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Page 1: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

ITALYPART 2: VOLCANOES

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

Page 2: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY

FLOODS

WINDSTORMS

EARTHQUAKES

VOLCANOES

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Page 3: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric-mantle collision-zone inter-actions cause VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Page 4: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

Page 5: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY AND THE REGIONAL TECTONIC PLATES

Page 6: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LITHOSPHERIC-MANTLE INTER-

ACTIONS: AFRICA---EURASIA PLATES

Page 7: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of

movement along faults located in subduction zones or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii

and Iceland).

VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of

movement along faults located in subduction zones or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii

and Iceland).

Page 8: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

Of the 14 volcanoes in Italy, the four best known are: Etna (the

largest active volcano in Europe), Vulcano, Stromboli, and Vesuvius (the only active volcano on the mainland of

Europe).

Page 9: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., volcanic eruptions, ,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Page 10: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

Page 11: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen

Page 12: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.

Page 13: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

Page 14: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

Page 15: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

Page 16: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCETOWARDS VOLCANO

DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 17: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

Page 18: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• VOLCANO HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

VOLCANO RISK VOLCANO RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

VOLCANO DISASTER VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

Page 19: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• VERTICAL PLUME

• ASH AND TEPHRA

• LATERAL BLAST

• PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

Page 20: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• LAVA FLOWS

• LAHARS

• EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava)

• “VOLCANIC WINTER”

Page 21: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

Page 22: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL VOLCANOES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY HAZARDS (PDA’s) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 23: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL VOLCANOES EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVAC-UATION AND DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 24: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL VOLCANOES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 25: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LOCATION: ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE VOLCANOES

Page 26: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LAST ERUPTIONS OF ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE

VOLCANOES

VULCANO: 1890

VESUVIUS:1944

ETNA: 2012

STROMBOLI: 2013 CONTINUING

Page 27: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY’S VULCANO: 1890 - - -

Page 28: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944

Page 29: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944

Naples is at risk

Page 30: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY’S ETNA: 2012 - - -

Page 31: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY’S STROMBOLI: 2013 - - -

Page 32: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE MOST COMMON FLAWS EXPOSED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

• UN—PREPARED FOR WHAT HAPPENED

• UN---WARNED; NO EVACUATION• UN---ABLE TO RESPOND

EFFECTIVELY; LIVES LOST

Page 33: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ITALY’S NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS INEVITABLEITALY’S NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS INEVITABLE

• BUT, VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!


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