoblo mdebareobs imaTaviTve gamoyofilia saxelmwifo da imavdroulad

bunebrivi sazRvriT _ kavkasonis mTavari wyalgamyofi TxemiT179”.

qarTveli da angariSgasawevi osi (g.TogoSvili, v.abaevi) istorkosebi

SeTanxmebulebi arian im sakiTxze, rom Crdiloet oseTidan Sida qarTlSi _

maCablebis, argvisa da qsnis erisTavebis samflobeloSi osebma Camosaxleba

daiwyes XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. “saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul osebs 1922

wlamde arasodes hqoniaT raime eTnopolitikuri, an eTnoteritoriuli

erTeuli, isini saarTveloSi erovnul umciresobas warmoadgendnen. cneba

“samxreT oseTi” Sida qarTlis mTianeTis osTa kompaqturi dasaxlebis

teritoriis aRsaniSnavad xelovnurad mkvidrdeboda mimoqcevaSi qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mier mierTebisa da saqarTvelos oriaTaswlovani

saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis Semdeg, rac faqtobrivad yovlad

gaumarTlebeli da miuRebeli iyo, magram imperiuli zraxvebis

gansaxorcieleblad erToba xelsayreli gaxldaT180”, _ aseTia qarTvel

istorikosTa erTi jgufis Sefaseba.

osTa separatizmis aSkara gamovlineba saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

respublikis SeqmnisTanave daiwyo. marTalia, samxreT oseTis xalxTa me-5

yrilobam, romelic sofel javaSi 1918 wels gaimarTa, daadgina, rom

“samxreT oseTi Sedis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

SemadgenlobaSi farTe teritoriuli TviTmmarTvelobis safuZvelze ...181”,

magrm am amis miuxedavad samxreT oseTi iqca teritoriad, saidanc yvelaze

realur safrTxe daemuqra saqarTvelos axalgazrda respublikas. 1918-20

wlebSi samxreT oseTSi samjer moewyo ajanyeba saqarTvelos respulikis

mtavrobis damxobis mizniT.

gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti zaqaria edili Tavisi

samogzauro korepondenciebis ciklSi “saqarTvelos osebi” werda: “osebma

91

milion naxevari fuli Sekribes da daiwyes axali gzis gayvana, romelic maT

CrdiloeT oseTTan SeaerTebda. Ees gza gahyveba kexvidan liaxvis xeobas,

gaivlis Suaguls saqarTvelos oseTisas soflebs gufia, javas, xces, vanils,

rokis, aq gadava mtagrexilzed, Cava sofel zaqiSi da Semdeg alagirSi. Es

gza aerTebs orTave oseTs amersa da imersa. amrigad SeerTdeba da gaxdeba

mTliani erTeuli kavkasiis mtagrexiliT Saugaglejili oseTisa... CvenTvis

ki sabediswero mniSvneloba eqneba am gzas182”, werda zaqaria edili

samaCabloSi macxovrebel eTnikurad osi mosaxleoba “saqarTvelos”

Jurnalistma daaxasiaTa, rogorc uaRresad Sromis moyvare. miwaTmoqmedebis

garda, isini misdeven msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSenebas. Osuri rZis

nawarmi da Zroxis xorci, Jurnalistis TqmiT, TbilisSi Zalian Zvirad

fasobda.

Oosebi Wridnen xe-tyes da amuSavebdnen xis masalas. 1917 wlis Tebervlis

revoluciis Semdeg osebma TbilisTan vaWrobas arCies CrdiloeT kavkasiaTan

vaWroba, iqidan ki deficituri saqonei _ fqvili, Saqari da navTi

CamohqondaT. Isini qarTvelebzec hyiddnen am saqonels, oRond kategoriulad

moiTxovdnen rusul fuls, rac damoukidebel saqarTveloSi didi deficiti

iyo.

edilis TqmiT, osebisaTvis orcolianoba Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo.

“isini sixaruliT mravldebian, yvela ojaxSi 5-10 bavSvia”. Gamravlebuli

osuri mosaxleoba verar eteva, amitomac eZebs cariel adgilebs.

“qaTvelebisadmi osebis aramegobruli damokidebuleba aris isetive,

rogoric aris Raribisa mdidrisadmi, umiwawylosi, kargi

dedulmamulianisadmi da sxva. marTalia, qarTveli glexi bevriT arafriT

aris SeZlebuli oseTis glexebzed, magram masTan SedarebiT ufro farToda

scxovrobs, ufro meti miwa-wyali aqvs da aqedan gamomdinareobs Suri

qarTvelebisadmi...

dRes osoba saltesaviT ertymis qarTlsa da Sig mis SuagulSia SeWrili.

qarTls saSneli safrTxe moelis da am friads seriozuls sakiTxs Cvenma

mtavrobam droulad unda miaqcios yuradReba da osebs sxva adgili misces

92

sadme dasasaxleblad, raTa osebma mTelli qarTli Suazed ar gahglijon da

amiT didi safrTxe ar moumzadon saqarTvelos”183, werda zaqaria edili.

gazeT “saqarTveloSi” samaCablos Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli Jurnalisturi

masalebi cxadyofen, rom me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi eTnikuri osebis mxridan

adgili hqonda mravalaner kriminals _ Zarcvas, yaCaRobas, Tavdasxmebs,

adamianTa cemas, gatacebasa da mkvlelobas. Jurnalisturi masalebis

mixedviT istoriuli Sida qarTli ikveTeba rogorc erTgvari ankalavi,

kriminalebis mier kontrolirebadi teritoria, romelzec verc

amierkavkasiisa da SemdgomSi verc saqarTvelos xelisufleba faqtobrivad

kontrols ver amyarebda.

mkvlevar avTandil sonRulaSvilis TqmiT, kriminogenuri vitareba

gansakuTrebiT pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg gamwvavda. “maT

Seqmnes ZiriTadad osebiT dakompleqtebuli 300 kaciani SeiarARebuli razmi

da “wesrigis damyarebis” sababiT memamuleTa ojaxebze, saerTod

qarTvelebze Tavdasxmebi Zarcvis mizniT. Aam faqts aRiarebs samxreT

oseTis erovnuli sabWos pirveli sesiac, romelic 1918 wlis 3-4 marts

gaimarTa184”.

samaCablo (rogorc didi, ise patar liaxvis xeoba) eTnikuri

TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Wreli mxare iyo, Tumca,

afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT erovnebiT qarTul mosaxleobas aq gamokveTilad

didi adgili eWira. demograf anzor ToTaZis mier mopovebuli monacemebit

Cans, rom q. cxinvalSi, romelic dRes ukve dedaqalaqia separatistuli

respublikisa, 1922 wels osebi raodenobis mixedviT erT-erT bolo adgilas

idgnen. Pirveli adgili ebraelebs (1651 suli); meore qarTvelebs (1436), mesame

somxebs (765) ekavaT. osebi ki rigiT meoTxe adgilas (613) sjerdebodnen.

mravlerovan samaCabloSi (rogorc didi, ise patara liaxvis xeobebSi)

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze myofi sazogadoeba cxovrobda.

zemoTa mxare ufro tradiciuli, feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli wes-CveulebebiT cxovrobda da dagvianebiT iTvisebda

kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel progress.

93

“xeobis Sua welSi gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneboda somex vaWarTa

momZlavreba, romeltac TiTo-orola duqnis gaxsniT daiwyes mTis

mosaxleobaSi fexis mokideba. Analogiuri procesebi mimdinareobda liaxvis

xeobis socialur-ekonomikur struqturaSic, sadac somex vaWarTa moqmedebas

cvlida da did konkurencias uwevda cxinvalis regionSi friad

momZlavrebuli ebrauli mosaxleoba, romelnic zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda

ra mosaxleobis yofiT Cvevebs, isini SesaniSnavad uxamebdnen TavianT vaWrul

moqnilobas damoTxovnilebis Sesabamisad maragebdnen wvrilman samrewvelo

saqonliT. aRniSnuli procesi, soflad kapitalizis ganvitarebis

Sesabamisad sul ufro da ufro farTovdeboda. iwyeba patar-patara savaWro

fardulebisa da saxelosnoebis gaxsna, romelTac gandevnes aqamde e.w.

“sawvrimaloebiT vaWroba”, sadac umTavresad ebraelebi iyvnen

dasaqmebulni”185.

amrigad, XX saukunis dasawyisis samaCablos sazogadoebrivi da

ekonomikuri cxovreba imave tendenciebiT xasiaTdeboda, rogoriTac

danarCeni saqarTvelo. Ees iyo kapitalizmis sawyis etapze myofi regioni,

romelic eTnikuri da religiuri siWreliT gamoirCeoda. osuri mosaxleoba,

miuxedavad imisa, rom simravlis TvalsazrisiT ar gamoirCeoda, samaCabloSi

angariSgasawev Zalad iqca. mZime krimoneguli viTareba, agreTve osebis

socialuri xasiaTis problemebi gaxda ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom

saqarTvelos es regioni axalgazrda respublikisaTvis arastabilurobisa

da samxedro provokaciebis kerad Camoyalibda.

2. separatizmi samaCabloSi

“termini “samxreT oseTi” pirvelad gamoyenebulia 1830 wels

werilebis ciklSi, romelic daibeWda “tifliski vedomostSi” (#72-86).

Rogorc Cans, korespondenti am termins sakuTari iniciativiT iyenebs, radgan

1830 wels graf paskeviCis samxedro ministr CerniSovisadmi wardgenil

angariSSi aRniSnulia: osi tomis daSoSminebisaTvis mizanSewonilad

migvaCnia mcire samxedro eqspediciis Catareba. es eqspedicia mimarTuli

iqneba kavkasiis mTianeTis samxreTiT mdebare CrdiloeT qarTlis osebis

winaaRmdeg.

94

korespondentis azriT, mis mier “samxreT oseTad” wodebuli zonis

mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 7200 suls Seadgenda186”.

termini “samxreT oseTi”, roemlic dRes ukve legitimur saerTaSoriso

terminad iTvelba, qarTvel mecnierTa TqmiT ruseTis imperialisturi,

(rogorc mefis ruseTis, ise bolSevikuris) politikis erT-erTi Sedegia. Am

politikaSi ki, “erovnebaTa dapirispireba, eTnopolitikuri SuRlis

provocireba-gaRviveba saimperio principis _ “gaTiSe da ibatones” nacadi

instrumentia... amis naTeli magaliTia osTa da qarTvelTa urtierTobis

seriozuli gamwvaveba amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis dros (1917-21ww), roca qarTveli xalxi

tavganwirviT ibrZoda 117 wlis winaT dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgenisa da SenarCunebisaTvis. swored am dros zedized ewyoboda sabWoTa

ruseTisa da bolSevikuri partiis mier inspirirebuli osTa SeiaraRebuli

ajanyebebi, romelta uaxloesi mizani iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba

e.w. samxreT oseTSi, jer misi saqarTelodan gamoyofa da ruseTTan SeerTeba,

SemdgomSi ki _ dasustebuli saqarTvelos respublikis dapyroba.

aqve aucileblad migvaCnia xazi gaesvas Semdegs: qarTuli mxare

arasodes yofila SeiaraRebuli Setakebis wamomwyebi, igi arasodes dasxmia

pirveli os separatistebs. kidev meti, qarTveli mxare yovelTvis

mouwodebda dialogisken, konfliqturi situaciebis politikur-

samarTlebrivi mogvarebis iniciatorad gamodioda. ase iyo 1918-21 wlebSi...”187.

qarTvel mecnierTa es Tvalsazrisi dasturdeba gazeT “saqarTveloSi”

samaCablos Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli publikaciebiTac.

pirveli SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba samaCabloSi jer kidev amierkavkasiis

seimis dros, anu 1918 wlis martSi moxda. pirveli msoflio omis frontidan

Sin dabrunebul mosaxleobas iaraRi hqonda, elementaruli saarsebo

pirobebi ki _ ara. EaseTi mdgomareoba noyier niadags iZleoda

ajanyebisTvis, mZime socialuri foni da susti saxelmwifo kontroli

ruseTma efeqturada gamoiyena da 1918 wlis martSi samaCabloSi ajanyeba

daiwyo. ajanyebulebma qalaqi goric ki daikaves.

