339

Index

Index of Personal Names

Abu Bakr (Caliph), 57Agamemnon, 270Agesilaus, 271, 272Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius, 159Ahluwalia, Montek Singh, 120Akbar (the Great), 32, 61–63, 76, 83Alamán, Lucás, 201al-Barani, Zia al-Din, 51, 56, 59, 60al-Bilgrami, Ghulam Ali Azad, 51, 56, 65–67, 69Alcmene, 271, 272Alexander (the Great), 31, 57, 59, 62, 85, 86, 107, 193, 322al-Fadl, Jamal al-Din Abu, 54, 72al-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 59al-Farahidi, al-Khalil ibn Ahmad, 54al-Fazl, Abu, 62al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman, 54al-Kindi, Abu Ya’qub, 59al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din, 61, 65al-Tahanawi, Muhammad Ala ibn Ali, 54al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 51, 56Alyattes, 268al-Zabidi, Murtaza, 54Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji, 127, 133–135, 328Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, 75Anushriwan, 59Apollo, 261Appadurai, Arjun, 321, 330Aristotle, 59, 60, 192, 288Ascham, Roger, 88Ashoka, 31, 32, 47, 48, 85, 98, 100–102, 106, 121, 327,

331Aulus Gellius, 253Aurangzeb, 32, 33, 61, 64, 74, 109, 114Awliya, Nizam al-Din, 56, 60

Baber / Babur, 32, 58, 76, 77, 87Balban, 58Barnier, François, 75Basham, Arthur Llewellyn, 23, 108Basu, Ramram, 83Beatus Rhenanus, 253Beaufort, Louis de, 255Becker, Marshall J., 224

Bhatta, Bana, 48Blavatsky, Petrowna, 113Boeckh, August, 256, 305Bolívar, Simón, 196, 198Bonaparte. See Napoleon BonaparteBose, Subhas Chandra, 36Bourdieu, Pierre, 127, 129, 130, 145, 333Brasidas, 266Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etienne, 197, 201Buddha, 46–48, 99, 327Buffon, Compte de, 194Burgoa, Fray Francisco de, 174Bustamente, Carlos María de, 192, 197, 199

Caldwell, Robert, 112Carrillo Puerto, Felipe, 241Carrillo y Ancona, Crescencio, 203, 205Casaús Arzú, Marta Elena, 247Caso, Alfonso, 165, 170, 171Catherwood, Frederick, 220Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 16, 19, 319–322Chalchiuhtlicue, 162Chandragupta (Gupta), 85Chandragupta (Maurya), 31, 81, 85Charlemagne, 185Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 278Cihuacoatl, 164Cimon, 272, 273Clavijero, Francisco Javier, 195Clive, Robert, 87Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, 82, 83Columbus, Christopher, 152, 154, 231Cortés, Hernán, 153Cowasji, Framaji, 84Creuzer, Friedrich Georg, 255Croce, Benedetto, 129, 131Croesus, 265Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la, 217Cuauhtemoc, 191, 198Curzon, George Nathaniel, 34Cyrus, 86

Dara Shiko, 64Darwin, Charles, 204Deb, Radhakant, 84Diderot, Denis, 76Disraeli, Benjamin, 190Dominicus, Saint. See Saint DominicusDow, Alexander, 75–77, 79Droysen, Johann Gustav, 305

340

Index

Duff, James Grant, 115Dundas, Henry, 82Durán, Fray Diego de, 159, 160, 192

Elpenor, 261Elphinstone, Montstuart, 84, 85, 88Emmenes, 261Erasmus, Charles, 227Evers, Hans-Dieter, 144

Ferishta, 75Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo, 196Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 299Friedrichsthal, Baron Emanuel von, 201Fronto (Marcus Cornelius Fronto), 253Füssli, Johann Heinrich, 18, 281, 283–288, 295

Gamio, Manuel, 223Gandhi, Indira, 114, 118, 119Gandhi, Monhandas Karamchand (Mahatma), 34–

35, 100, 115, 121Ganesh, 115García, Friar Gregorio, 165Gellner, Ernest, 85Gesner, Johann Matthias, 255Gibbon, Edward, 74–76, 78, 81, 84, 86, 255Gibson, Mel, 244Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 286, 294, 304Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 34, 143Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv, 110Goody, Jack, 19, 319, 321–323Gopal, Sarvepalli, 135Gottlob, Michael, 23, 34, 37, 80, 86Guru Nanak, 116, 119

