INTRODUCTION TO ROME
•Comparing Greece and Rome
INTRODUCTION TO ROME
•Comparing Greece and Rome• Geography• Influence• Polis/Empire• Governance• Attitude towards outsiders• Masters of War vs. Masters of battle• Conservative vs. Innovation• Practicality vs. Idealism• Governing (“Coarse-grained technocrats”) vs. Culture (“Sensitive
Aesthetes”)
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey
After various adventure largely paralleling the wanderings of Odysseus, the Trojans are cast ashore at the recently founded city of Carthage.
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey• Goes to ItalyWins Battles, Settles in Latium
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey• Goes to ItalyWins Battles, Settles in Latium
•Romulus and Remus• Sons of Mars
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey• Goes to ItalyWins Battles, Settles in Latium
•Romulus and Remus• Sons of Mars• She-Wolf
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey• Goes to ItalyWins Battles, Settles in Latium
•Romulus and Remus• Sons of Mars• She-Wolf• Disagree over where to found city
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey• Goes to ItalyWins Battles, Settles in Latium
•Romulus and Remus• Sons of Mars• She-Wolf• Disagree over where to found city• Remus mocks Romulus
"So perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements.”
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey• Goes to ItalyWins Battles, Settles in Latium
•Romulus and Remus• Sons of Mars• She-Wolf• Disagree over where to found city• Remus mocks Romulus• Romulus founds Rome
Mythic History
•Aeneid• Story of Aeneas• Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE• Escape from Troy• Parallels to Odyssey• Goes to ItalyWins Battles, Settles in Latium
•Romulus and Remus• Sons of Mars• She-Wolf• Disagree over where to found city• Remus mocks Romulus• Romulus founds Rome
•Significance• Aeneid: Tie to glorious past• RR: Ambitious Men Fighting over Rome• RR: Honor/Duty/Civic Loyalty>Family Ties
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Persevering & group oriented, but willing
to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Persevering & group oriented, but willing
to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Alps help protect Italy
from invasions Persevering & group
oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas
for their own uses
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Alps help protect Italy
from invasions Persevering & group
oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas
for their own uses
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Alps help protect Italy
from invasions
Italy divided by mts., but
less than GreecePersevering & group
oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas
for their own uses
• Flatlands• Can be
unified• Sicily• Rome
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Alps help protect Italy
from invasions
Italy divided by mts., but
less than Greece
Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28)
Persevering & group oriented, but willing
to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Alps help protect Italy
from invasions
Italy divided by mts., but
less than Greece
Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28)
Location in middle of
Mediterranean
Location in middle of
Mediterranean
Persevering & group oriented, but willing
to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Alps help protect Italy
from invasions
Italy divided by mts., but
less than Greece
Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28)
Location in middle of
Mediterranean
Away from interference
by other civ’s in East
Location in middle of
Mediterranean
Away from interference
by other civ’s in East
Persevering & group oriented, but willing
to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses
aFC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME
More farmers & fewer traders in Italy
Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia)
Few resources but more than
Greece has
Better farmland than Greece has
Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.
Heavy Greek influence on Rome
(FC.19)
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has
Alps help protect Italy
from invasions
Italy divided by mts., but
less than Greece
Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28)
Rome able to conquer the Mediterranean (FC.29)
Location in middle of
Mediterranean
Away from interference
by other civ’s in East
Location in middle of
Mediterranean
Away from interference
by other civ’s in East
Persevering & group oriented, but willing
to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collection of Villages
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collection of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?
aFC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?• Dominant Power in Italy
• Cities~Greek Polis
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?• Dominant Power in Italy
• Cities~Greek Polis• Powerful Kings, Armies
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?• Dominant Power in Italy
• Cities~Greek Polis• Powerful Kings, Armies• Trade with Greek neighbors
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?• Dominant Power in Italy
• Cities~Greek Polis• Powerful Kings, Armies• Trade with Greek neighbors• Control Rome after ~650
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?• Dominant Power in Italy
• Cities~Greek Polis• Powerful Kings, Armies• Trade with Greek neighbors• Control Rome after ~650
•Rome under Etruscan Rule• Innovations/Characteristics
aFC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
aFC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
aFC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
aFC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?• Dominant Power in Italy
• Cities~Greek Polis• Powerful Kings, Armies• Trade with Greek neighbors• Control Rome after ~650
•Rome under Etruscan Rule• Innovations/Characteristics• Other Influences
• Dark/Gloomy Religion• Togas
Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans
•Collective of Villages•Periodization of Roman History
• Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE• Republic 509 – 31 BCE• Empire 31 BCE onwards
•Who are the Etruscans?• From Asia Minor?• Dominant Power in Italy
• Cities~Greek Polis• Powerful Kings, Armies• Trade with Greek neighbors• Control Rome after ~650
•Rome under Etruscan Rule• Innovations/Characteristics• Other Influences
• Dark/Gloomy Religion• Togas
• Rome becomes most imp city in Central Italy
aFC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeHill tribes attack attack from East
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
Rebellion vs. Etruscans•Final Three Kings EtruscanDistrust of Kings•Tarquinius Superbus and Lucretia•Romans drive out Etruscans
• Hills• Greeks
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeHill tribes attack attack from East
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects
Result?
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeHill tribes attack attack from East
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects
Latins are more loyal & reliable allies
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeHill tribes attack attack from East
Who beats Etr’s?
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects
Latins are more loyal & reliable allies
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeHill tribes attack attack from East
Etruscans decline after Grks beat
them
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects
Latins are more loyal & reliable allies
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
The legend of Horatius, who single-handedly held off a surprise Etruscan attack while the Romans destroyed the bridge leading to Rome, reflects continuing Etruscan power over and/or pressure upon Rome at this time.
The Etruscan defeat of the Greeks at Alalia in 525 BCE marked a turning point in their fortunes as the peak of their power and also contributing to its downfall.
In 474 BCE, the Greeks, and peoples of Latium allied to defeat the Etruscan navies at Cumae. Before this, a series of defeats on land led to the loss of control of Latium, the southern trade routes to Campania, and other territories. To the south, the Samnites defeated the Campanian league, while to the North, the Celts poured into the Po Valley.
Veii, which fell to the Romans in 396 BCE, was the first city in the Etruscan heartland to be defeated. From then on, further Etruscan decline was inevitable.
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeFrom the East?
Etruscans decline after Grks beat
them
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects
Latins are more loyal & reliable allies
Rome stays free from Etruscans
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeHill tribes attack attack from East
Etruscans decline after Grks beat
them
Rome allies with one tribe vs.
others
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects
Latins are more loyal & reliable allies
Rome defeats the hill tribes
Rome stays free from Etruscans
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.)
Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in :
Use of the arch
Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city:
Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture
Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers
Rome the most important city in Central Italy
Alphabet adopted from the Greeks
Urban planning on a rectangular grid
How to build roads & bridges
Their practice of Augury Style of dress
Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides:Latin tribes to the South
rebel vs. RomeHill tribes attack attack from East
Rome able to expand vs. its enemies (FC.28)
Etruscans decline after Grks beat
them
Rome allies with one tribe vs.
others
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects
Latins are more loyal & reliable allies
Rome defeats the hill tribes
Rome stays free from Etruscans
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)
Etruscans still a threat in the N.