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gazeTma “saqarTvelom” am ajanyebis Sesaxeb informacia mkiTxvels

goris mazris TanaSemwis goguas saSualebiT miawoda. statiaSi naTqvamia,

rom gogua “pirdapiri mavTuliT” daukavSirda Tbiliss. Semdeg teqstSi

Txroba gagrZelda pirvel pirSi; Seiqmna gancda, rom gogua pirdapir

telefonit esaubreboda “saqarTvelos” mkiTxvels. Misi naTqvmidan gairkva,

rom goris mazris ufrosma giorgi maCabelma ise, rom daxmarebas ar

daucada, ajanyebul cxinvalSi Sesvla gabeda. Mmas amierkavkasiis armiis 400

gvardieli axlda Tan. ajanyebul osebs maCablisaTvis dakavebuli 4 osis

gadmocema mouTxoviaT, Cven TviTon gavasamrTlebTo. Uari rom miiRes, armias

cecxli dauSines, 4 adamiani maSinve daiRupa, “aranaerma molaparakebam ar

gasWra,188” _ ambobda gogua.

“maCabeli da kosta kozaSvili mohkles. eZebdnen: gagloevs, sandro

kecxovels, kapanaZes, arjevaniZes da sxvebs. Cven maTi gadarCenis imedi ara

gvaqvs. ...osebi ityvian: qarTvelebi unda ganvdevnoT da Cvenebi unda

dasaxldnen maT adgilaso. cxinvalSi didZali osoba Camovida. amJamad

gorSi mdgari osebis polki 300 kacisgan Sedgeba. Aamboben, rom cxinvalidan

kvlav Cadian polkis gasaZliereblad”189.

sagazeTo masalaSi moyvanilia sagulisxmo faqti. Ajanyebas

xelmZRvanelobda osi erovnebis piri xarebovi, romelmac gazeTis

informaciis Tanaxmad ajanyebamde ramdenime xniT adre “xuligani brbo”

Seadgina da goris Tavadaznauroba amowyvita. mazris ufross giorgi

maCabels igi ar dausjia da uTxovia, “rogorc Segnebuli piri” anarqiasTan

brZolaSi damexmareo. Ees sulgrZeloba axalgazrda Cinovnik maCabels

Zvirad daujda, radgan cota xanSi xerebovma didi ajanyebis mowyobaSi

miiRo monawileoba, am ajanyebaSi ki giorgi maCabeli mxecurad mokles.

Ajanyebis Sesaxeb detaluri masala gamoaqveynda gazeTma “saxalxo

saqmem”, romelic “saqarTvelom” mtlianad Semoklebis gareSe gadmobeWda.

avtoris TqmiT, Sida qarTlSi daZabuloba 16 marts daiwyo. am dRes

cxinvals osTa delegacia estumra da menSevkuri mTavrobis adgilobriv

warmomadgenlebs Semdegi moTxovna wauyena:

“1) dauyovnebliv dagviyavit miwebi

96

2) goris mazridan gaaZeveT revoluciur organizaciebSi momuSave

Semdegi pirni: kosta kazaSvili, sosiko goginovi, Saqro kasraZe da ilia

maisuraZe

3) goris mazridan gaaZeveT yvela Tavadi da aznauri

4) mogveciT sityvisa da krebis Tavisufleba”190.

Aam moTxovnebis gansaxilvelad cxinvalSi muSaTa da glexTa sabWo

Seikriba, magram jer gadawyvetileba miRebuli arc iyo, rom mtebSi

Caasafrebulma ajanyebulebma srola atexes. maTTan gaeSura adgilobrivi

administraciis 6 moxele, romelsac Tan axlda osTa mier gamogzavnili

delegaciis wevri vinme CoCievi. Aam delegacias aanyebulma osebma axlos

misvlis saSualeba ar misces da srola autexes. srola “maTians”, CoCievs

Zlivs SeuCerebia.

17 marts cxinvalSi goris mazris ufrosi giorgi maCabeli Cavida. Igi

wayenebuli 4 moTxovnidan yvelas Sesrulebas dahpirda ajanyebulebs, garda

goris mazridan Tavadaznaurebis gaZevebisa. Ajanyebulebis moTxovniT, amis

Sesaxeb gancxadeba maCabels sajarod, specialurad Sekrebil mitingze unda

gaekeTebina.

18 marts, diliT dvrisis moedanze marTlac Seikriba mitingi da

adgilobrivma administraciam ajanyebul osebs sajarod daudo

zemoTxsenebuli piroba. Tumca, ajanyebulebma axla sxva pirobac wamoayenes.

kerZod, menSevikur mTavrobas unda gaeTavisuflebina patimrebi : xarebovi da

filiSvili. mitingze gamovida cxinvalis komisari yulumbegovi, romelic

ambobda, rom osebs arar unda moecadaT TavianTi moTxovnebis

SesrulebisaTvis.

“... moTmineba kmarao. Bolo sityvebis dros orive xelebi maRla

auqnevia, am niSnis Semdeg atexila srola oris mxridan: zRudris karidan da

nacargoridan. Tavzardacemuli xalxi daSlilsa da mucelzwe xoxviT

moSorebia moedans”191, wers korespondenti. Ase daiwyo 5 dRiani ganukiTxaoba

cxinvalSi. Ajanyebulebma daarbies duqnebi, maRaziebi, amierkavkasiis

mtavrobis jars yumbarebs esrodnen.

97

“alag-alag brbos umklavdebodnen giorgi maCabeli, kosta kazaSvili,

ilia maisuraZe dasxvebi. mavTulebi gorsa da cxinvals Sua winadve

gadaeWraT da goridan maSveli jaris molodini aravis hqonia. Xidis yureze

tyviis mfrqveveli mdgara, aq mZimed dauWriaT giorgi maCabeli da Semdeg

saavadmyofos win mouklavT. Amave adgilas giorgisaviT movaleobis

msxverpli gamxdara kosta kazaSvilic. Sandro kecxoveli xidis yureze

mdgara, mouklavT isic da micvalebuli gvami brbos sastikad

dausaxiCrebia”192.

cxinvalelebi gaiqcnen, xolo ajanyebulebma maTi sarCo-sabadebeli

gazides.. “maT ubatoniaT cxinvalSi 22 martis SuadRemde, rodesac gaugiaT

goridan wamosuli jaris ambavi, aCrulad dautovebiaT qalaqi”. cxinvalis

meamboxe komisari yulumbegovi amierkavkasiis jarebma daapatimres.

Cxinvalis adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan aravin daiRupa. Mokles

mxolod Rrmad moxucebuli da qarTlSi sakmaod cnobili kaxi Saqro

maCabeli. “amis mokvlis mizezi, rogorc gadmosces isa yofila, rom

cocxali ver moaSores veragulad mokluls Zmiswuls giorgi maCabels”193,

werda gazeTi.

1918 wlis martis osTa ajanyebas vrceli werili miuZRvna erovnul-

demokratiuli partiis TvalsaCino wevrma, poetma, publicistma 1924 wlis

ajanyebis monawilem Salva amirejibma. misi werili “cxinvalis fronti”194

aris menSevikuri, socialisturi politikis kritika.

“mTeli tragedia qarTveli demokratiisa imaSi gamoixateba, rom im

dros, rodesac qarTuli demokratia isev socialuri reformebisa da

demokratizmis niadagzad sdgas, sxva danarCeni erebi kavkasiisa nacionalur

politikas awarmoeben... politika waglejisa, ai ra aris dRevandeli

lozungi da osebmac aSkarad ganacxades _ cxinvali Cvenia, saqarTvelos

maRlobi _ oseTia...

Cven ar viciT saqarTvelo ufro qarTuli, vidre is adgilia

saqarTvelosi, sadac amJamad osebi cxovroben. es aris zurgi saqarTvelosi,

misi xerxemali. vinc Cven ima gvetyvis, rom dRes iq qartvelebi ar

scxovroben, amitom is arc saqarTveloa, man isic unda sTqvas, rom arc

98

xerxemalia tanisTvis aucilebeli, radga maszed ar aris Tvalebi, yurebi, an

guli”195.

statiis avtori darwmunebuli iyo, rom ajanyebis inspiratorebi

CrdiloeT kavkasiis osebi iyvnen. es kavSri CrdiloeT oseTsa da samaCablos

osebs Soris, Salva amirejibis azriT, saqarTvelos udides safrTxes

uqadda. “cxinvalis ambebi saSiSi moCvenebaa saqarTvelosaTvis da saWiroa

ara marto misi saswrafo likvidacia, aramed simkacrec, rom igi aRar

ganmeordes”196, werda igi.

kidev erTi werili, romelic Salva amirejibs ekuTvnis, goris mazris

moklul ufross giorgi maCabels eZRvneba. Avtori, rogorc Cans,

bavSvobidan icnobda mas, amitom gardacvlils ixsenebs rogorc megobars,

rogorc adamians, vizec aRmatebul xarisxSi ar saubroben. ai ras wers igi:

“sqeli iyo, sqeli iyo bavSvobidanve... mas hqonda nazi suli da jer kidev

bavSvobidanve fleitaze ukravda. iq, petre didis quCaze, sadac maSin

qarTuli gimnazia iyo, gimnaziis baRSi, sadac amdeni iyo iasamani, misi

fleita sul mudam gaismoda da Cven bavSvebi mis mudmiv amalas

SevadgendiT”197.

Salva amirejibi ixsenebs, rom bolos, rodesac g. maCabeli naxa, igi

amierkavkasiis mTavrobis sxvadasxva ministris kabinetSi darboda da fuls

iTxovda, rom gvardielebisaTvis iaraRi SeeZina. “amboben misi ukanaskneli

sityvebi iyo: - raTa mklavT aq! Me mindoda osmaleTis sazRvarze sikvdili.

sacodavi! is mokvda, albaT, im rwmeniT, rom saqarTvelos mTlianoba kidev

SesaZlebelia da cxinvalis fronti gareSe fronti ar aris. Iqneba, es asea,

iqneba, osebi moralateni ar arian da kidev SesaZlebelia maTTan Zmuri

kavSiri”198, werda S. amirejibi.

Ddasasrul avtori, kvlav socialsitur (menSevikur) gulubryvilobas

exeba. Gmisi TqmiT, g. maCabeli marTla “sxvanaerad” mokvda. is mokvda imav

glexebisaTvis, romelTa uflebisaTvis is ibrZoda da mokvda tanjvaSi da

wamebaSi, iqneba, Tavisive “glexebis” xeliT”199.

M1918 wlis martis bolos amierkvkasiis jarebis generlis valiko

juRelis meTaurobiT samTavrobo jarebma gori aiRes da ajanyebulebi ukan

99

daxies. “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebulia polkovnik koniaSvilis depeSa:

“gori. Martis 23. amierkavkasiis mTavrobas. me SevuerTdi juRelis jars.

cxinvali da misi midamoebi Cven davipyariT. Semdgom rac moxdeba,

gacnobebT”200.

Tumca, ajanyebis dros gardacvlilebs ukve aRaraferi eSvelobodaT.

Tavisi dokumenturobiT da axali ambebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mSrali

Txrobis maneris gamo Semzaravad gamoiyureba “saqarTvelos” amave (66-e)

nomerSi cxinvalis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli kidev erTi axali ambavi:

“... cxinvalis axlos, sofel TamaraSenSi mokles 5 jariskaci, daWres

_ 3. tyveebs anTavisufleben, Tumca ajanyebulebi mTebisken miiwevdnen da

tyveebic Tan mihyavdaT. 6 sT-ze moasvenes mokluli maCabeli, kecxoveli da

sxvebi. Mkvdrebi dasaxiCrebulia, zogis cnobac ki SeuZlebelia”201.

osTa pirveli ajanyebis Semdeg gazeTma “saqarTvelom” mkiTxvels

SesTavaza statia, romlis avtoric Seecada gaenalizebina “saqarTvelos

oseTis” Seqmnis istoria. igi wers, rom saqanrTvelos mTebi “uwin sul

qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli”. Tumca, baris mopsaxleobas rom mteri musrs

gaavlebda, mTis qarTvelebi nel-nea barSi Camodiodnen. Ase daicala

samaCablosa da saerisTavos mTebi xaWapuriZeebisgan, elbaqiZeebisgan,

Tramqaceebisagan.