Haeckel, Ernst, 113Hagnon, 266, 270Hale, Charles, 247Halhed, Nathaniel, 79, 80Hammond, Norman, 220, 225Hanuman, 115, 140Harshavardhana, 47Hastings, Warren, 77–80, 88Heeren, Arnold H.L., 255, 256Herakles, 271Herder, Johann Gottfried, 307, 311Herodotus, 18, 254, 255, 259, 264–271, 273, 274, 276,

323, 328Herrmann, Gottfried, 256Heyne, Christian Gottlob, 255, 256, 298, 305

Hidalgo, Miguel, 192Hippias, 273Homer, 185, 261, 264, 265, 267, 268, 274, 275, 282, 289,

290, 293, 294Hordjedef, 271Houston, Stephen D., 174, 226Humayun, Nasir du-Din Muhammad, 32, 76Humboldt, Alexander von, 205, 206, 333Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 18, 254, 255, 286, 297–313,

333Huntington, Samuel, 40

Ibn Sina, 59Inomata, Takeshi, 226Itzcoatl, 163

Jagannath, 106Jahangir, 32, 48, 61, 83Jesus Christ, 64, 196, 214Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 35Jones, William, 77, 80–88, 330

Kallikles, 262Karunanidhi, Muthuvel, 113, 114Khilji, Ala al-Din, 57–59Khusrau, Amir, 51, 56–60, 64, 69King Arthur, 185Kirchhoff, Paul, 149Kopf, David, 82–84, 109Korff, Rüdiger, 144Krishna, 110, 115Kulke, Hermann, 29, 77

Lady 1 Death, 182Lady 3 Flint, 173Lady 4 Rabbit, 178, 179, 183Lady 6 Monkey, 184, 217Lady 6 Water, 182, 183Lady 9 Reed, 170, 174–177Lakshmi, 115Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de, 204Landa, Fray Diego de, 159León y Gama, Antonio de, 163Lichas, 270, 271Livy (Titus Livius Patavinus), 255Lodi, Ibrahim, 32Lord 4 Water, 183Lord 5 Alligator, 173, 174Lord 5 Flower, 178, 179, 183Lord 8 Deer ‘Jaguar Claw’, 165, 174, 184, 185, 217

341

Personal Names

Lord 9 Serpent, 183Lord 12 Movement, 174Lord Eagle, 183Lord Sun, 179Lucian of Samosata, 18, 281, 283, 289–295Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), 275

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 84–89, 325Mahavira, 47, 327Mahmud of Ghazni, 31, 59, 135Maistre, Joseph de, 199Makha, Mohammed Ibrahim, 84Malcolm, John, 84Manela, Erez, 34Mann, Michael, 29, 37Mathewson, Kent, 220, 224Mayhew, Henry, 205McAnany, Patricia, 227Mehta, Pherozeshah, 34Mier, Fray Servando Teresa de, 196, 198Mill, James, 23, 41, 84–86, 88, 89, 325, 334, 335Moctezuma I, 193Moctezuma II, 164, 165Momigliano, Arnaldo, 49, 255Mommsen, Theodor, 281, 282Montejo, Francisco de, 203Montejo, Victor, 246, 247Montesquieu, Charles Louis Sécondat Baron de, 75,

86, 255Mora, José María Luis, 199–204More, Thomas, 88Morelos, José María, 191, 192Morley, Sylvanus G., 34, 220, 225, 226, 234, 235, 244Motolinia (Fray Toribio de Benavente), 159Muhammad, 51–56, 61–63, 66–68Müller, Friedrich Max, 30, 34, 107Munro, Thomas, 84Münzel, Mark, 232

Nanak. See Guru NanakNapoleon Bonaparte, 82, 88, 257, 309, 311Nehru, Jawaharlal, 29, 30, 35, 98–102, 111, 127, 128,

132, 135–145, 325, 327–329Niethammer, Friedrich Immanuel, 301Nietzsche, Friedrich, 282, 313Nizami, 52, 57, 61Nowotny, Karl Anton, 159, 160

