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Integrated Soil Fertility ManagementIntegrated Soil Fertility Management[ISFM][ISFM] in Subin Sub--Saharan Africa: Saharan Africa:

principles and practiceprinciples and practiceprinciples and practiceprinciples and practice

B VanlauweB VanlauweTSBFTSBF--CIATCIAT

Fertility

Soil Biology

TSBFTSBF CIATCIATKenya, NairobiKenya, [email protected]@cgiar.org

TSBF

Soil

The opportunity…

Finally, fertilizer is back on the African agenda!Finally, fertilizer is back on the African agenda!

Statement in 1996 (Research Director, IITA):Statement in 1996 (Research Director, IITA): Statement in 1996 (Research Director, IITA): Statement in 1996 (Research Director, IITA): ‘You can’t include fertilizer in your work since‘You can’t include fertilizer in your work sincefarmers in Africa are not using fertilizer’farmers in Africa are not using fertilizer’farmers in Africa are not using fertilizerfarmers in Africa are not using fertilizer

The opportunity…

The African Green Revolution The African Green Revolution (K Anan)(K Anan)

The Alliance for a Green Revolution in AfricaThe Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa The Alliance for a Green Revolution in AfricaThe Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa(AGRA): ‘(AGRA): ‘By 2015, increase fertilizer use from By 2015, increase fertilizer use from 8 to 50 kg fertilizer nutrients/ha’8 to 50 kg fertilizer nutrients/ha’8 to 50 kg fertilizer nutrients/ha8 to 50 kg fertilizer nutrients/ha

Soil health program of AGRA Soil health program of AGRA [50% improved[50% improvedplants 50% improved soils]plants 50% improved soils]plants, 50% improved soils]plants, 50% improved soils]

The challenge…

What are ‘best soil fertility managementWhat are ‘best soil fertility managementpractices’?practices’?pp

How can these be deployed over a relativelyHow can these be deployed over a relativelyl l i l i l h i d f i ?l l i l i l h i d f i ?large scale in a relatively short period of time?large scale in a relatively short period of time?

S il ld li i d j iS il ld li i d j i

Production environment in Africa Soils are old; limited rejuvenationSoils are old; limited rejuvenation

O l b 10% f h bl l d iO l b 10% f h bl l d i

Production environment in Africa Only about 10% of the arable land in use Only about 10% of the arable land in use

O l b 10% f h bl l d iO l b 10% f h bl l d i

Production environment in Africa Only about 10% of the arable land in use Only about 10% of the arable land in use

[limited areas with large population densities][limited areas with large population densities]

L k f i f k i iL k f i f k i i

Production environment in Africa Lack of infrastructure, market organizationLack of infrastructure, market organization

L k f i f k i iL k f i f k i i

Production environment in Africa Lack of infrastructure, market organizationLack of infrastructure, market organization

Bukavu(DRCongo)

Masaka

(DRCongo)900 USD

Masaka(Uganda)421 USD

Mombasa264 USD

Internationalmarket

165 USD

L k f f bl liL k f f bl li [ Ni i b idi[ Ni i b idi

Production environment in Africa Lack of favorable policy Lack of favorable policy [e.g, Nigeria: subsidies [e.g, Nigeria: subsidies

have been on/off over the past 30 years] have been on/off over the past 30 years] D li i i i R&D f il f iliD li i i i R&D f il f ili Declining capacity in R&D for soil fertility mgtDeclining capacity in R&D for soil fertility mgt Insufficient investment in agricultural R&DInsufficient investment in agricultural R&D B i d iB i d i Brain drainBrain drain Climate change, droughtClimate change, drought Ci il ifCi il if Civil strifeCivil strifeHIV/AIDS, malnutritionHIV/AIDS, malnutrition L d i iL d i i Land tenure insecurityLand tenure insecurityHigh inflation, low salariesHigh inflation, low salaries EE Etc, etc, etcEtc, etc, etc

FAO I d f N t F d O t t C it 1961 2000

Current status of agriculture in AfricaFAO Index of Net Food Output per Capita, 1961-2000

160

140

150

120

130

100

110

80

90

80

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

World E SE Asia South Asia Sub-Sahara

The challenge…

What are ‘best soil fertility managementWhat are ‘best soil fertility managementpractices’?practices’?

How can these be deployed over a relativelyHow can these be deployed over a relativelylarge scale in a relatively short period of time?large scale in a relatively short period of time?large scale in a relatively short period of time?large scale in a relatively short period of time?