“msxlebi, Rvercevi, java, koSkaroaa, tontobeTi, kvaSi Tavi, jria,

buzala, zelda da sxvani es daclili qarTYvelebisgan qveyana Sevsebula

CrdiloeT oseTidan ltovili osebisgan”202. Tumca, avtoris tqmiT 1918 wlis

martis ajanyeba CrdiloeTidan axal gadmosaxlebulma osebma ki ara 80-90

wlis gadmosaxlebulma osebma, e.w. “xiznebma” daiwyes.

“xiznebi dasaxldnen naoxar qarTul nasoflarebSi, sadac kidev

iyvnen darCenili kantikuntad qaarTuli mosaxleoba, romlebic Semdgom

aiyarnen da axla mTlianad osebs dauTmes TavianTi mozomili nadelebi:

daTaSvilebma, TvaliaSvilebma, cvaraZeebma da sxvebma. Ees nasoflarebi arian

TavianT SesaniSnavi Tlili qvis warwerebiT, Zveli xucuri warwerebiT,

romelTac ase emterebian osebis maswavleblebi”203.

100

avtoris TqmiT, Tavdapirvelad yvelaferi rigianad midioda.

qarTuli enisa da kulturis gavleniT gadmosaxlebuli osebi

qarTveldebodnen, amitomac dResdReobiT bevr oss qarTul erovnul sabWosa

da sxvadsxva politikur partiaSic ki SexvdebiTo. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac

CrdiloeT oseTidan gamogzavnilma maswavlebleba, sasuliero pirebma da

agitatorebma erTiani oseTis, anu CrdiloeT oseTTan samaCablos mierTebis,

ideis popularizacia daiwyes, yvelaferi Seicvla.

maTi SegonebiT osebma qarTveli qalebis colad moyvanasa da

sakuTari qaliSvilebis qarTvel kacebze qorwineba SeaCeres. Garda amisa,

rusuli politikis gamo bevri eTnikurad araosi dRes osadaa Cawerili,

radgan 1900-iani wlebidan mefis ruseTis gadawyvetilebiT miwebi mxolod

eTnikur osebs urigdebodaT. Aamdenad osad ewereboda isic, vinc osi ar iyo,

magram miwa sWirdebodao.

avtori statiis bolos qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg osTa SeTqmulebazec ki

saubrobs. “osebis agentebi qurdulad yvela qarTul dawesebulebaSi arian

aseve ojaxebSi, mezoblebSi da amrigad, dRes saSineli osebis muxruWSi

imyofeba mTeli qarTli...”204.

1918 wlis martSi osTa ajanyebas, mohyva duSeTis mazraSi

bolSevikuri ajanyeba, romelSic aseve didi wvlili miuZRodaT CrdiloeT

oseTis Zalebs. Tumca, duSeTis mazris ajanyebas Cven mainc ar ganvixilvT,

radgan es ar iyo gamoveTilad erTi erovnuli umciresobis _ osebis _ mier

organizebuli gamosvla. Ees, Cveni azriT, bolSevikebis inspirirebiT

socialur niadagze warmoqmnili bunti iyo, romelSic adgilobrivma

qarTulma mosaxleobamac miiRo monawileoba.

duSeTis janyi sul axalbeda saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam

droulad Caaqro. Tumca, osebi, rogorc ajanyebis kera, ar cxrebodnen. 1918

wlis ivnisSi, axla ukve samaCablos sasazRvro sofel saCxereSi moxda

ajanyeba. es ajanyeba samaCabloeli osebis mier, ukve damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos farglebSi ganxorcielda.

101

3. samxreT oseTi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, menSevikuri

mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi samaCablos osebs estumrnen. Sainformacio

SeniSvnaSI, romelic gazeT “saqarTvelos” 1918 wlis 110-e nomerSi

gamoqveynda, vkiTxulobT: “4 ivniss sofle javSi gaimarTa osTa yriloba,

romelsac daeswrnen menSevikebi (i. ramiSvli) bolSEvikebi (f.maxaraZe),

agreTve Crdilokavkasiis erTa warmomadgenlebi. bolSevikebi da eserebi

sityvit ar gamosulan, xolo is.ramiSvilma styviT gamosvlisas aRniSna:

”anarqistebma da kontrrevolucionerebma daRupes ruseTis revoluciao”.

Semdeg ramiSvili Seexo saqarTvelos respublikis damoukideblobis

gamocxadebas da imedi gamosTqva, rom osebi ar gahyvebian revoucionerebs

ukan da mxars dauWeren axalgazrda saqarTvelos demokratiul

respublikas”205.

publikaciidan imasac vgebulobT, rom yrilobaze sityviT gamovida

CrdiloeT kavkasiis osTa erovnuli sabWos warmomadgeneli m.zorievi. misi

TqmiT, CrdiloeT kavkasias safrTxe mioeloda bolSevikebisagan. manve imedi

gamosTqva, rom: “samxreTeli osebi mxars dauWeren Crdiloelebs”206. (xazi

Cvenia. Mm. m.)

1918 wlis osTa momdevno erovnuli yriloba gaimarTa. amjerad sofel

wunarSi. am yrilobas menSEvikuri mTavrobis gamoCenili wevri irakli

wereTeli daeswro. Yrilobis Sesaxeb sainformacio masala gazeT

“saqarTvelos” ar gamouqveynebia. Tumca saredaqcio werilidan, romelic

geronti qiqoZis avtorobiT daibeWda, vgebulobT, rom “oseTis

saqarTvelosTan SemoerTeba”, rac irakli wereTelis mizani iyo, ar

Semdgara.

Ggeronti qiqoZe wers: rusul menSevikur gazeT “borbaSi”

gamoqveynebuli statia, romelic osTa erovnul yrilobas mieZRvna,

adasturebs, rom “irakli wereTlis mier wardgenili rezolucia uaryofil

iqna yvela xmebis umravlesobiT samis winaaRmdeg. miRebul iqna

soc.revolucionerebis mier miRebuli rezolucia, romelic amtkicebs, rom

samxreT oseTis TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi miRebul unda iqnes Semdeg

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yrilobaze, raica 6 kviraSi gaimarTeba. Aam sakiTxSi samxreT oseTi

CrdiloeT oseTs unda SeuTanxmdes, saqarTvelos respublikas unda eTxovos,

rom konstituciis SemuSavebisas oseTis sakiTxi Ria darCes”207.

Aamis Semdeg geronti qiqoZe saqarTvelos menSevikur mtavrobas

aSarJebs. misi xumroba gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam osTa

Semdgom yrilobaze sakuTar warmomadgenlad general valiko juRelis

gagzavna gadawyvita. swored juRelma aRkveTa 1918 wlis martis ajanyeba da,

savaraudod, misi pirovnebisadmi osebs ridi unda hqonodaT. “juReli,

rogorc cnobilia, TviT yrilobebsa da parlamentis sxdomebs mauzeris

pistoletiTa da samxedro binokliT aRWurvili esreba”208, wers qiqoZe da

iqve askvnis: mTavrobis es gadawyvetileba, albaT, iman ganapiroba, rom xmebi

dadis osebi kvlav apireben SeiaraRebul ajanyebaso.

Ggeronti qiqoZe aRSfoTebuli im faqtiT, rom samaCablos eTnikurad

os mosaxleobas dros sWirdeboda mosafiqreblad, Tu ra formiY Sesuliyo

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, an saerTod _ Sesuliyo, Tu

ara. qiqoZe miiCnevda, rom samaCablo iyo istoriuli saqarTvelo, metic,

saqarTvelos Suaguli da am teritoriis avtonomia iyo politikuri

simaxinje. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis saqme da kerZod samaCablos

adgili am teritoriaze eTnikurma osebma ki ara, saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma

krebam unda gadawyvitoso, miiCnevda publicisti.

“Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti vrceldeba mTels Cvens

istoriul teritoriaze. javis xeobis osebi iseve Sedian amteritoriaSi,

rogorc soxumis olqis afxazebi, borCalos mazris TaTrebi, an saqarTvelos

olqis Wrel-duxelebi ... javis xeobel osebs aqvT TavianTi ena, magram ara

aqvT literatura da erovnuli kultura. Amitom, SeuZlebelia osur

kulturul, an teritoriul avtonomiaze saubari. miT umetes SeuZlebelia,

rom calke osuri saxelmwifo moewyos, romelic javel da wunerel

fantaziorebis gegmiT saqarTvelos respublikas unda SeuerTdes

federatiulad209”, werda geronti qiqoZe.

aRsaniSnavia, rom igi zogadad os xalxs araferSi adanaSaulebda.

Mmisi samizneebi iyvnen “javeli bolSevikebi da socialist

103

revolucionerebi”, romlebic SegnebiT, TuU Seugneblad saqarTveloSi

rusul imperiul politikas axorcielebdnen.

“es elementebi (igulisxmeba bolSevikebi da eserebi m.m) CvenSi

saxelmwifo damrRvevis rols asruleben da isini sastikad una daisajon,

rogorc udidesi saxelmwifo damnaSaveebi... Tuki 200 problematuri aznauri

CamoRrCobis, an daxvretis Rirsni arian problematuri danaSaulobis

gulisaTvis, nuTu aSkara saxelmwifo moRalateebs saCuqrad ritorikis

yvavilebi unda mierTvas?210”

erovnul-demokratiul partia da misi perioduli organo

“saqarTvelo” mudmivad iTxovda im pirTa mkacr dasjas, vinc saxemwifo

gadatrialebis, neismmieri buntisa da janyis saqmeSi Rebulobda

monawleobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos menSevikuri

mTavroba liberaluri politikis moomxre iyo da ukidures zomebs (cixeSi

Casmas) SedarebiT iSviaTad mimarTavda. ase magaliTad, 1918 wlis martis

osTa ajanyebis moawileTa mniSvnelovani nawili samarTlebriv

pasuxismgeblobas ascda.

Sedegmac Sesaferisi iyo. cxinvali kvlav ajanyebulTa mmarTvelobis

qveS gadavida. “saqarTvelos” korespondenti wers: osebma, romlebic

bolSevizmis saxeliT moqmedebdnen da SeiaraRebuli akontrolebdnen

cxinvalis quCebs, maCablebi da veziriSvilebi TavianT mamulebSi ar SeuSves.

“arc erTi memamule osebis teritoriazeo”211.

“saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti ki ambobs, rom es adamianebi ukve didi

xania memamuleebi aRar arian. “maT SerCaT TiTo-orola dRis baR-venaxi,

romelic tavianTi xeliT gaukeTebiaT.” Mamapapeuli miwebi ki axla

alixanovs, aTarbegovs, firalovs, Jirnovos aqvT mflobelobaSio.

“vin aris maincamainc am qveynis wesrigis yurismgdebeli, _ osebis

erovnuli sabWo, TU komisari saqarTvelos respublikisa. Ufro ki _ pirveli.

Xalxi Txoulobs garkveul mdgomareobas. Xalxs SiSis zarsa scems ukve

gagonili da gancdili haeroplanebis kriali, zarbaznebis griali da

vintovkebis tkaca-tkuci.

104

eSiniaT, eSiniaT, rom meored aRar ganmeordes da damfrTxlebi

erTmaneTs efarebian. mieSveleT xalxs, sawyal am xeobis xalxs.

gaierTguleT, CaiyeneT am xeobidanac raime qveynis samsaxurSi. agrZnobineT,

rom es kuTxe da xalxic upatrono ar aris da maSin TviT qarTveli xalxi

aRudgeba win moZalades da daexmareba Tavis mTavrobas, gaumagrebs

mdgomareobas”212, werda “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti.

maSasadame, eTnikuri qarTvelebi menSevikuri mTavrobisagan met

yuradrebas iTxovdnen da imedovnebdnen, rom mTavroba dasjida ajanyebulTa

gaTavxedebul brbos. Tumca, es ase ar moxda da 1918 wlis ivnisSi amjerad

saCxeres daesxa Tavs os bolSevikTa armia.