Orestes, 270, 271Oudijk, Michel, 179

Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), 274–277

Pandey, Gyanendra, 144, 145Pandion, 277Patel, Vallabhbhai, 100, 138Patroclus, 261Patterson, Thomas C., 219, 225Pauw, Cornelius de, 194, 195Paz, Octavio, 217Pericles, 269Pheidolaüs, 271Pindar, 261–263, 268, 269Pittheus, 276Plato, 64, 273Plutarch, 271–273Pollock, Harry E. D., 222Prinsep, James, 85Propertius (Sextus Aurelius Propertius), 278Pulavar, Umaru, 67Pythagoras, 275–278

Queen Victoria, 33Quetzalcóatl, 173, 196, 197

Radhakanta, Sharman, 81Ram Dass, 115Rama, 46, 66, 110, 115Ramachandran, Maradur Gopalan, 113Ramapala, 48Ramarao, Nandamuri Taraka, 114Ramírez, Ignacio, 199Ramlochan, 81Raynal, Abbé, 194Reyes, Fray Antonio de los, 174Robert, Hubert, 268, 285Robertson, William, 194Rothermund, Dietmar, 29, 32Roy, Ram Mohan, 83Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando, 159Ruiz Ortiz, Victor Hugo, 217Rüsen, Jörn, 52Ruz L., Alberto, 225

Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de, 159, 161Saint Dominicus, 185Saint Thomas (Apostle), 196Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 236Salmanazar, 192Samudragupta, 48Sandhyakara Nandin, 48

342

Index

Sandrocottas. See Chandragupta (Maurya)Satan, 58, 215Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 110Schackt, Jon, 239Schele, Linda, 243, 331Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 299Schiller, Friedrich, 286, 294, 302, 311Schlegel, August Wilhelm, 255Schlegel, Friedrich, 255, 281, 288, 289, 293, 294Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 299Scrafton, Luke, 77Seler, Eduard, 160Sen, Ram Camul, 84Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca), 275, 276, 278Seybold, David Christoph, 294Shah Jahan, 32, 64Shah, Mohammed, 77Shah, Muhammed Qasim Hindu, 75Shah, Nadir, 77Shet, Jaganath Shankar, 84Shivaji, Bhonsla, 32, 109, 114, 115Shook, Edwin, 222Shore, John (1st Baron Teignmouth), 81Sierra O’Reilly, Justo, 201, 203Sigüenza y Góngora, Carlos de, 192Simonides, 263, 269, 274Sindi, Muhammad Hayat, 65Singh Bhindranwale, Jarnail, 119Singh, Giani Zail, 119Singh, Gobind, 116, 119Singh, Man Mohan, 120Singh, Ranjit, 117–119Sirhindi, Ahmad, 51, 56, 62, 64Smith, Nathaniel, 78Smith, Vincent A., 35Socrates, 273, 274Solon, 273Solórzano Pereira, Juan, 192Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 136, 320, 321, 330Stein, Burton, 29, 31–33, 76Stephens, John L., 201, 220Stewart, Charles, 83Stobaeus, 274Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 57, 61, 62, 321, 322Sulpicius Rufus (Servius Sulpicius Rufus), 278

Tabatabai, Sied Gholam Hossein Khan, 77, 80Tacitus (Publius Cornelius Tacitus), 255Taylor, Walter, 222Theocritus, 271

Theodosius, 87Theophrastus, 282, 283, 288Theseus, 272Thierry, Augustin, 190Thomas, Saint. See Saint Thomas (Apostle)Thompson, J. Eric S., 220, 224–226, 243, 244Thoth, 197Thrasyboulos, 262Thucydides, 18, 254, 255, 259, 266–270, 273, 274, 277Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 34, 35, 115Timur, 76Tohil, 161Tonatiuh, 163Torquemada, Juan de, 193Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 40Trevelyan, Charles Edward, 86Tughluq, Muhammad, 60Turner, Victor, 163Tut Anch Amun, 169

Umar (Caliph), 59

Velásquez, Father Vicente María, 197Verma, Vandana, 34, 37Vidyalankar, Mrtyunjay, 83Villa Rojas, Alfonso, 235Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), 185Virgin (Mary), 185, 214Vishnu, 43Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 75, 86Voss, Johann Heinrich, 255

