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2nd Semester Grammar Book
Lucas Read
Table of Contents
3: Conditional4: Irregulars5: Present6: Present perfect irregulars7: Past8: Subjunctive perfect9: Tanto y Tan10: Impersonal ‘se’11: Saber vs. Conocer12: Informal Commands13: Formal Commands14: Nosotros commands15: Subjunctive16: Irregulars17: Trigger phrases18: Demonstrative Adjectives
Conditional
• Used to express wonder, probability, conjecture, or possibilityUse when you use would: I would go
Infinitive + = Conditional
Same irregulars as the futureCan be used to make polite requests – Me gustaría
ía ía
ías íais
ía ían
Irregulars
• Caber Cabr• Poner Pondr• Decir Dir• Haber Habr• Salir Saldr• Hacer Har• Poder Podr• Tener Tendr• Querer Querr• Valer Valdr• Saber Sabr• Venir Vendr
Present Perfect
• The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the verb haber and the past participle of the other verb.– AR- ado– ER- ido– IR- ido
• True in past and still true in the present.
• Action was completed recently• To tell what you have done or have
not done.
He Hemos
Has Habeís
ha han
Irregulars
Abrir - abiertoCubrir - cubiertoDecir - dichoEscribir - escritoHacer - hechoMorir - murtoPooner - puestoResolver - resueltoRomper - rotoVer - vistoVolver - vueltoIr - ido
Past Perfect
• habíahabíashabíahabíamos + Verb = Past perfecthabíaishabían
• Use when you had/have done something in the past
• Remove (er, ir) and add ido• Remove (ar) and add ado
Subjunctive Perfect
• The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same clauses as the present subjunctive, and is normally used to indicate a completed action with verbs in the present or future tense.
• Use the present subjunctive conjugation of the verb haber + your past participle
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos + Participle
Hayan
Tanto y Tan• Tan… como (as…as)
• Tanto… como (as much/as many… as)
• Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs
• Tanto is used with nouns and verbs
• El es tan alto como yo.
• Ella tiene tanto amigos como yo.
Impersonal Se
• Se prohibe fumar• Se prohbio fumar.
• Use se to state when something is done in general (Smoking is prohibited.)
• When using 'se' the verb is always in the 3rd person.
• Can be used in ALL tenses.
Saber v Conocer
• Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works.
¿Conoces a Taylor Swift?
• Saber is used when you need to state facts
Yo sabo que Senora Linares es la mejor maestra en el mundo
Informal Commands
Affirmative: Conjugate to the usted form
Negative: Drop ending add opposite ending and 's'
+ Habla, Come, Escribe
- No Hables, No Comas, No Escribas
-- Comelo, No lo comas
--Di haz ve sé sal ten ven pon * add infinitive to end: venlo, tenla
Formal Commands
Affirmative: Yo form, opposite ending
Negative: Yo form opposite ending
if plural, add 'n'
Affirmative: Hablen, compre, escriba
Negative: No Hable, No compren, No escriba
– Hablelo, No la compren
– Dé, esté, vaya, sea,sepa, tenga, venga, ponga
Nosotros Commands
• Simply add the opposite ending of the nosotros conjugation...
• Hablamos-> Hablemos
• Mono Verbs- When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemosnos->Hablemonos
Subjunctive
• Represents attitudes, uncertain, will, hypothetical, influence, emotion, or doubt.
• Put in ‘yo’ form, change to the opposite ending
• Que- connects to subjunctive• When there is no change in subject from
clause to clause, use the infinitive
Irregulars
• Car, Gar, Zar- formed same way as always
• Conducir, decir, oir- conduzca, diga, oiga• Dar-> dé, des, den, demos• Hay-> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos
Trigger Phrases
• Impersonal expressions- es bueno que, es malo que, es necesario que, etc. Express order, need, piece of advice, or desire.
• Expressions of emotion- alegrarse de que, esperar que, sentir que, temer que, etc. Shows fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, joy, pity
• Conjunctions of time- use the subjunctive after them after the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past. Asi que, caundo, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como.
Demonstrative Adjectives
este (this) estaese (that) esaaquel (that over there) aquellaestos (these) estasesos (those) esasaquellos (those over there) aquellasMALE FEMALE