105

III saingilo

interesi saqarTvelos kidev erTi, metad daZabuli regionis,

saingilosadmi imdenad gamokveTili gaxldaT, rom iqidan mowerili

korespondenciebi 1917 wlis revoluciis myvirala ambebmac ki ver

daCrdila.

yvela sxva ganapira regionis msgavsad jer sparseTis, Semdeg

ruseTis dampyroblurma politikam aqac Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegi datova.

eTnikurad qarTvelis mosaxleobis didi nawli gamahmadianda, qarTuli

ena dakninda, radgan Zalian didi nawili mosaxleobisa lekurad

saubrobda. saingiloSi, anu zaqaTalis olqSi, rogorc mas gazeT

“saqarTvelos” korespondentebi moixseniebdnen, mxolod kaxi da misi

SemogareniRa iyo qarTuli kulturisa da orientaciis mqone.

saingilos Sesaxeb dabeWdili publikaciebis umravlesoba

socialur problemebs eZRvneba, SexvdebiT istoriuli cnobebis Semcvel

ramdenime masalas, gansakuTrebuli interesiT ikiTxeba is sagazeTo

publikaciebi, romlebic saingiloSi arsebul religiur dapirispirebas

eZRvneba. saingilos Sesaxeb ZiriTadad sami publicisti – r. ingilo. z.

edili, m. janaSvili - werdnen, magram aqa-iq sxva avtorebic (magaliTad,

ilia Wyunia, ) gaielveben. gazeTSi moTavsebuli masalebi oTx jgufad

davalageT. 1. XX saukunis dasawyisis saingilo, 2. socialuri problemebi

saingiloSi (es ZiriTadi da yvelaze vrceli qveTavia), 3. religiuri

brZola saingiloSi, 4. saingilos istoriisa da tradiciis asaxva

“saqarTvelos” furclebze.

1. XX saukunis ociani wlebis saingilo

1917 wlis “saqarTvelos #130-Si ilia Wyonias publicistur werils

“saqarTvelos sanapiroebi”. publikaciis mizani dasawyisSive asea

ganmartebuli: “saqarTvelos daZabuneba im droidan daiwyo, roca mas

mtrebma sanapiroebi CamoaTales: jer WaneTi, mere samcxe, SemdegSi

saaTabagod da osmaleTis saqarTvelod wodebuli adgilebi, da hereTi,

romlis erTi nawili dRes zaqaTalis olqia... yvela es sanapiroebi

saqarTvelosaTvis is iyo, rac kacisaTvis zurgis xerxemalia, Tu

106

daavadda es ukanaskneli – sustdeba kacis mTeli agebulebac, ase mouvida

Cvens samSoblos am sanapiroebis CamoTliT. Tu gvinda, kvlav

gavZlierdeT, rogorc eri, isev unda aRvadginoT maTTan Zmuri, erovnuli

erToba.213”

avtors, rogorc Cans, yvela am kuTxis mimoxilva surda, radgan

zaTaqalis oqlis (saingilos) mimoxilvas aweria “I”, magram, samwuxarod,

es Canafiqri ar Sesrulebula. ilia Wyonias monacemebiT saingiloSi

cxovrobdnen mkvidri lekebi – 46 250. daRestnis lekebi - 10 000, sxva

mahmadianebi – 25 000. qarTvelebi (qristianebi, mahmadianebi) - 17 000,

somxebi – 1 500, sxva xalxi – 50. sul – 100 000.214 saingiloSi

gabatonebuli ena TaTruli (azerbaijanuli, Turquli) yofila, lekurad

22 sofelSi saubrobdnen. 22 qarTuli soflidan cxrametSi gaigonebT

qarTul enas, or sofels ki mSobliuri ena sruliad daeviwyebina ...

qarTulad saubari SeeZloT lekebis 16-mde sofelSic.215

saingilos mkvidri mciredi qarTvelobidanac bvri lekdeboda.

“saqarTvelos” publicistis TqmiT, am process sxvadasxva mizezi hqonda,

zogi social-demokratiuli suliskveTebiT iyo ganwyobili, zogi _mSi

gawvevas emaleboda, zog ingilos ki, aRar sjeroda sakuTari qarTveloba.

saingilos mkvidri lekebi qarTuli rasis tipiuri warmomadgenlebi arian,

daRestnidan Camosuli lekebi ki, marTlac lekuri ieriT gamoirCevian, –

werda ilia Wyonia. Misi TqmiT, aqaur lekSi qarTveli rom gaurio,

verafriT gamoarCev, magram erTi daRestnelic rom gaurio, maSinve

mivxdebi, rom mkvidri ar ariso.

moxuc lekTa TqmiT, iqauri mosaxleoba 1860 wlamde qarTulad

icvamda, XX s.is dasawyisSic qarTulis codna iq iseTive prestiJulad

ivleboda, rogorc qarTvelebSi - rusulis codna.

sapatio stumris mosvlisas saingilos lekis qalebi (Wyonias Tu

davujerebT, gadarjulebuli qarTvelebi) qarTul gulispirian kabebs

icvamdnen, oRond, Tavis daburvis wesi araqarTuli hqondaT. “versad

saqarTveloSi ver naxavT imden eklesiebs da monastrebs ramden naSTebsac

eklesia-monastrebisas SexvdebiT zaqaTalis olqSi. cxra meaTedi am

naSTebisa mTebSia da mTebis Zira soflebSi”, wers “saqarTvelos”

korespondenti.216

107

XX saukunis dasawyisis saingilos Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdi m.

janaSvili. misi TqmiT, zaqaTalis olqSi 14 000 ingilo cxovrobda,, (ilia

Wyoniasgan gansxvavebiT, janaSvili ingiloTa gacilebiT mcire ricvs

asaxelebs, m.m.). ingilo dimitri janaSili pirveli iyo, vinc Tbilisis

seminariaSi miiRo ganaTleba, Semdeg mSobliur kuTxeSi dabrunda da

swavlis saqmes aq Cauyara safuZveli. man ingilo maswalebelTa ramdenime

Taoba aRzarda da dRes 5 000 qristian ingiloTa Soris orasia qarTuli

wera-kiTxvis mcodneo. “imave dros mahmadiani ingiloebi umecrebis

morevSi ixrCobian... qristian ingiloebSi, rom samSoblo qveynis, RviZl

erovnebis da winsvla-warmatebis siyvaruli uaRresad ganviTarebulia,

mahmadian ingiloebSi marto imas daeZeben, rom rogorme gadagvardnen da

qarTvelebi qarTvelebs aRar daemsgavson”217, werda mose janaSvili.

mahmadian ingiloebis CamorCenilobaze Civis z. edilic. afxazeTSi

Casvlamde man samegrelo gaiara da megruli, kopwia saxlebis danaxvam

gaaxsena dros CamorCenili ingiloebis yofa. “ramodena kontrastia

samegrelosa da saingilos Soris... mTels saingiloSi erT saxlsac ki

ver iSovniT ase kopwias, moxdenils da miT ufro _ sufTas. uneblieT

vaZlev Cems Tavs kiTxvas, rogor veraferi ver viswavleT erTmaneTisagan,

rogor veravis ver wavebaZeniT da viswavleT rame ingiloebma... ar

gegonoT ingilo megrelze Raribi iyos, ara da aTasjer ara. ingilo

mdidaria SedarebiT, magram ara aqvs Sno da unari ukeTesis cxovrebisa”218.

am vrceli citatis motana imisTvis dagvWirda, rom gveCevenebina,

dagvenaxebina, Tu ras fiqrobdnen “saqarTvelos” publicistebi

imdroindeli saingilos yofa-cxovrebaze. mahmadianurma sarwmunoebam,

ufro ki Crdilo-kavkasiur dabali kulturis mqone erebTan siaxlovem

zaqaTalis olqi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobSi Caayena. erovnul-

demokratiuli suliskveTebiT ganwyobil adamianebs guli swydebodaT,

rodesac saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi da maRali kulturis mqone

mxaris aseT daqveiTebas xedavdnen. isini cdilobdnen gamahmadianebul

ingiloebSic gaeRviZebinaT erovnuli Segneba, saqarTvelos mTlianobisa

da progresiuli ganviTarebis survili. surdaT lekuri, daRestnuri Tu

Cerqezuli sinamdvilisagan qarTuli, ufro ganviTarebuli,

sinamdvilisaken moetrialebinaT ingiloebi.

108

m. janaSvili werda: mahmadianuri rjulisaa arabi, Cerqezi, osmalo,

sparsi, magram sakuTar erovnebaze uars aravin ambobs, “ager aWara-

klarjeTis qarTvelebi mahmadianoben, magram mahmadianoba imaT ar uSlis,

rom iyvnen kargi qarTvelebi”.219 avtori statiis dasasruls kvlav

ubrundeba am Temas da aseTi mowodebiT asrulebs sakuTar saTqmel:

mihbaZeT Tqvens moZme qristian ingiloebs, ganaTldiT swavliT, gaixareT

codniT, TviTcnobierebiT, Tu arada darCebiT Ratakad da gaiTqvifebiT

umravlesobis morevSi. Cven Tqveni qristianoba ki ar gvinda, aramed Tqveni

ganaTleba, Tqveni cnobiereba, maS SegviyvareT, rogorc gviyvarxarT”220.

am mokle qveTavSi, vcadeT, gadmogvetana is ganwyobileba,

romelic XX saukunis aTiani wlebis saingiloze saubrisas qarTvel

patriotTa gulsa da gonebas aforiaqebda. isini xedavdnen, rom

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dampyrobelTa mavne gavlenis qveS myofi

saingilo Tavis uzarmazar potencialis gonivrulad ver iyenebda.

noe Jordania qarTvel nacionalistebs, marTalia, burJuaziuli

batonobis gavrcelebasa da glexebis CagvraSi adanaSaulebda, magram

erovnul-demokratiuli jgufs warmomadgenelTa zemoT citirebul

mowodebaSi Znelia dainaxo glexTa Cagvris survili (burJuaziis

ganviTarebis survilis ki aucileblad dainaxavT). erovnul-demokratebs

barJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba marTlac progresul movlenad

miaCndaT. isini imedovnebdnen, rom am gziT feodalur wyobilebaSi

didxans darCenili qveyana progresis gzaze Sedgeboda. socialist-

demokrateis ki, saqarTvelos ganapira regionebSi socializmis ideebs

avrcelebdnen, radgan nacionalizms muSaTa da social-demokratiis mtrad

sTvlidnen.

“amaTTvis (nacionalistebisaTvis) nacionalizmi, eris uflebaTa

dacva aris mxolod is pirbade, romliTac sazogadoebaSi gamodian da

Tavis klasiur batonobas icaven”221, – werda noe Jordania.

sabednierod, socializmis qadagebas saingiloSi savalalo

Sedegebi ar moutania. es, albaT, ingiloTa sidinjisa da patriarqalur

bunebis `brali~ ufroa. faqti ki erTia, rodesac social-demokratebi

109

socializmisa da muSaTa klasis interesis dacvas qadagebdnen, erovnul-

demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebi ekonomiur winsvlas, dauRalav

Sromas da amiT saqarTvelos resurebis srul gamoyenebas uWerdnen mxars:

`gamdidrdiT, imuSaveT, SeiZineT! – mivmarTavdiT glexs, muSas, Tavad-

aznaursa da inteligencias~222, – werda erovnul demokratiuli partiis

erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri.

erovnul-demokratiulad ganwyobili qarTvlebis politika

saingilosTan damokidebulebaSic SesaniSnavad gamoikveTa. XX saukunis

aTiani wlebis saingilo Semdeg qveTavSi ufro detalurad warmoCindeba,

am qveTavSi ki is zogadi ganwyoba aRvbeWdeT, romliTac imdroindeli

qarTveli patriotebi saqarTvelos erT-erT ZirZvel kuTxes ekidebodnen.

2.socialuri problemebi saingiloSi

am qveTavSi ramdenime nawiladiqneba warmodgenili is ZiriTadi

problematika, romelic saingilos olqs 1918 wlis maisamde awuxebda.

saingilos, rogorc mTlianad saqarTvelos, uamravi gasaWiri hqonda,

sxvaze rom ar visaubroT, mxolod pirveli msoflio omi da am omisagan

moyenebuli materialuri Tu sulieri zarali rad Rirs, magram gazeT

`saqarTveloSi~ warmodgenili publikaciebi Temis sami kuTxiT gavrcobis

saSualebas gvaZleven. visaubrebT sursaTis naklebobasa da vaWrobis

danaSaulebriv gzebze, mZime kriminalur mdgomareobasa da ganaTlebis

sakiTxebze.