Warden, Francis, 84Webster, David, 225Wellesley, Richard Marquess of, 82, 83Wieland, Christoph Martin, 286, 294Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Ulrich von, 281, 282Wilkins, Charles, 79, 80Willey, Gordon R., 152, 153, 221, 225Wilson, Horace Hayman, 83, 85, 88Wilson, Richard, 240Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 256, 286, 304, 333Wolf, Friedrich August, 255, 256, 286, 305

Xiuhtecuhtli, 162Xochiquetzal, 163

Yashar, Deborah, 232, 245

Zeno, 275

343

Geographical Names

Index of Geographical Names

Acatepec, 174, 181Achaia, 275, 276Aegina, 278Afghanistan, 24, 31, 32, 132Africa, 52, 113, 192, 321Agra, 32Akragas, 261Alexandria, 253Allahabad, 48, 85Amazonia, 197America, 87, 152–154, 158, 191–198, 206, 225, 231,

232, 254, 331Amphipolis, 266, 267, 270Amritsar, 119Andhra Pradesh, 93, 114, 123Angsi Glacier, 26Antigua, 242Antissa, 276Apoala, 169, 174Arabic Sea, 23Arcadia, 86Arcady, 270Argentina, 199Asia, 40, 42, 59, 75, 76, 80, 85, 86, 98, 192, 198, 275,

321Assyria, 34, 192Athens, 253, 266–269, 277, 329Atlantis, 112, 192, 201Auerstedt, 309Ayodhya, 36, 45

Babylon, 120, 193, 256Baghdad, 58Baluchistan, 112Bangladesh, 26, 27, 36Bavaria, 256, 301Belize, 151, 157, 227, 232, 243, 244Bengal, 23, 26, 27, 33, 36, 67, 73, 76, 78–84, 106–109,

111Berlin, 254, 256, 299Bihar, 106, 108Boeotia, 272Bombay, 34, 84, 115Brahmaputra, 26, 108Britain. See Great BritainBuris, 276Byzantium, 291

Cairo, 62Calcutta, 34, 80–83, 107, 108Calicut, 26Campeche (state), 232–234, 236–238, 242Cancún, 242Cecrops, 277Central America, 149, 158, 225, 226Central Asia, 24, 59, 76, 98Chalcatongo, 217Chenes Region, 234, 236–238Chiapas, 152, 237, 242Chichén Itzá, 233, 235China, 23, 24, 41, 42, 77, 86, 254, 259, 260, 321Cholula, 160Cobá, 235Colombia, 173Copan, 221Corinth, 278Coromandel Coast, 26Costa Rica, 173Crete, 260Cyprus, 86

Deccan, 24, 26, 66, 82, 114Delhi, 16, 26, 27, 31–33, 35, 51, 56–60, 89, 102, 116,

120, 127, 128, 132, 134–144, 325Delos, 269Delphi, 262, 270, 271Dresden, 282

East India, 191Egypt, 23, 30, 34, 54, 61, 82, 85, 86, 112, 169, 192, 196,

197, 201, 220, 224, 254, 256, 259, 261–263, 265, 266, 271, 272, 278, 324

El Mirador, 239El Salvador, 149, 151, 232, 244England. See Great BritainEurope, 15–19, 23, 27–34, 37–42, 52, 64–67, 73–77, 79,

80, 83–89, 99, 103, 105, 108, 111, 123, 150–154, 158–160, 163, 170, 185, 189, 192–195, 202, 204–207, 211–214, 222, 223, 231, 232, 243, 253–260, 299, 305, 312, 313, 319–326, 329–335

Fort William, 77, 82France, 18, 82, 190, 205, 206, 257, 310, 311, 324, 333

Ganga / Ganges (river), 24, 26, 61Geneva, 216

344

Index

Germany, 18, 36, 68, 107, 113, 185, 205–207, 244, 253–257, 281, 282, 285–288, 294, 297–299, 303, 310-313, 323, 333-335

Ghats, 26, 114Goa, 120Godaveri (river), 26Golconda Coast, 26Göttingen, 255, 298, 304Great Britain, 33, 36, 73, 76, 79–85, 87–89, 107, 108,

127, 135, 144, 151, 190, 205, 206, 325, 327, 330, 331Greece, 23, 35, 49, 58, 79, 85–88, 185, 253, 259, 263,