Necessary components of ISFM1. Fertilizers are indispensable

Necessary components of ISFM2. Organic resources are limited but necessary

Crop Oilpalm Imperata ManureCrop Oilpalm Imperata Manureresidues leaves

Availability? Acceptability? Quality?Availability? Acceptability? Quality?

Necessary components of ISFM3. Improved germplasm enhances nutrient uptake

Necessary components of ISFM4. Fields are heterogeneous

Necessary components of ISFM

Ring management Clustered farms Shifting plots

4. Fields are heterogeneous

g g(Prudencio et al, 93) (Titonnell et al, 05)

g p(AfricaNuances, 07)

HouseHouseFields; lighter colors refer to less fertile plots

Definition of ISFM

‘The application of soil fertility management practices and the knowledge to adapt these topractices, and the knowledge to adapt these tolocal conditions, which maximize fertilizer and

organic resource use efficiency and croporganic resource use efficiency and crop productivity. These practices necessarily

include appropriate fertilizer and organic inputinclude appropriate fertilizer and organic inputmanagement in combination with the utilization of improved germplasm’utilization of improved germplasm

Definition of ISFMA i ffi i

5000

Agronomic efficiency = [Increase in yield]/[Fertilizer nutrients applied]

4000

4500

5000

a)

3000

3500

4000

eld

(kg/

h

2000

2500

Cro

p yi

e

Constant fertilizer application rate

1000

1500

C application rate

0 10 20 30 40

AE (kg grain/kg fertilizer)

A i ffi i

Definition of ISFMAgronomic efficiency = [Increase in yield]/[Fertilizer nutrients applied]

5000

400045005000

ha)

250030003500

eld

(kg/

h

100015002000

Cro

p yi

e

0500

1000C

0 50 100 150 200

Fertilizer nutrients applied (kg/ha)

Definition of ISFMA i ffi iAgronomic efficiency = [Increase in yield]/[Fertilizer nutrients applied]

35

40

izer

)

20

25

30

/kg

fert

ili

10

15

20

kg g

rain

/

0

5

10

AE

(k

0 50 100 150 200

Fertilizer nutrients applied (kg/ha)

Definition of ISFMA i ffi iAgronomic efficiency = [Increase in yield]/[Fertilizer nutrients applied]

V l E tr r in * [$ ]Value Extra grain * [$grain]--------- = ----------------------------C t F rtiliz r * [$ ]Cost Fertilizer * [$fertilizer]

dgeCurrent practice

cien

cy

crease in knowledgeic

effi

c Increa

A

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili

Germplasm& f tili ’

Germplasm& f tili

Responsive soilsPoor, less-responsive soilsB

eld/ Average of 8 kg nutrients/ha

Relatively poor AE due topractice & fertilizer+ Organicresource mgt

+ L l

& fertilizer’+ Organicresource mgt

& fertilizerYie Relatively poor AE due to

poor fertilizer management Lack of use of improved+ Local

adaptation

‘Full ISFM’Move towards ISFM

Lack of use of improved germplasm

S il d d f ili i SSA!

Step 1: Fertilizer and germplasmSoils do respond to fertilizer in SSA!

40

45Maize-based systems in sub-Saharan AfricaN applied < 100 kg/ha

30

35

40

dded

)

N applied < 100 kg/haChivenge et al, 2010

Fertilizer alone

25

30

n/kg

N a

d

15

20

(kg

grai

5

10AE

n=268 n= 69 n= 90 n=1090

All Sand Loam Clay

n 268 n 69 n 90 n 109

Step 1: Fertilizer and germplasmcrop yieldcrop yieldC i ld crop yield

utilization efficiency

IIorganic matter production

III

crop yield



IIICrop yield

Organicmatter

Utilizationefficiency

C

DE

C

DEmatter

production

ass

yiel

dnutrient uas

s yi

eld

nutrient uNutrientBiomass

biom

a

A

uptakebiom

a

A

uptake uptakeyield

UptakeB

IB

I

pefficiency

fertilizer application

Iuptake efficiency


Iuptake efficiency

Fertilizer application

Step 1: Fertilizer and germplasm3000

control (no fertilizer applied)fertilizer applied

ha)

Management intensity (planting date

2000

g h

a-1]

(kg/

h(planting date, crop density and time of

‘The 5th R’

e yi

eld

[kg

n y

ield

phosphorus application), Tinfouga, Mali

1000

mai

ze g

rain

g ,(Bationo et al., 1997).