2.1 sasursaTo problema

1915 wels dasavleT saqarTvelos gvalvam da upurobiT

gamowveulma saSinelebam 1916 wels saingiloSi gadainacvla. marTalia,

omi iyo da gzebic Caketili gaxldaT, magram mefis ruseTis

mTavrobisagan mainc veRirseT ramodenime vagon xorbals. upurobiT

gatanjul saingiloSi ki puri kvlavac ar Cadioda, vagonebi stavropolSi

iyvnen gaCerebulni, saxelmwifo rkinigza xorblis Camotanas aferxebda,

kerZo sarkinigzo kompaniebi ki TiTsac ar anZrevdnen, radgan saxelmwifo

tvirTis gadazidvidan mcire Semosavali ergebodaT.223

110

Saqris fasi 70 kapikamde gaizarda (omis damTavrebame ki sam

maneTamde gaZvirda), magram gaZivrebuli Saqaric ar iSoveboda, radgan

erTma somexma saingiloSi Semosuli mTeli Saqris maragi Seisyida da

mxolod Tavad yidda. mTavrobam akrZala saingilosa da daRestans Soris

vaWroba, ris gamoc daRestanSi gaZvirda is, rac saingilodan SehqondaT

(Cai, Saqari, brinji), saingiloSi ki cxvari da erbo deficiti gaxda.224

ar iSoveboda Sabiamani (es, mTeli saqarTvelos problema iyo da

pirveli demokratiuli respublikis Semdegac ver gadawyda), ris gamoc

nadgurdeboda venaxebi, kargi mosavalis bolo imedic gauqarwylebiaT

Semoseul frinvelebs (#115, 1916w.).

omis paradoqsi, roca fuli gaqvs, magram verafers iSovni,

saingilos yoveldRiur realobad iqca. sofel kaxsa da zaqaTalaSi

gaxsnili samomxmareblo sazogadoebebi ver asrulebdnen sakuTar

daniSnulebas. imis magivrad, rom mTavrobis mier regionSi SeRavaTian

fasad Segzavnili produqti mosaxleobisaTvis gaenawilebinaT,

samomxamreblo sazogadoebis wevrebi erTmaneTSi iyofdnen nadavls da

mere gacilebiT Zvirad yiddnen (#288, 1916w.).

mosaxleobis gausaZlisi mdgomareobiT sargeblobdnen somexi

vaWrebi. meabreSumeobis mimdevar ingiloebs an Zvirad aZlevdnen abreSumis

Tesls, anda ufulod miscemdnen, samagierod ki, moyvanili abreSumis erT

mesameds an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, erT meoTxeds arTmevdnen (#101; #137,

1916w.).

aravis surda ganapira, mZime pirobebSi mcxovreb mxareSi eqimad

wasvla, `saqarTvelo~-s erT-erT nomerSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor scema

dagvianebisaTvis axalmivlinebulma rusma eqimma pacienti. saingiloSi

momuSave sami eqimidan sabolood erTi, moxuci eqimiRa SemorCa, amitomac

dalaqebs, xabazebs da sxva profesiis xalxs xeloba SeucvliaT da

eqimbaSoba dauwyiaT, erTma aseTma TaTarma eqimbaS-dalaqma kinaRam

imsxverpla pacienti (#288, 1916w.).

gaWirvebam da yoveli saxis produqciis deficitma ingilos

gauCeneli gaaCenina. gazeT `saqarTvelo~-Si vkiTxulobT, rom ingiloebs

111

gamougoniaT xis kustaruli fexsacmeli, romelic sami maneTi Rirda da

weliwadnaxevari Zlebda (#288, 1916w.)

produqtis (puris, Saqris, Sabiamnis, abreSumis, Teslis...) erTi

piris mier Sesyidva da monopolizebam; agreTve daRestansa da saingilos

Soris vaWrobis akrZalvam daaCqara ukanono vaWrobis procesi. am

sakiTxze miZRvnil publikaciaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani werilis

avtori gvatyobinebs: `aqauri vaWroba xom sul mTlad somxebisa da

TaTrebis xelSia. es ori eri, umetesad vaWrebi raRac gaurkvevlad erTi-

meores ekinklaveba da oriveni erTad ki Rarib-ratak macxovreblebis

zurgze gadadian~. zaqaTalaSi damkvidrebul cxovrebis wess rom

gaecnobiT, maSin mixvdebiT, Tu ratom uwoda germanulma gazeTma ruseTis

imperiis vaWrebs `наши союзники в тылу русской армии~.225

dabolos, saingiloSi gamefebuli usursaTobis, utansacmlobis,

ueqimobis mZime mdgomareoba, romelsac sastiki da usamarTlo vaWrobis

wesi ufro amZimebda, ar iqneba srulyofili, Tu ar aRvwerT saingilos

administraciuli centris zaqaTalis mdgomareobas.

`saqarTvelo~-s korespondentis TqmiT, zaqaTalaSi daingra arxebze

gadebuli xidebi, aiyara qvafenili da wvimis dros talaxSi Cafluls

Znelad Tu vinme amogiyvandaT. aRar naTdeboda quCebi, qalaqis axalma

Tavma ganaTebis imedic ki gaanadgura, roca boZebidan farnebi Camoxsna,

Jurnalistis saboloo Sefaseba aseTia: `Sesabralis qalaqi zaqaTala~.226

gausaZlisi ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis logikuri Sedegi iyo

kriminaluri situaciis gamwvaveba, Tumca am obieqtur mizezebs 1917 wlis

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg kidev erTi, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani

mizezic daerTo.

2.2. mZime kriminaluri mdgomareoba

saingiloSi gamefebuli mwvave kriminogenuli viTarebis mizezi

gaxldaT revoluciis Semdeg arsebuli samarTaldamcavi organoebis

daSla, amierkavkasiis erTiani mTavrobis pirobebSi ki axali struqturebi

112

ver iqmneboda. Zalovani struqturis arqonis pirobebSi aTasi juris

damnaSave mTel saingiloSi Tavisuflad dadioda.

saingilom Tavisufleba (mefis ruseTis daSla) 25 marts didi zar-

zeimiT aRniSna. iqaurma inteligenciam bazarTan axlos mitingi gamarTa

`oratorebi rig-rigobiT umarTavdnen xalxs Tavisuflebis mniSnvelobas,

yvelani Tav-Tavis enazed qarTulzed, somxurzed, TaTrulsa da

lekurzed... yvela oratori mouwodebda yvelas Tavisuflebis

gamocxadebasTan erTad wasul erovnul qiSpobisa da mtrobis daviwyebas

da erTad moqmedebas da Zmoba-erTobas.227~

Tavisuflebam, romelsac aseTi zar-zeimiT Sexvdnen ingiloebi,

bevri simware moutana zaqaTalis olqs. gavrcelda saocari qurdoba da

yaCaRoba. iparavdnen gasalew xorbals, saxlebs Tavs esxmodnen da

saqoneli mihyavdaT, xalxi jguf-jgufad dadioda, marto siaruls ver

bedavdnen moTareSe avazakebis SiSiT. cocxlad dawves mozardi, romelmac

icno Tavisi kameCebis qurdebi (#291, 1917w.). cocxlad dawva SurisZiebis

friad miRebuli forma iyo, radgan qristiani mRvdeli mixeil yuloSvili

(ara dayaCaRebis gamo, aramed sarwmuneobrivi SuRlis gamo) aseve

cocxlad dawves (#6, 1918w.). ingiloebma icodnen, Tu vin iyo damnaSave,

magram SiSiT ver amxeldnen.

z. edili 1918 wels saingiloSi dabrunda. kaxeTis rkinigziT

mgzavrobisas sakuTari TvaliT naxa, Tu rogor waarTves lekebs Saqari,

Cai da TuTuni ker somexma jariskacebma, Semdeg ki, qarTvelma

jariskacebma, amierkavkasiis erTiani saxelmwifos arsebobas xom sammagi

(qarTuli, somxuri, azerbaijanuli) armiebi icavdnen. jariskacebma ar

ismines saingilos mkvidri lekebis mudara: Rvinos Cven ara vsvamT da

arays, Cai mainc SegvarCineTo. z. edilis TqmiT, lekebi gaocebulni

yofilan, gana ra davuSaveT qarTvelebs, rom ase sastikad gveqceviano?

(#35, 1918w.)

saingilos administraciuli centri q. zaqaTala TiTqmis

dacarielda, ori-sami somexis mkvlelebis Semdeg qalaqi ZiriTadad

somxurma mosaxleobam datova, vaWroba Cakvda. lekebis araerTi Txovnis

113

miuxedavad, somxebi ar brundebodnen, produqtze arsebuli deficiti

ufro gaizarda, somexTa arakanonieri vaWrobac k,i sanatreli gaxda

saingilosaTvis (#35, 1918w.).

wesad iqca qristianuli eklesiebisa da soflebis darbeva.

darbevis ZiriTadi mizezi religiuri daundobloba iyo, mizani ki xelis

moTboba da Zarcva gaxldaT. daarbies qristianuli sofeli kaxi (#35,

1918w.), daarbies qurmuxis wminda giorgis taZari. taZari, romelsac

mahmadiani ingiloebic ki ficulobdnen, gazeTi `saqarTvelo~

gvatyobinebs: sofel alibegiloSi ramdenime qristiani ingilos mokvla

aravis gahkvirvebia, radgan es `es axalia, Zvelia~, magram qurmuxis taZris

Sebilwva da gaZarcva warmoudgeneli siTavxedva, radgan `amaze met

Seuracxyofas ver miayenebT ingilos~ (#98, 1918w.).

mkvidr mosaxleobas araferi gamoepareboda, xvdebodnen, rom maT

Tavs datexil ubedurebaSi lekebs amjerad wvlili ar miuZRodaT.

avazakebi ZiriTadad TaTruli soflis geinuqis (nuxis mazra) mkvidrni

iyvnen. geinuqis TaTar mosaxleobas ZalmomreobiTa da Zarcva-glejiT

saxeli Sors hqonda ganTqmuli. am saerTo ubedurebam saingilos lekebi

da mahmadiani Tu qristiani ingiloebi gaaerTiana. kakis darbevis dros

lekebs bevri qarTveli SeufarebiaT da maTi qonebis nawilic

gadaurCeniaT.

1917-1918 wlebSi msoflio omSi TurqeTis warmatebebma

panislamisturad ganwyobili kavkasiis TaTrebi gaaTavxeda. isini

Zalmomreobdnen aSkarad da yvelgan (samcxe-javaxeTSi, aWaraSi), sadac

xeli miuwvdebodaT Tavis nebas ZaladobiT axvevdnen Tavs adgilobriv

mosaxleobas. nel-nela naTeli xdeboda, rom qarTveli menSevikebis

umravlesobis mier lamis saocnebod gamocxadebuli internacionaluri

saxelmwifo kavkasia (romlis SigniTac erovnuli TviTmmarTvelobebi

iqneboda) ar Sedga228, amierkavkasiis erebs bevr saerTo mizanTan erTad

erTi-ori iseTi mizanic aRmoaCndaT, sadac maTi interesebi erTmaneTs

ejaxebodnen, amisi dasturia, Tundac 1918 wels TurqeTsa da

amierkavkasiis mTavrobas Soris gamarTuli trapzonis sazavo

114

molaparakeba, sadac azerbaijaneli delegatebi TurqeTis interesebs

ufro icavdnen, vidre amierkavkasiis saxelmwifosas.

rogor cdilobdnen ingiloebi Tavis dacvas? mimarTavdnen

mTavrobas (amierkavkasiis komisariats), saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos,

kaTalikozs, Seix-ulislams da amaod elodnen daxmarebas. adgilobrivi

aRmasrulebeli komitetebi, iseve, rogorc mTeli mTavroba, uZluri iyo.

