LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS.
INDONESIA. PART 3: VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
CYCLONES
FLOODS
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
VOLCANOES
PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” INDONESIA HAS 127 ACTIVE VOLCANOES AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION
OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIATECTONIC PLATES
542 OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE LOCATED IN “RING OF FIRE”
INDONESIA
INDONESIA’S VOLCANOES
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ON VOLCANOES
VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft)
• ASH AND TEPHRA• LATERAL BLAST• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS,
BURSTS, AND FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS• LAHARS (can bury villages)• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing
famine and mass extinctions)
LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANICERUPTIONS
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIES
INDONESIA’SINDONESIA’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•VOLCANO HAZARDS•PEOPLE & BLDGS. •VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
VOLCANO RISK VOLCANO RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: VOLCANO GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Lake TobaMount Tambora
KrakatauMerapi
INDONESIA’S NOTABLE ERUPTIONS
• Lake Toba: Supervolcanic eruption 74,000 years ago that caused 6 years of volcanic winter
• Mount Tambora: One of the most violent eruptions in recorded history that occurred in 1815.
• Krakatau: Notable for its global effects in 1883
INDONESIA’S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANES AT PRESENT
Mount KelutMount Merapi
Since AD 1000, Kelut has erupted more than 30 times,
with the largest eruption having a Volcanic
Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5
Thousands have died in these eruptions
Merapi has erupted more than 80 times
Thousands have died in these eruptions
SUDDEN CHANGE IN ACTIVITYSince December 26, 2004 when the M9.3 Banda Ache earthquake and
tsunami occurred, volcanic activity increased and some of Indonesia’s dormant volcanoes
became active again.
ERUPTIONS OF MOUNT MERAPI
May 15, and June 6 - 8, 2006
MOUNT MERAPI RECEIVED CLOSE ATTENTION ON APRIL 18
INDONESIA’S MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED ON MAY 15, 2006
• Mount Merapi, a stratovolcano, emitted lava, debris, and a pyroclastic flow (or cloud) on May 15.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Hot ash released.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Volcanic ash turned everything white
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION• School children
wore masks to counter adverse health effects of breathing volcanic ash.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Volcanic ash covered crops and vegetation.
MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION
• Volcanic ash covered automobiles and affected jet airline traffic.
MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED AGAIN ON JUNE 6-8, 2006
• Mount Merapi volcano emitted lava, debris, and pyroclastic flows (superheated clouds of gas) on Tuesday, June 6 and Wednesday, June 7.
EXPLOSIVENESS OF JUNE 8 ERUPTION SENT 15,000 FLEEING
EVACUATION
• 11,000 from three districts evacuated to schools and other “safe haven” emergency shelters
MANY CHOSE TO EVACUATE
• Many citizens chose to evacuate.
• Evacuation was ordered.
• Villagers remembered the 1994 disaster
MANY CHOOSE NOT TO EVACUATE
• Many citizens chose not to evacuate because shelters are boring and they wanted to provide for livestock and tend crops.
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOESFOR VOLCANOES
VOLCANIC VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS EXPECTED EXPECTED
LOSSLOSS
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.
AIR AND LAND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
.