0Mai

ze

0low medium high

manage me nt

M

Management regime

Necessary components of ISFMS b W K

1800

2000

a)

Soybean, West Kenya

1400

1600

y m

atte

r/h 931/9/35Gazelle

TGx 1448-2E

TGx 1835-10E

1000

1200

P (k

g dr

y TGx 1448 2E

600

800

yiel

d w

ith

200

400

Gra

in y

00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Grain yield without P (kg dry matter/ha)

dgeStep 1: Fertilizer and germplasm

cien

cy


effi

c Increa

A

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/

practice & fertilizer+ Organicresource mgt

+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation


Step 2: Combining fert and OMTotal millet dry matter yield as affected by long-term

application of crop residues and fertilizer, Sadore, Niger

9000 Control

7000

8000

9000

kg h

a-1)

ControlCrop residuesFertilizerCrop residues + fertilizer 100

120

(kg

kg-1

)

5000

6000

mat

ter

(k

60

80

app

lied

(

3000

4000

mill

et d

ry m

20

40

mat

ter /

N0

1000

2000

Tota

l m

0

20

withoutcrop

with cropresidues

Dry

m01982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

Year

cropresidues

residues

Step 2: Combining fert and OM

40

45 Maize-based systems in sub-Saharan AfricaN applied < 100 kg/ha

30

35

adde

d) Fertilizer aloneFertilizer + organic matter

20

25

ain/

kg N

a

15

20

E (k

g gr

a

5

10AE

n=268 n= 69 n= 90 n=109

n= 82 n= 25 n= 22 n= 46

0All Sand Loam Clay

n=268 n= 69 n= 90 n=109

Step 2: Combining fert and OMcrop yieldcrop yieldC i ld crop yield



III

crop yield



IIICrop yield

Organicmatter

Utilizationefficiency

C

DE

C

DEmatter

production

ass

yiel

dnutrient uas

s yi

eld

nutrient uNutrientBiomass

biom

a

A

uptakebiom

a

A

uptake uptakeyield

UptakeB

IB

I

pefficiency


Iuptake efficiency


Iuptake efficiency

Fertilizer application

Step 2: Combining fert and OM

Early DualEarly Specificvariety

Dualpurposevarietyvariety variety

dgeStep 2: Combining fert and OM

cien

cy


effi

c Increa

A

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation


Step 3: Adaptation to local conditions

3.5SED (control)

3.0

SED (control)

2.0

2.5

ain

yiel

d

1 0

1.5

Mai

ze g

ra

0.5

1.0M

Shinyalu, Western Kenya

0.0Close Mid-distance Remote


3.5controlSED (control) SED (with PPK)

3.0

controlwith NPK

SED (control) SED (with PPK)

2.0

2.5

ain

yiel

d

1 0

1.5

Mai

ze g

ra

0.5

1.0M

Shinyalu, Western Kenya

0.0Close Mid-distance Remote


44.5

5ha

)

33.5

4

eld

(t/h

Compound

22.5

3

rain

yie fields

11.5

2

aize

gr Long distance

00.5M

a

Carsky et al., 1998

0 1 2 3Soil Organic C (%)


IF acid soil THEN apply limeIF soil crusting THEN superficial tillageg p gIF plow layer THEN deep tillageIF drought THEN water harvestingg gIF … THEN …

dgeStep 3: Adaptation to local conditions

cien

cy


effi

c Increa

A

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation


Step 3: Adaptation to local conditionsO f i il !Occurrence of non-responsive soils!

dgeStep 3: Adaptation to local conditions

cien

cy


effi

c Increa

A

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation


QUADRANT D ‘L hi h’ QUADRANT A ‘Hi h hi h’

Priority cropping systems

EHI

GH

QUADRANT D- ‘Low-high’• Tree and herbaceous improved

fallows• Alley farming • Biomass transfer systems• Fallows with indigenous trees

Sl h d b (l l ti

QUADRANT A – ‘High-high’• Fertilizer micro-dosing in sorghum-

millet-based systems • Soybean – maize rotations with

fertilizer targeted to different phases of the rotationI d l l i t

in y

ield

/AE • Slash-and-burn (low population

densities)• Improved cereal-legume intercrops

with targeted fertilizer application•

ncre

ases

QUADRANT C – ‘?-?’• ISFM for cassava-based systems• ISFM for banana-based systems• ISFM for upland rice (eg, NERICA)• ISFM in conservation agriculture

Rel

ativ

e in

QUADRANT B – ‘High-low’• ‘Seeds and fertilizer’• Crop residue utilization• Animal manure

QUADRANT E – ‘Low-low’• Composting, household waste• Bio-solids

ISFM in conservation agriculture

LOW

• Grain legume - cereal rotationswithout fertilizer

• Cereal - grain legume intercropswithout fertilizer

Adoption potentialLOW HIGH


QUADRANT A – ‘High-high’

AE

HIG

H


fallows• Alley farming • Biomass transfer systems• Fallows with indigenous trees• Slash-and-burn (low population



fertilizer targeted to different phases of the rotation

• Improved cereal-legume intercrops

• Fertilizer micro-dosing insorghum/millet – cowpearotations

es in

yie

ld/A

Slash and burn (low populationdensities)

Improved cereal legume intercropswith targeted fertilizer application

•

QUADRANT C ‘? ?’