`saqarTvelo~-s korespondentma 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg

saingiloSi Seqmnili viTareba ase Seafasa: `ver CamoiTvleba yvela is

ubedureba, romelic am `Tavisuflebis~ xanas miayenes mahmdianebma Cvens

moZme ingiloebs... saqristiano saingilos anadgureben ise, rom momaval

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi ingiloebis saxsovrad SeiZleba dagvrCes

mxolod TbilisSi macxovrebeli oriode ingilo~.229

`saqarTvelo~-s korespondents esmoda, rom saerTo anarqiis Jams

saingiloSi ideluri yofa ver iqneboda, magram imas, rac kaxSi da sxva

qristianul soflebSi datrialda saerTo anarqiac ver amarTlebda.230

bunebrivia, aseTi yofa isedac gaucxovebuli ingiloebis ndobas

samSoblosadmi ufro Selaxavda, uTqvamT kidev Tbilisis wreebSi

miRebuli zaqaria edilisaTvis: `aravin movida, aravin mogvxedao, ramdeni

telegrama gavagzavneT da erTi sanugeSo sityvac aravin mogvwerao. gana

saWiro ar iyo, rom moverigebineT erTmaneTTan da aseTi ram aRar

dagvmarTnodao... RmerTmac dagviviwya da qarTvelebmaco~.231

2.3 ganaTlebis sakiTxebi

XX saukunis aTiani wlebis saingilos yofis socialuri mxare

arasrulyofili iqneboda ganaTlebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili sagazeTo

publikaciebis gareSe. `saqarTvelo~-m sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis es mxare,

ra Tqma unda, gamoxmaurebis gareSe ar datova. am gazeTs araTu swavla-

115

ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, aramed isic ki ainteresebda,

saingiloSi rogori amindi iyo.

z. edilma Tavis saistorio narkvevSi `saingilos gadagvareba~232

ingiloTa asilimaciis XVII saukuneSi dawyebuli procesi dawvrilebiT

aRwera, manve aRniSna is umTavresi istoriuli faqtebi, romlebmac

daaCqares zaqaTalas olqSi qarTuli cnobierebis aRmofxvra. publikaciis

bolos avtorma dasva kiTxva: `ra unda vqmnaT, ranairad unda

gamovasworoT saqme?~ da iqve upasuxa: `Cveni sxna erovnul skolebSia~.233

saingiloSi erTaderTi orklasiani normaluri saswavlebeli

arsebobda sofel kaxSi, iqac qarTul enas Zlier mwirad aswavlidnen.

ingilosTvis rom gekiTxa, qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebs ratom ar iwero,

getyoda, ena ar vicio. ingiloebma rusuli wera ukeTesad icodnen, vidre

qrTuli da ojaxaebSi xSirad naxavdiT Svilebis gamogzavnil werilebs,

sadac qarTuli sityvebi rusuli asoebiT iyo dawerili.234

saingiloSi skolis dasaarseblad saWiro cnobebi unda moekriba

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis wevrs r. burWulaZes. misi

dakvirvebiTm qarTuli skola unda gasxniliyo sofel TasmaloSi,

romelic zaqaTalasa da kaxs Sua mdebareobda da, amdenad, yvelasaTvis

xelsayreli gaxldaT.

ai, rogor afasebda r. burWulaZe saingiloSi erovnuli skolis

mniSvnelobas: `saingilos qarTvel mahmadianebs Tavisi erovnuli vinaoba

daukargavT da sarwmunoebas da erovnebas erTmaneTisagan ver arCeven.

aqaur qarTvel mahmadianebis warmodgeniT, SeuZlebelia, kaci qarTveli

iyves da amave dros qristiani ar iyves is, amitomac, qarTuli kulturis

yovelive nasaxs gaurbian da samSoblo enasac nel-nela iviwyeben... aseTi

Seugnebloba da mtruli ganwyobileba qarTuli kulturisadmi ar

arsebobda arc aWaraSi da arc mesxeT-javaxeTis mahmadian qarTvelTa

Soris. amis gamo didi Sromaa saWiro, Sroma xangrZlivi da didi

`saqarTvelo~-s 1916 wlis #109-Si gv. 3 vkiTxulobT: `zaqaTalas mxurvale mzis sxivebi saamurad dahyurebs mTels are-mares da sicocxles hfens. saRamoobiT ki cota wvima wamova”.

116

sifrTxiliT, rom saingilos mahmadian qarTvelTa Soris amoZravdes

erovnuli grZnoba.235~

amave publikaciaSi gamoCnda is didi sifrTxile, romliTac

erovnuli cnobierebis gaRvivebasa da skolis daarsebas cdilobdnen.

kerZod, Tasmalos qarTuli skolis gasaxsnelad saWirod CaTvales: a)

maswavleblad mamakaci moewviaT, radgan patriarqalur saingiloSi

(aWarisgan gansxvavebiT) qals gavlena ar hqonda, b) unda moewviaT

qarTulis mcodne mola, romelic mSobliur enaze aswavlida mahmadis

sjuls. Tasmalos skolis gaxsnaSi did daxmarebas gauwevdnen

adgilobrivi mRvdeli mixeil yuloSvili da axalgazrda z.

edilaSvilio (es z. edilia). Tasmalos skola aucileblad gaixsneboda,

rom ara, 1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia. Tumca, revoluciis Semdeg

saingiloSi ufro didi qarTuli skolis gaxsna.

1917 wlis 25 marts, revoluciis aRsaniSnavad gamarTul mitingze

gadawyda, rom kaxSi gaexsnaT 1905 wlis revolucioneris ingilo

konstantine bairamaSvilis saxelobis skola. erT-erT gamomsvlels

(erovnebiT TaTars) gulisamaCuyebeli sityvac ki warmouTqvams imis

Sesaxeb, rom saingiloSi somxuri da TaTruli skolebia gaxsnili, sxva

erovnebis warmomadgenelT aq aravin sdevnis da axla ki droa

qarTvelebsac TavianTi skola hqondeTo da am saqmis bolomde misayvanad

iqve 285 maneTi aukrebiaT.236

Tavisuflebam, romelmac rbeva da aoxreba moutana saingilos, es

mcire saCuqaric ki ver gaimeta amisTvis. paradoqsia, magram ruseTis mefis

daxmobis Semdeg ar gauqmebula mefis moxeleTa struqturebi, oRond am

Zvel usamarTlobas, axali, anarqiuli yofiT gamowveuli uaknonobac

daerTo.

swored es mRvdeli gaxda religiuri devnis msxverpli, amaze dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi

visaubrebT.

117

A anarqiis gamo miyenebuli zarali ukve aRvwereT kriminaluri

situaciisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi, mefis moxeleTa ukanono Zalmoreobis

sailustraciod ki isic kmara, rom konstantine bairamaSvilis saxelobis

erovnuli skola ar gaixsna, Senoba ar dasTmo realuri saswavleblis

mefisdroindelma direqtorma sofinma. ufro metic, axali erovnuli

skolis gaxsnis nacvlad daixura mahmadian ingiloTa sofel aliabaTis

qarTuli skolac.237

skolebis problemac mougvarebeli rCeboda XX saukunis aTian

wlebSi, magram ingiloTa (gansakuTrebiT qristian ingiloTa) midrekileba

swavlisadmi uzomo iyo. m. janaSvilis cnobiT, pirvelma ganswavlulma

ingilom dimitri janaSvilma Tavis Semdeg bevri ingilo maswavlebeli

datova da skolebis ararsebobis miuxedavad XX saukunis dasawyisSi 14000

qristianma ingilom saqarTvelos misca ramdenime inJineri, agronomi, eqimi.

ilia Wyonias TqmiT, ganaTlebuli adamianebis raodenobiT saingilom

saqarTvelos sxva kuTeebs (xonis garda) gauswro238.

aseTi damangreveli Sedegebi moutana saingilos Tavisuflebam,

mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi meorexarisxovani mizezi iyo;

kriminaluri mdgomareobis ukiduresi gamwvaveba saxelmwifos (mefis

ruseTis) ngrevam da axali saxelmwifos arsebobam gamoiwvia. zustad amave

mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli religiuri dapirispirebac. SegveZlo am

dapirispirebis amsaxveli sagazeTo publikaciebic kriminaluri

situaciisadmi gankuTvnil paragrafSi gagveerTianebina, magram, Cveni

azriT, religiuri devna ufro sxva saxis, gansakuTrebuli tipis

kriminalia, romelic socialur problematikis farglebs scdeba, amitom

religiuri dapirispirebas calke qveTavi mivuZRveniT.

118

3. religiuri brZola saingiloSi

z. edils Tu davujerebT, saingilos TaTrebi qristian

mosaxleobisagan yidulobdnen daklul saqonels, mahmadiani ingilo ki,

qristianis dakluls arafers Wamda da im WurWliT, romliTac qristiani

svamda, wyals arafriT dalevda239.

ilia Wyonia ki, sul sxvanairad aRwers mahmadianTa da qarTvelTa

urTierTobas. misi TqmiT, qristianul eklesias kurmuxs saingilos mTeli

mahmadianoba (lekebi, TaTrebi, ingiloebi) pativs scemda. erTmaneTis

rwmenas rom angariSs uwevdnen, amis dasturad ilia Wyonia Semdeg ambavs

mogviTxorbs: kaxis saboqaulos erT-erT lekur sofelSi qristianuli

eklesiis nangrevebi iyo SemorCenili, eklesiis ezoSi ori uzarmazari

ramodenime saukunovani kakali idga. erT vaWars satyeo

zedamxedvelobisagan gamouTxovia am kaklebis moWris nebarTva. xis

mosaWrelad mosuli vaWari lekebs dautyvevebiaT da kaxis qarTveli

boqaulisaTvis miugvriaT:

`Tu qristiani xarT, daicaviT RvTis sakuTrebao. Cven mahmadianebi

varT, magram am adgils adaTiT did pativsa vcemT, radgan RmerTi

erTiao.~240 am qveTavis dasawyisSi es ambavi imitom moviyvaneT, rom

gvjera, sarwmuneobrivi Semwynarebloba, erTmaneTis adaTebis pativiscema

saingilos mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlena gaxldaT.

religiuri uTanxmoebebic iyo, magram amas sistematiuri xasiaTi ar

eqneboda.

ruseTis monarqiuli wyobis daxmobisa da pirvel msoflio omSi

TurqeTis dawinaurebis Semdeg musulmanTa (ZiriTad TaTarTa)

Zalmomreobas da qristianobis devnas masiuri xasiaTi mieca.

adgilobrivma aRmasrulebelma komitetma gadawyvita saingiloSi

ori qarTuli skola daearsebina da gaexsna sasoflo-sameurneo

saswavlebeli, aikrZala gasaTxovari qaliSvilebis gayidva. erovnuli

Semecnebis sasikeTod gadadgmuli es nabijebi saingilos mahmadinianebma

gaqristianebis dasawyisad aRiqves da Sedegmac ar daayovna. saingilos

aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomarem lekma yafiz efendim Tavis

razmTan ertad daawioka qristiani ingiloebi, markoz firosmaniSvils

119

coli waarTva da musulmans SerTo, eqvsi ingilo ZaliT gaamahmadiana,

kondaxiT araerTi mosaxle scema.241

mahmadianTa aulagmavi TareSis dros aikles kurmuxis wminda

giorgis eklesia, siwmindeebis moparvas ar dasjerdnen, xatebi xanjliT

daCexes, fexiT gaqeles, eklesiis gumbaTidan jvari Zirs dasces, mxolod

saxareba darCenila xeluxlebeli.242

musulmanuri sisastikis msxverpli Seiqmna mRvdeli mixeil

yuloSvili. misi gvami Tvrameti dRis Semdeg ipoves, mRvdels xelebi

hqonda Sekruli, ramodenime dRis naSimSilari yofila, xerxemlis

gaswvriv iyo nacemi, malebi Camtvreuli hqonda, bolos yeli gamouWriaT

da gvamis dawvas cdilan, magram ar gamosvliaT. yvela xvdeboda, rom

mRvdeli religiur niadagze iyo mokluli, radgan igi gamudmebiT

amxelebda molebis uvicobas, ilaSqrebda iseTi mavne tradiciebis

winaaRmdeg, rogoricaa colis warTmeva, gasaTxovari qaliSvilis

qmrisadmi miyidva, ZaliT gamahmadianeba da amis gamo araerTxel

damuqrebian mahmadianuri rjulis `damcvelni~.243

saingilos mahmadianTa aseTma qcevam, bunebrivia, qarTveli

qristianebis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. haidar beg abaSiZem gazeT

`samSobloSi~ ukmayofileba gamoTqva, rom r. ingilo mahmadianebsa da

qristianebs Soris uTanxmoebas aRvivebda. am metad saCoTiro braldebaze

sapasuxod r. ingilo ambobda, rom araerTxel gaukicxavs xalxi, vinc

saingiloSi qristianobis propaganda scada, magram aseTive damRupveli

Sedegebi moaqvs mahmadianobis propagandas. Tumca, is rac zaqaTalas

olqSi xdeba mahmadianobis propaganda ki ara, teroriao. Cemi

publicisturi werilebis mizani religiuri sakiTxebis garCeva sulac ar

gaxlavT, erTaderTi, rac gvsurs isaa, rom ingilo qarTvelebma

(qristianebi iqnebian Tu mahmadianebi) sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebulobis

miuxedavad erTmaneTi Zmebad aRiaron `erTi idea gvasuldgmulebs da

gvametyvelebs dRes Cven... es gaxlavT saqarTvelos samkvidreblis aRdgena,

saqarTvelos mTliani saxis ganmtkiceba kaTolike da marTlmadidebeli,

mahmadiani da grigoriani – yvela qarTveli Tavis samSoblos uzenaes

xelmwifobis sruluflebiani wevri Seiqmneba~244, – wers r. ingilo.