265–268, 272, 297, 298, 300, 302–306, 309–313, 329, 333

Guatemala, 18, 151, 157, 161, 227, 231–233, 239–247, 331, 333

Guerrero, 149, 212Gujarat, 27, 109

Haliartus, 271, 272Halle, 256Harappa, 26, 35Haryana, 118Helice, 276Hellas. See GreeceHimachal Pradesh, 118Himalaya, 23, 24, 110, 116Hindostan / Hindustan, 35, 75, 76, 82, 86, 87, 100Hindukush, 23Honduras, 149, 151, 157, 227, 232, 244Hyderabad, 27, 33, 114

India, 16–18, 23–37, 39–49, 51–69, 73–89, 93–124, 127–145, 192, 256, 319, 320, 322, 324–331, 334

Indian Ocean, 23, 110Indonesia, 52Indus (river), 24, 26, 29, 30, 35, 111, 112, 121Intermediate Area (Lower Central America), 149Iran, 24, 56Isfahan, 62Istanbul, 62Italy, 195, 276, 329

Jena, 309, 310

Karakorum, 23Kaveri (river), 26Kehyik-anyi, 169Korea, 254Krisa, 262Krishna (river), 26

Labná, 222, 233Latin America, 154, 189, 190, 191, 199, 205–207, 211,

226, 231, 245Lempa (river), 149Lemuria, 113, 121Leucas, 276London, 244, 254Lugdunum, 275, 276

Macedonia, 275Madras, 34, 84, 113Mahanadi (river), 26Maharashtra, 32, 93, 109, 112, 114–116Mantova, 254Maya Lowlands, 220, 239Mecca, 54, 65, 66Medina, 65, 68Mediterranean, 18, 185, 193, 197, 254, 257, 323, 329Megara, 278Mehrauli, 143Mérida, 204, 233, 236, 242Mesoamerica, 14–19, 37, 76, 149–154, 157–186, 191,

196, 211–218, 219–227, 231–247, 319, 320, 324–326, 328, 329, 331–333

Mesopotamia, 23, 30, 259Mexico

Central Mexico, 154, 157, 158, 162, 193, 238Gulf Lowlands, Southern (of Mexico), 149Mexico (country), 17, 18, 149–154, 165, 169, 189–

207, 211–218, 223, 225–227, 232, 240, 244, 245, 247

Mexico, Valley of, 192, 197Mexico City, 163, 164, 180, 213Middle East, 23, 313Mixtec Region, 169, 183Mohenjo Daro, 26, 35Monte Albán, 149, 157, 169–176, 179–184Mumbai, 26Munich, 254Mycenae, 267, 277Mysore, 27, 33

Near East, 254, 332Nepal, 36New Spain, Viceroyalty of, 150, 191, 193, 194New World. See AmericaNorth America, 149, 151, 207, 233, 243North West Frontier Province, 33

345

Geographical Names

OaxacaOaxaca (region), 157, 158, 169, 170, 212Oaxaca (state), 149, 242

Oaxaca City (Oaxaca de Juárez), 169, 185Orient, 40, 256, 260, 273Orissa, 103, 106, 108, 109

Paharganj, 140Pakistan, 27, 35, 36, 113, 118, 128, 132, 134, 136, 141,

142, 327Palenque, 221Panipat, 32, 84Paphos, 276Paraguay, 225Paris, 254Pataliputra / Palibotra, 81Peloponnesus, 260, 267Persia, 30, 77Peru, 173, 192Pharos, 276Piraeus, 278Prague, 254Prussia, 299–301, 309–311Puebla (state), 149, 212Pune, 84Punjab, 27, 33, 93, 106, 109, 112, 116–120, 134, 139Puuc region, 222

Qarol Bagh, 140Quintana Roo, 232, 235, 238, 239Quiriguá, 239Quisteil, 202

Rajasthan, 106Rome, 18, 35, 49, 74, 79, 86, 185, 196, 254, 277, 278,

285, 297, 298, 303, 309–312, 333Russia, 99

Salamis, 265Sayil, 222Sayoltepec, 181Sierra Madre (mountain range), 150Sindh, 31Skyros, 272Socotz, 243South Africa, 52South America, 120, 158, 196South Asia, 13–19, 23–37, 39, 40, 55, 69, 73, 74, 76, 81,