• Soybean – maize rotationswith fertilizer targeted to

tive

incr

ease

QUADRANT B – ‘High-low’QUADRANT E – ‘Low-low’


different phases of the rotation

Rel

aO

W

• ‘Seeds and fertilizer’• Crop residue utilization• Animal manure• Grain legume - cereal rotations

without fertilizer• Cereal - grain legume intercrops

without fertilizer

• Composting, household waste• Bio-solids

Adoption potential

LO

LOW HIGH


QUADRANT D – ‘Low-high’

AE

HIG

H


fallows• Alley farming • Biomass transfer systems• Fallows with indigenous trees• Slash-and-burn (low population



fertilizer targeted to different phases of the rotation

• Improved cereal-legume intercrops

• Tree and herbaceous legumes,improved fallows

All f i

es in

yie

ld/A

Slash and burn (low populationdensities)

Improved cereal legume intercropswith targeted fertilizer application

•

QUADRANT C ‘? ?’

• Alley farming

• Biomass transfer systems

tive

incr

ease

QUADRANT B – ‘High-low’QUADRANT E – ‘Low-low’


Rel

aO

W• ‘Seeds and fertilizer’• Crop residue utilization• Animal manure• Grain legume - cereal rotations

without fertilizer• Cereal - grain legume intercrops

without fertilizer

• Composting, household waste• Bio-solids

Adoption potential

LO

LOW HIGH

The challenge…

What are ‘best soil fertility managementWhat are ‘best soil fertility managementpractices’?practices’? √

How can these be deployed over a relativelyHow can these be deployed over a relativelylarge scale in a relatively short period of time?large scale in a relatively short period of time?large scale in a relatively short period of time?large scale in a relatively short period of time?

dgeIncrease in complexity

cien

cy


effi

c Increa

A

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation



cien

cy

crease in knowledgeComplete ISFM???- Improved fallows

ic e

ffic Increa

A

- Agroforestry systems- Biomass transfer

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC systems

- ???

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/

- ???


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation



cien

cy

crease in knowledge‘Simple’ approaches - Demonstrations

ic e

ffic Increa

A

- Information folders- Diagnosis non-

rono

m

Responsive soils

ACresponsive fields

- Supply chain issues

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/

- [Partial] subsidy


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation



cien

cy

crease in knowledgeThe Malawi fertilizer subsidy programme

Fertilizer + seed

ic e

ffic Increa

A

- Fertilizer + seedstarter packs

- From net importer to

rono

m

Responsive soils

AC

pnet exporter (2006)-AE is 14 kg grain/kg f ili iA

g

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/

fertilizer nutrient


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation



cien

cy

crease in knowledge‘Simple’ approaches - Demonstrations

Intensive approaches- Farmer capacity

ic e

ffic Increa

A

- Information folders- Diagnosis non-

- Farmer field schools- Interactive learning

rono

m

Responsive soils

ACresponsive fields

- Supply chain issues- Diagnosis SF status- Best-fit options

Ag

Currentti

Germplasm& f tili


Germplasm& f tili


eld/

- [Partial] subsidy - Extension training


+ L l


& fertilizerYie

+ Localadaptation


An enabling environment for ISFM

Access to input and output marketsNutrition and health benefits Conducive policy environment Capacity of extension services Capacity of extension services Etc

An enabling environment for ISFM

1 H t k h ld i th fi ld f il f tilit

Important research issues1. How can stakeholders in the field of soil fertilitymanagement diagnose the soil fertility status?