120

maSasadame, saingiloSi 1917 wlamde arsebuli religiuri SuRli ar

atarebda sistematiur xasiaTs, xSir SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva sarwmuneobis

mimdevarni erTmaneTis rwmenas pativiscemiT epyrobodnen. gazeTma

`saqarTvelo~-m asaxa qristianuli sarwmuneobis is sastiki devna,

romelic saxelmwifoebrivi dacvis Sesustebam gamoiwvia. marTalia,

gazeTi yovelTvis cdilobda didi sifrTxiliT mohkideboda erovnul Tu

religiur konfliqtebs, romlebic qveynis erTianobas safrTxes uqmnidnen,

magram `zogjer Tqma sjobs araTqmasa~. `saqarTvelo~-m Tqma amjobina,

amave dros yvelaferi gaaketa, raTa saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi

mcxovrebi mahmadianebi ar gaexelebina.

4. saingilos istoriisa da tradiciis asaxva gazeT

`saqarTvelo~-s furclebze

publicisturi narkvevebi saingilos istoriis Sesaxeb saukeTeso

saSualeba iyo erovnuli mTlianobis ideis gansamtkiceblad. istoriis

calkeuli epizodebis mTlianobaSi gaazreba naTels hfenda saingiloSi

mimdinare procesebs. z. edili saingilos gadagvarebis XVII saukuneSi

dawyebul process Tanmimdevrulad aRwers. Sah-abazis sastiki politikis

miuxedavad ingiloebma `kideva hqnes eroba~. 1803 wels ruseTma saingilo

saqarTvelos rom SemouerTa, War-belaqneli ingiloebis moTxovniT

lekebma piroba dades: `War-belaqnis lekebi movaleni varT, dReis ukan

aliabaTis qarTvelebs xeli aRar SevuSaloT qristianuli sarwmunoebis

aRiarebaSi da eklesiaTa aSenebaSi~.245 platon ioselianis cnobiT bodbis

episkoposi saingiloSi gadacmul mRvdlebs agzavnida, romelTac sanTel-

sakmeveli mihqondaT da wirva-locvas asrulebdnen, magram...

ahanyda leki haji-murTuzi. igi Samils ebrZoda, Samilis

damarcxebis Semdeg iolad ver Seelia mxedrul cxovrebas da saingiloSi

qristianobis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. imis SiSiT, axali Samili ar

mogvevlinoso, ruseTis mTavrobam sajarod aRiara rwmenis Tavisufleba.

ise ki moxda, rom Tavisufali rwmena mahmadianTa privilegiad iqca,

qristiqnebs ki sxvadasxvanairi zewolis saSualebid amahmadianebdnen. ase

121

iqcnen namdvil mahmadianebad saingilos qarTuli soflebi, mxolod xuTi

sofeliRa SemorCa Zvel, qristianul sarwmunoebas.246

bevr lekurad miCneul ojaxSi, moepovebodaT `gujar-qaRaldebi

qarTvel mefeTagan micemuli, romelTac malaven da iSviaTad Tu aCveneben

vinmes. eseni arian WavWavaZeebi sofel gogamSi, leoniZeebi da erisTavni

WarSi, vaCnaZeebi belaqanSi da sxvani da sxvani. exla rasakvirvelia, maT

qarTvelobisa ara scxiaT ra da arc qarTvelebad moaqvT Tavi, mxolod

sxovna, cariela xsovnaTa SerCeniaT, rom maTi winaprebi odesTac

gurjebi, qarTvelebi yofilan~.247

z. edils ekuTvnis aseve saingiloSi arsebuli sxvadasxva

eklesiaTa nangrevebis mokle mimoxilva. Tavis werils avtori ase

asrulebs: dangreuli eklesia – monastrebidan zogs gumbaTic ki SerCenia,

geografiuli saxelebi qarTulad JReren – TeTri saydari, darbazis

saydari, berTa bina - `yvelaferi qarTvelTa warsul cxovrebas da

majiscemas mogagonebT~.248

saqarTvelos uZvelesi istoriis amsaxvel fragmentebs Seicavs

ilia Wyonias publicisturi werili, romelSic aRwerilia saingiloSi

SemorCenili uZvelesi qarTuli qalaqebis bazarasa da siRnaRis naSTebi.

aseve samonastro kompleqsis, fifineTis nangrevebi. gamocdili arqeologi

romc ar iyoT, mainc mixvdebiT, rom miwasTan sul axlos aris

saqarTvelos uZvelesi yofis amsaxveli masalebio249, – wers avtori. misi

azriT, nuxis mazraSi SemorCenili legendebi feria-xaTunze Tamar mefis

Sesaxeb Seqmnili Tqmulebebia, Tamaris sidiades amtkiceben mis dros

agebuli xidebic, romelta umravlesobac TiTqmis dauzianebeliao.250

saingilos tradiciebis gasacnobad aris Seqmnili z. edilis

werili `kasris saydarzed~.251 samebis dResaswaulze ingiloebi kasris

saydris dReobaze midian, am dros gazafxulia, yvelaferi yvavis da

afeTqebuli xeebis fonze dedofaliviT mosCans kasris TeTri saydari.

amohyavT dasaklavi saqoneli, amoaqvT sanovage da saxalxo dResaswauli

imarTeba. sadilis Semdeg imarTeba Siproba (cekva), romlis drosac

specialur fexsacmelebs icmeven, moSiprave qalebs kacebi fuliT

asaCuqreben, mandilosnebic ar ukadrisoben xolme.252

122

kasris saydris dReobis aRwera rom ufro metyveli gaexada,

avtori (savaraudoa, namdvil) ambavs mohyva. ingilo vaJs qerimas uyvarda

mezoblis qali galusta. magram galusta, ingiloTa wesis mixedviT,

akvnidanve sxvaze iyo daniSnuli. Tanac qerima sayvareli qalis, mSoblebs

25 Tumans ver uxdida. galusta sxvaze gaaTxoves. kasris saydris

dResaswaulze qerimam sacekvaod gamoiwvia galusta. maTi Siproba iseTi

STambeWdavi iyo, rom dRoebaze mosuli xalxi monusxuliviT Sescqeroda,

es mSvenieri sanaxaoba maSin Sewyda, roca galustas mTvralma qmarma

qerimas xanjliT guli gaupo.253

udavoa, am romanuli epizodiT z. edilma ingiloTa cxovrebis

sinamdvile mkiTxvelisaTvis xelSesaxebi gaxada, es Jurnalistis

mcdeloba iyo, rom saingilos yofa qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro

axlobeli gaexada.

amrigad, saingilos istoriisa da tradiciebis amsaxveli sagazeTo

publikaciebi saqarTvelos erovnul mTlianobas amtkicebda.

`saqarTvelo~-s publicistebma istoriul faqtebs mouxmes imis dasturad,

rom sarwmuneobrivi gansxvavebuloba, ingiloTa gaucxoveba danarCeni

saqarTvelosagan Cvenma saerTo, bedukuRmarTma bedukuTRmarTi istoriave

RaRadebda, rom ingiloebi qarTveli eris erT-erTi uZvelesi da

Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.

d a b o l o s, 1917-18 wlebSi saingilosa da afxazeTis mTielTa

kavSirSi Sesvlis sakiTxi daisva. `zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebis

Sesaxeb komitetma daadgina, rom mTielTa mTavroba maT erovnul,

kulturul da politikur sakiTxebze avrcelebs kompetencias. rac

Seexeba am olqebze mTielTa mTavrobis saxelmwifoebriv movaleobis

axlave an sruliad gavrcelebas, anda maT mier kavkasiis droebiTi

mTavrobis kompetenciis sferoSi darCenas, miendos zaqaTalisa da

afxazeTis erovnul sabWoebs~.254

am gadawyvetilebis miRebamde samurzayanoSi Catarebul krebaze

afxazeTis delegatma ajemovma megrelebs ultimatumi wauyena: `Tu Tqven

megrelebi xarT wadiT da saqarTvelos SeuerTdiT, Cven araferi

sawinaaRmdego ara gvaqvso, da Tu afxazebi xarT, maSin Cventan unda

wamoxvideT da SeuerTdeT mTielTa kavSirsao.255

123

saingiloSi ki msgavsi ram ar momxdara. ingiloebs (qristianebs)

arbevdnen, mahmadian da qristian ingiloebs – orTaves – ar hqondaT

sakvebis arCevani, TiTqmis ar arsebobda erovnuli skolebi da mainc,

mxolod TiTo orola mware sayveduri iTqva, arsad Tqmula qarTvelebs

movSordeT da mTielTa kavSirs SevuerTdeTo.

piriqiT, ingiloebis erT-erTi cnobili warmomadgeneli r. ingilo

werda: zaqaTalis olqs saqarTvelo ver daTmobs, radgan `aq qristianoba

wminda ninoze uwin uqadagia episkoposs elises. man Semoiara hereTi da

nuxis maxloblad aago didebuli taZari, giSis monastrad wodebuli,

romelic dRes somexTa xelSia. amgvari istoriuli naSTebiT savsea

saingilo... didi muyaiToba gvWiria, rom es kuTxe gadagvarebas avacdinoT.

am wminda saqmeSi daxmareba unda vsTxovoT Cvens Zmeb aWarlebs, romelnic

cxadze ucxadesad daumtkiceben ingilo mahmadians, rom erTsa da imave

dros SeiZleba iyo mahmadianic da qarTvelic256.

124

1 gagoSiZe SoTa; qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi) nakveTi I;

Tb; 2004w; gv: 3

2 kedia spiridon; “Cveni sityva”; “saqarTvelo”; 1915w; #1; gv: 2

3 iqve.

4 adamaSvli m; “karebebi CavketoT (gadamijnvis safuZveli)”; “saqarTvelo”; 198w; # 19; gv: 2.

5 janeliZe oTar; spiridon kedia politikuri portreti; Tb. 2002 w.

6 iqve; gv: 45-55.

7 iqve; gv: 45.

8 iqve; gv: 46.

9 janeliZe oTar; narkvevebi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis istoriidan; Tb 2002w; gv: 166

10 janeliZe oTar; spiridon kedia politikuri portreti; Tb. 2002 w; gv: 47-48.

11 “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #19.

12 janeliZe oTar; spiridon kedia politikuri portreti; Tb. 2002 w; gv:gv: 54

13 janeliZe oTar; narkvevebi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis istoriidan; Tb 2002w; gv: 382-

383.

14 am-beri; “iloris bedi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #25; gv: 2.

15 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2.

16 ap. wulaZe; mogzauris rame-rume; “saqarTvelo;” 1916 weli; # 211; gv 3.

17 s.k-dia; saingilo da w. k. sazogadoeba; “saqarTvelo;” 1915 weli; # 10; gv 1.

18 WumburiZe dodo; istoriuli portretebi, dasawyisi XX saukunisa; Tb; 2008w; gv: 209-210.

19 edili z; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris StabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #9;

gv: 4.

20 iqve.

21 edili zaqaria, “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”, “saqarTvelo” ; #8;

1918w; gv: 3.

22edili zaqaria; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w;

#35, gv 3.