108, 109, 127, 136, 144South East Asia, 35, 98, 120

Spain, 189, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198, 206, 323, 324Sparta, 266–268, 270–274, 277Sri Lanka, 27, 36, 46, 106Sri Viyaja, 106Subzimandi, 140Sumatra, 106Sumer, 112, 120Surat, 26Syria, 275

Takya, 139Tegea, 270, 271Tenochtitlan, 164, 191–193Teotihuacan, 149, 157, 160–162, 223Teozacualco, 179, 182Thebes, 277Thermopylae, 263, 274Tibet, 24, 26Tikal, 221, 239Tilantongo, 167, 174, 182, 183Tocuisi, 179Tollan, 163Troezen, 276Troy, 261, 274, 277, 278Tulum, 235Tyre, 276

Uaxactún, 239Ulua (river), 149USA. See North AmericaUttar Pradesh, 105, 106Uxmal, 233

Vatican, 309Venice, 254Vienna, 166, 254Vindhya Mountains, 114

Xochimilco, 164

Yanhuitlan, 170, 175Yucatán (peninsula), 153, 201–203, 205, 231–235, 237,

246Yucatán (state), 192, 231, 232, 235, 237–239, 241–246,

331, 333Yucu Tuyuqh, 181Yucu Yoo. See Acatepec

Zaachila, 167, 171, 179, 183Zancle, 276

346

Index

Index of Subjects

Adab, 16, 51, 56, 59, 68, 335Adivasi, 24Aeneid, 185Aesthetics, 87, 256, 287Agriculture, 149, 150, 213, 220, 221, 225, 242, 331Akali Dal, 117–120Akhlaqi Tradition, 16, 51, 59, 61, 335All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

(AIADMK), 114, 121, 123All India Hindu Mahasabha (AIHMS), 132, 138Altertumswissenschaft, 253–256, 282, 288, 333, 335Ancestors, 15, 58, 66, 96, 192, 201, 219

Europe, 261, 271, 277Mesoamerica, 154, 157, 165–169, 173, 179–186,

196, 198, 231, 234, 235, 240–246, 328South Asia, 32, 44–48, 56, 62, 67, 95–102

Ancient Oriental Studies, 256Andhra. See Dynasty, AndhraAnglicists, 73Annadurai Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK),

113Antiquarians, 105, 254, 266,Antiquity, 13–19, 23, 34, 52, 53, 60, 64, 74, 80, 86, 89,

129, 192, 193, 206, 253–257, 259, 272, 273, 281–295, 297–313, 319–335Christian, 306Classical, 14, 16, 18, 53, 87–89, 97, 102, 112, 114,

191, 253–257, 281–295, 297–313, 320, 323, 327, 328–333

Mesoamerican, 17, 191–193, 198, 200–202, 206, 231–234, 324–326

South Asian, 17, 23, 27, 30–35, 73, 79, 81, 82– 88, 93–98, 102, 107–124, 127, 325, 327

Arab / Arabia, 41, 54Archaeological Remains, 15, 17, 29, 35, 85, 96, 111,

140, 143, 144, 149, 150–154, 158, 163, 164, 169–174, 179–184, 200, 201, 211, 214, 219–227, 238, 242, 243, 254, 256, 259–263, 266–273, 278, 279, 281–289, 328

Archaeological Studies, 17, 29, 107, 110, 152, 153, 185, 219–226, 243, 273, 274, 328, 329, 332

Archaic PeriodMayan Culture, 152Mediterranean Cultures, 254, 259, 260, 269

Archaiologia, 274

Architecture, Monumental, 15, 17, 39, 120, 127, 129, 135–143, 149, 152, 153, 157, 169–184, 201, 206, 219–227, 253, 254, 259–279, 310, 323

AristocracyEuropean, 185, 199, 298, 303, 309, 311, 328Mesoamerican, 198, 205Muslim, 60

Art, 31, 39, 95, 130, 158, 163, 169, 171–174, 214, 215, 221–223, 254, 256, 265, 286–289

Art History, 256Art Market, 233Arya Samaj, 100, 138Aryan Invasion Theory, 30, 35, 107–113, 120, 127, 134,

