ITALY AND THERENAISSANCE
The Birth of Venus, Botticelli (1485)
What was the Renaissance?
• The term means “rebirth” – in this case, the term refers to a revival of art and learning.
• The Renaissance originated in Northern Italy and then spread throughout Europe.
Why Italy?
• Italy had 3 advantages that made it the birthplace of the Renaissance.
• 1. thriving cities• 2. a wealthy merchant class• 3. the classical heritage of
Greece and Rome.
City-States• Overseas trade led to the growth
of many large city-states in Northern Italy, making this part of the country predominately urban.
• The bubonic plague caused labor shortages which pushed up wages. With few opportunities to expand business, merchants began to pursue art.
Merchants
• A wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state.
• In Florence, a powerful banking family called the Medici came to power.
Cosimo de Medici
Dictator of Florence, 1434-1464.
Lorenzo de Medici
Followed his grandfather as ruler of Florence.
Heritage of Greece & Rome
• 1. Artists drew inspiration from the ruins of ancient Rome.
• 2. Scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts.
• 3. Greek manuscripts were also in Rome after being relocated from Constantinople.
Renaissance Values
• Humanism: an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
• Represented a move away from the exclusively Christian values of the Medieval era.
Renaissance Values (cont’d)
• Secularism: a focus on the worldly rather than the spiritual and concerned with the here and now.
• Led to an emphasis on worldly pleasure, such as material luxuries, music and food.
Renaissance Values (cont’d)• The Renaissance
Man: • All educated people
were expected to master almost every area of study, such as dancing, music, art, poetry, horseback riding, wrestling, the classics, etc.
Renaissance Values (cont’d)
• The Renaissance Woman:
• Well-educated but non-political.
• Expected to inspire rather than create art.
Renaissance Art
• Renaissance art involved stylistic change.
• 1. Emphasized realism. • 2. More of a secular
focus, utilizing Greek and Roman rather than spiritual subjects.
• 3. Used perspective, or 3-D painting.
Michelangelo
• Painter, sculptor, architect and poet.
• Most famous for the way he portrayed the human body as influenced by classical art.
The Sistine Chapel
Leonardo da Vinci
• Painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist.
• Ergo, often considered the quintessential Renaissance man.
The Last Supper
Adoration of the Magi
da Vinci
Raphael1483-1520
The School of Athens
Renaissance Literature
• Writers produced works that were secular as well as religious.
• Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas. This refers to their native language, rather than Latin.
• Writers focused on the individuality of their subjects.
Dante• Wrote The Divine Comedy.• Widely considered the central
epic poem of Italian literature, the first great work of the Renaissance and one of the greatest works of world literature.
• Tells the story of visiting hell from the first person.
Dante as depicted by Michelangelo
Petrarch
• One of the earliest and most influential humanists.
• Great poet known for writing sonnets (or 14 line poems) to an unknown woman named Laura.
Machiavelli • Most famous for writing
The Prince.• This book gives advice on
how a ruler can gain and maintain power.
• Argues that most people are selfish and corrupt.
• Focuses on what was effective rather than moral; advocated lying if effective.
Printing Spreads Ideas
• The Chinese first used block printing and the Europeans would expand on this
• This process worked, but too slow to keep up with the demand for ideas
• About 1440 Johann Gutenberg invented a printing press with movable type
• Books could now be made fast and cheap
• The fist book printed was the Gutenberg Bible
• Before the press 5 months to copy a book by hand
• After the press 5 months to print 500 books
Review: Humanism
• What are the main characteristics of humanism?
• Affirmed the worth of the human.
• Emphasized the self and individuality.
• Valued the secular rather than the spiritual.
• Optimistic about the potential for social improvement.
The Northern Renaissance
• Merchants, artists, scholars came to Italy from northern Europe and were impressed with what they saw from the Italian Renaissance
• As a result, the northern Renaissance developed its own character, mainly realism
Albrecht Dürer• German• Known for
woodcarvings and engravings
Pieter Bruegel and Jan van Eyck
• Flemish painters (from Netherlands)
• Van Eyck used oil-based paints to show layers and subtlety (i.e. jewels)
• Bruegel showed scenes from everyday peasant life (Peasant Wedding)
Northern Writers: Christian
Humanists• Critical of the Church and
wanted to reform society• Erasmus (Netherlands) and
Thomas More (England) are two best examples
• Erasmus’ The Praise of Folly • More’s Utopia
Legacy of the Renaissance
• Marked a break in religious focus of Middle Ages
• Belief that the individual played a role in the rise of democratic beliefs
• Arts: writers (vernacular) and painters (realism and secularism)
• Society: learning and rise in literacy • Church’s power declines and
monarchs’ rises• Paved the way for nation states