23 janeliZe oTar; saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria, Tbilisi, 2009w; gv: 123.

24 edili zaqaria, “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”, “saqarTvelo” ; #8;

1918w; gv: 3.

25 iqve.

26 Белая книга Абхазии; moskovi; 1993w; gv:30.

27 ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 81-107.

28 ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba; istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 82-86.

29ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba; istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 87.

30 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49

125

31 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49 ix. sqolio

32 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49.

33 ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba; istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 87.

34 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 146.

35 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; gv: 52; Tbilisi;

2006w.

36 iqve.

37 gabedava meri, sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 ww; Tb; 1993w; gv:11.

38 gamaxaria jemal; qarTul afxazur urTierTobaT istoriidan; Tb; 1991w; gv :21-22.

39iqve.

40iqve.

41 TavdgiriZe niko; qarTuli presa; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #171; gv:2.

42 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 13-14.

43 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 19.

44 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 15.

45 iqve; gv: 16-17.

46 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 20.

47 iqve; gv: 21.

48 iqve; gv: 24.

49 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w; gv: 244.

50 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 27.

51 janeliZe oTar; saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria; Tbilisi; 2009w; gv: 124.

52 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 31.

53 iqve.

54 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 36.

55 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 21.

56 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 23.

57 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 2.

126

58 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w; gv: 280.

59 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w; gv: 245.

60 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 41.

61 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 1.

62 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2.

63 T-di etre anCabaZe; T-di meliton emuxvari’ “mciredi ganmarteba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916 w;

#99; gv: 3.

64 Aaskaneli pr; “soxumi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #150; gv: 4.

65 Aiqve.

66 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 162-164.

67 “qarTuli ena da soxumis episkoposi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #42; gv: 2.

68 edili zaqaria; “skolebis gaerovneba saqarTvelos sanapiroebSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #

269; gv: 3-4.

69 edili zaqaria; “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #193; gv: 4.

70 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTis viTareba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #234; gv: 4

71 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 152-153.

72 “mciredi ganmartebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #100; gv: 2.

73 “soxumis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #130; gv: 3.

74 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49

75 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 150-151.

76 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTis eklesiis garusebis istoriidan”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #37; gv:

4.

77 iqve.

78 iqve.

79 “afxazTa deputacia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; # 99; gv: 2.

80 “afxazeTis Suamdgomloba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #87; gv: 3.

81 “afxazeTis xma”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; # 87; gv: 2.

82 “afxazTa deputacia egsarxosTan”; “saqarTvelo”; # 100; gv: 2.

83 “afxazebis deputacia”; “saqarTvelo”; # 99; gv: 2.

84 iqve.

85 Eedili zaqaria; “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”; 1917w; #269; gv: 3-4.

86 “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 24;

87 edili zaqaria; “avtokefaliis sakiTxi afxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #128; gv: 4.

127

88 edili zaqaria; “avtokefaliis sakiTxi afxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #128; gv: 4.

89 iqve.

90 iqve.91 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTSis viTareba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #125; gv: 4.

92 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2/

93 “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 35; gv: 3.

94 Eedili zaqaria; “afxazeTis siwmindeni”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #237; gv: 4.

95 edili zaqaria; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918

w; #9; gv: 3.

96 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTis siwmindeni”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #234; gv: 4.

97 iqve. 98 edili zaqaria; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918

w; #8; #9; #10.

99 Aam-beri; “iloris bedi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #25; gv: 2.

100 iqve.

101 iqve.

102 iqve.103 “afxazeTis eklesia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919 w; #198; gv: 1

104 iqve.105 Waxraki; korespondencia “giorgi ServaSiZis xsovnis aRniSvna q. soxumSi (werili

soxumidan)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv 3-4.

106 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi

(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 32.

107 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2.

108 iqve. 109 “kai”; “werili afxazeTidan”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; # 125; gv: 4.

110 Eedili zaqaria; “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”; 1917w; #269; gv: 3-4.

111 “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #278; gv: 3.

112 “soxumi, mTielTa avtonomiis teritoria”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917 weli; #278; gv. 3.

113 janeliZe oTar; saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria; Tbilisi; 2009w; gv: 124.

114 “osmaleTis desanti soxumSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 126; gv: 2.

115 iqve.

116 “soxumis olqSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 128; gv: 2.

117 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 24.

118 “brZola axal aTonTan”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 170; gv: 3.

128

119 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 24.

120 TavdgiriZe niko; “afxazeTisa da jiqeTis sakiTxi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv: 3.

121 “afxazeTi da saqarTvelo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 73; gv: 3-4

122 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w.; gv: 244.

123 kakabaZe s; “Savi zRvis sanapirosaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 190; gv: 1.

124 iqve; gv: 257.

125 “SeTqmuleba afxazeTSi (mTavrobis oficialuri cnoba)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 192; gv:

3.

126 iqve.

127 “saomar moqmedebaTa dawyeba soWis olqSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #30; gv: 2.

128 iqve.

129 “sagareo saqmeTa ministris nota inglisisadmi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #32; gv: 3.

130 “soWi da baTomi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 31; gv: 1.

131 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 31-33.

132 “soxumSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 198w; # 44; gv: 4.

133 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 34.

134 “bolSevikebi soxumSi”; “saqarTvelo” 1918 w; # 70; gv: 3.

135 “a.i. Cxenkelis mimarTva afxazebisa da samurzayanolebisadmi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 86;

gv: 3.

136 “juRelis moxseneba soxumis ambebis Sesaxeb”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 106; gv: 3-2.

137 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 35.

138 “bolSevikebis damarcxeba soxumis olqSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 126; gv: 3.

139 “tuafses aRebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 153; gv: 1

140 TavdgiriZe niko; “Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi”;

“saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 185; gv: 3.

141 “general mazniaSvilis operacia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 155; gv: 1.

142 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;

gv: 36.

143 “afxazeTSi”; 1921w; #41; gv: 2.

144 “gagris fronti”; “saqarTvelo”; 1921w; #42; gv: 2.

145 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w.

146 iqve; gv: 126.

147 Ggivi gollend; “giorgi ServaSiZe”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 45; gv: 3.

148 iqve.

129

149 Waxraki; korespondencia “giorgi ServaSiZis xsovnis aRniSvna q. soxumSi (werili

soxumidan)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv 3-4.

150 Kkai, “werili afxazeTidan”; “saqarTvelo’; 1916w; #125; gv: 4.

151 juanSer; “kidev provokacia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 108; gv: 3.

152 iqve.

153 in-ri; “soxumis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 130; gv: 3.

154 iqve.

155 “tuafses aRebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #153; gv: 1.

156 TavdgiriZe niko; “Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi”;

“saqarTvelo # 186; gv: 3.

157 iqve.

158 iqve.159 iqve.

160 iqve.

161 Citaia daviT “afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi”; Tb. 2005 w; gv: 555.

162 rioneli; “afxazeTis arCevnebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918 w; # 241; gv: 3 – 4.

163 iqve.

164 iqve.

165 “afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #67; gv: 2

166 iqve.167 iqve.

168 kakabaZe s; “Savi zRvis sanapirosaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; 190; gv: 1.

169 iqve.

170 TavdgiriZe n; “afxazeTisa da jiqeTis sakiTxi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv: 3.

171 iqve.

172 “soWis olqi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 40; gv: 1.

173 iqve.

174 “miwebis CamorTmeva abxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #6; gv: 3.

175 edili z; “afxazeTSi (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 20; gv: 3

176 TavdgiriZe n; “erovnuli politikis uqonlobis Sedegebi”’ “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 137; gv:

2-3

177 “tuafses aRebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 153; gv: 1

178 TavdgiriZe niko; “Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi”;

“saqarTvelo # 185; gv: 3.

179 “qarTul-osuri konfliqtis istoriuli da politikur-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi da misi

mogvarebis ZiriTadi gzebi”; Tb; 1992; gv: 3.

180 iqve.

181 “samxreT oseTis yrilobis rezoluciebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 173; gv: 4.

130

182 iqve; # 207

183 iqve; # 207

184 sonRulaSvili avTandil; “samxreT oseTi” saqarTveloSi?!”’ Tb; 2009w; gv: 138

185 pavliaSvili daviT; “Sida qarTlis socialur-ekonomikuri struqtura”; Tb; 1998w; gv: 18-

19.

186 ToTaZe anzor; “osebi saqarTveloSi: miTi da realoba”; Tb; 2006w; gv: 34.

187 qarTul-osuri konfliqtis istoriuli da politikur samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi da misi

mogvarebis ZiriTadi gzebi”; Tb; 1992; gv: 6; 13

188 “osebis tavdasxma cxinvalze”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 64; gv: 3.

189 iqve.190 “cxinvalis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 70; gv: 3 – 4.

191 iqve192 iqve

193 iqve194 amirejibi Salva; “cxinvalis fronti”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 64; gv: 2.

195 iqve.

196 iqve.

197 amirejibi Salva; “giorgi maCabeli”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #69; gv: 3.

198 iqve.

199 iqve.

200 “cxinvalis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #66; gv: 3.

201 iqve.

202 a.l; drevandeli oseTi (qarTlSi osebis gamosvlis gamo)“; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 69; gv:

3-4.

203 iqve.

204 iqve.

205 “osTa yriloba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 110; gv: 3.

206 iqve.

207 g.q. “osTa sakiTxi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 124; gv: 1.

208 iqve.

209 iqve.

210 iqve.

211 a.l. “axlandeli mdgomareoba cxinvalSi da cxinvals zemoT”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 140;

gv: 4

212 iqve.

213 i. Wyonia, “saqarTvelos sanapiroebi”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917 w, #120, gv. 3

214 iqve

215 i. Wyonia, “saqarTvelos sanapiroebi”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917 w, #120, gv. 3

131

216 iqve

217 m. janaSvili “saingilo”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917w. #125, gv.4

218 z. edili “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”, “saqarTvelo”. 1917w. #123, gv. 4

219 m. janaSvili “saingilo”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917w. #125, gv.4

220 iqve

221 n. Wordania, `qarTveli nacionalistebi~, rCeuli anawerebi, Tb.,

222 r. gabaSvili, `rac maxsovs~, dabruneba, Tb., 1992w., t. 3, gv. 114

223 z. edili, saingilodan, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #101, gv. 4.

224 63 z. edili, `werili saingilodan~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #137, gv. 4.

225 gur-li, `q. zaqaTala~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #42, gv. 3.

226 iqve.

227 z. edili, `saingilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #73, gv. 4.

228ix. Jordania noe `nacionaluri kiTxva amierkavkasiaSi~, 1917w

229 `aoxrebuli mxare~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w., #98, gv. 3.

230 iqve.

231 z. edili `saingilos mdgomareoba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w., #35, gv. 4.

232 `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #13, #14.

233 iqve.

234 iqve.

235 `skolebis saWiroeba saingiloSi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #50, gv. 4.

236 z. edili, `saingilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #73, gv. 4.

237 z. edili, `skolebis gaerovneba saqarTvelos sanapiroebSi~,

`saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #269, gv. 3-4.

238 m. janaSvili, `saingilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #125, gv. 4.

239 z. edili, `saingilos gadagvareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w. #13

240 i. Wyonia, `saqarTvelos sanapiroebi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #120

241 z. edili, `saingilos viTareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #113 gv. 4.

242 `aoxrebuli mxare~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w. #98.

243 v-li `areuloba saingiloSi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w. #6.

244 r. ingilo, `miviwyebuli kuTxe~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #110, gv. 4

245 z. edili, `saingilos gadagvareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w., #14 Gv: 4

246 iqve

247 z. edili, `saingilos gadagvareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #13.

248 z. edili, `werili belaqanidan~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #281.

249 i. Wyonia, `saqarTvelos sanapiroebi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #120, gv. 4.

250 iqve.

251 z. edili, `kasris saydrzed~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #149, gv. 3-4.

252 iqve.

253 z. edili, `kasris saydarzed~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #149, gv. 3-4

132

marTlmorwmune mahmadiani da patrioti qarTvelic!~

254 afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #278, gv. 3.

255 z. edili, mTielTa kavSiri da afxazeTi, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #251, gv. 4.

256r. ingilo, `saqarTvelo teritoriis sakiTxi da singilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w.,

#282, gv. 3.

G

133

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