Organic C measurements

Farmer class Low Medium HighLow 57% 33% 10%

Medium 22% 61% 17%

High 18% 34% 48%

Important research issues2 R h bilit ti f i il2. Rehabilitation of non-responsive soils

cy nowledgeef

ficie

nc

Increase in knowno

mic

e

AC

Agr

on

C t G l G l G l


Currentpractice

Germplasm& fertilizer

+ Organicresource mgt

Germplasm& fertilizer’

+ Organicresource mgt

Germplasm& fertilizer

+ Localadaptation


Important research issues2 R h bilit ti f i il Chemical/physical degradation: use of high rates of Org. Res.2. Rehabilitation of non-responsive soils

3500

3000

3500

/ha)

2000

2500

yiel

d (k

g

1000

1500

e gr

ain

y

Homestead field - year 1

Outfield - year 1

500

1000

Mai

ze

Outfield - year 1

00 10 20 30 40

N fertilizer applied (kg N/ha)(Zingore et al,

2007)

Important research issues2 R h bilit ti f i il Chemical/physical degradation: use of high rates of Org. Res.2. Rehabilitation of non-responsive soils

3500

3000

3500

/ha)

2000

2500

yiel

d (k

g

1000

1500

e gr

ain

y

Homestead field - year 1Outfield - year 1Homestead field - year 3

500

1000

Mai

ze Outfield - year 3

00 10 20 30 40

N fertilizer applied (kg N/ha)(Zingore et al,

2007)

3 C f tili t i t t ISFM id

Important research issues3. Can fertilizer as an entry point to ISFM providesufficient OM for increasing the soil C pool?

Site (country) Fert Duration Organic C (g kg-1) years - Fert + Fert Diff.

Zaria (Nigeria) AS 15 3.1 3.4 -0.3( g )Ife (Nigeria) AS 7 8.0 8.5 +0.5Ibadan (Nigeria) AS 5 8.7 10.5 +1.8Ife (Nigeria) AS 14 5 7 3 5 2 2Ife (Nigeria) AS 14 5.7 3.5 -2.2Bouaké (Côte d’Ivoire) Urea 20 13.5 8.3 -5.2Ibadan (Nigeria) Urea 5 8.7 9.0 +0.3Ibadan (Nigeria) Urea 14 5.9 5.8 -0.1Ife (Nigeria) Urea 14 5.7 8.0 +2.3Ibadan (Nigeria) CANa 5 8.7 10.4 +1.7( g )Mokwa (Nigeria) CAN 12 3.1 3.3 +0.2Ife (Nigeria) CAN 14 5.7 6.5 +0.8

AE i hi h ISFM i b d h

Limitations to the AE concept AE within the ISFM is based on short term

gains; what about the soil fertility status?

F d i i il h l h d l i h Focus on productivity; soil health deals withsoil-based ecosystem services

I i diffi l hi l ISFM b bl It is difficult to achieve complete ISFM; probablya realistic goal should be to ‘move towards’ rather than achieving complete ISFM everywhererather than achieving complete ISFM everywhere

1 Thi i h i f il i d l

Take home messages1. This is the time for soil science and plantnutrition to show impact in Africa!



2 S ill d i i i il f ili2. ISFM will drive investments in soil fertility focusing on resource-use efficient agriculture




3. Moving towards complete ISFM: immediateimpact is possible while investments in capacitybuilding for complete ISFM are happeningbuilding for complete ISFM are happening





4. Important research issues required addressingb f l t ISFM i iblbefore complete ISFM is possible





4. Important research issues required addressingb f l t ISFM i iblbefore complete ISFM is possible

5. Creating an enabling environment for ISFMi l i l d l i ISFM iis at least as crucial as developing ISFM practices

IPNC d Af i

Take home messagesIPNC and Africa

1. The main challenge in Africa is the need for a b i l i i d i i isubstantial increase in productivity in an

environment with multiple stresses (lownutrient stocks drought acidity etc)nutrient stocks, drought, acidity, etc)

IPNC d Af i




2. Strategic plant nutrition research is going to be required to develop improved stress resistantrequired to develop improved, stress-resistantgermplasm adapted to these conditions

IPNC d Af i





3 E f Af i i ti t t d l3. Exposure of African scientists to new develop-ments and approaches including participation inthe IPNC meetings is crucial…the IPNC meetings is crucial…

IPNC d Af i





3 E f Af i i ti t t d l3. Exposure of African scientists to new develop-ments and approaches including participation inthe IPNC meetings is crucial…the IPNC meetings is crucial…

4. … eventually resulting in tangible cooperation.

Thank you!Merci beaucoup!p

Asante sana!

Download - Integrated Soil Fertility Management [ISFM]in Subin Sub ...ipnc.ucdavis.edu/powerpoints/R307_0830_0915_Vanlauwe.pdf · Integrated Soil Fertility Management [ISFM]in Subin Sub--Saharan

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