256Asiatic Society of Bengal, 34, 81–85, 327, 330Assami, 106, 109Assimilation, 132, 191, 197, 202, 203, 204, 216, 236,

241, 298Astronomy, 32, 43, 152, 159, 160, 235, 243, 244, 245,

326Athenian Confederation, 269Atticism, 253Aztecs, 149, 153, 154, 157, 160, 163, 193, 195, 212, 215

Babylonians, 86, 256, 261Barbarians, 18, 32, 86, 193, 203, 215, 231, 232, 264,

306, 310, 311, 323, 334Bengali, 27, 77, 80, 83, 84, 103, 106–109Bhadralok, 108, 109Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 110, 111, 118, 119, 120,

121, 330Bible, 152, 192, 196, 204, 240Bible Studies, 256Bourgeoisie

European, 18, 254, 297–313, 323, 333Mexican, 191–194, 198–202, 205–207

Brahman, 23, 58, 80, 325Brahui, 112British Crown, 33, 151British East India Company. See East India CompanyBritish India, 34, 35, 77, 117, 128British Raj, 117, 133, 144Bronze Age, 29, 321Buddhism, 31, 44, 46–48, 98–102, 106, 107, 111, 112,

118, 120, 127, 325, 327

CalendarAztec, 158, 163, 164, 179Gregorian, 152, 326Hegiran, 61

347

Subjects

Maya, 149, 152, 158, 159, 220, 235, 242–245, 326Mixtec, 174, 179Zapotec, 174

Cannibalism, 239Canon, Canonization, 13, 14, 17, 47, 52, 53, 65, 68, 69,

93–95, 253, 294, 298, 334Carians, 269Carnegie Institution of Washington, 222, 226Carthaginians, 192, 193, 197, 324Caste System

Latin America, 198, 204, 212South Asia, 107, 112, 121, 123, 134

Caste War of Yucatán, 234, 235, 238, 239Catechist Movement, 240Catholic Church, 240Chaldeans, 86Charitas, 47Chinese. See ChinaChristianity, 99, 101, 118, 185, 196, 197, 306, 307, 313

Christian Church, 42Chronicles, 47–49, 158Citizenship, 93, 94, 104, 105, 123, 198–200, 226, 245,

298, 306–311, 329City-states, 308, 329

Greek, 297, 309Maya, 149Mixtec, 165, 166, 174, 179

Civil Rights, 84, 202, 320Civilization, concepts of, 18, 23, 29–31, 35, 39–41, 48,

49, 56, 57, 65, 76, 82–89, 96, 98, 99, 107–109, 111, 112, 190, 193, 201–204, 206, 215, 243, 244, 259, 261, 268, 321, 325, 328, 329, 332

Classic Maya Period. See Mayas, Classic PeriodClassical Age. See Golden AgeClassical Scholarship, 297Classical Studies, 253, 256, 281, 282, 298, 304, 312Classicism. See Antiquity, Classical AntiquityClassics. See Classical StudiesClassicus, 253Codices, 15, 17, 157–186, 214, 217Collapse

European Antiquity, 75, 275–277, 311, 328Maya Civilisation, 153, 221, 226, 227, 244, 324,

328Mughal Empire, 65, 67, 77Prussia, 299

Collection. See MuseumColonialism, 13, 40, 93–96, 121, 129, 194, 212–214,

217, 236, 239, 242, 269, 325, 327, 329, 331

British, 17, 23, 27–36, 39–42, 73–89, 101, 107–117, 120, 128, 133, 134, 142, 145

Internal, 189, 205, 206, 211–217, 329Spanish, 150, 151, 158, 159, 170, 189–193, 197–

203, 211–218, 226, 236, 239, 331Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos

Indígenas (CDI), 236Compagnie des Indes, 33Company Raj, 107, 108Confederación Nacional Campesina (CNC), 237Congreso de Anáhuac, 192Congreso de Chilpancingo, 191Congress Party. See Indian National CongressConquest, 31, 54, 85, 151, 154, 184, 185, 193, 201, 232,

322, 323, 331Arabic in South Asia, 31, 57, 80, 86European in South Asia, 102, 107Spanish in Mesoamerica, 149–154, 157, 158, 165,

195–197, 202, 205, 206, 215, 222, 226, 244, 324, 328

Conservatism, 84, 200, 334Cooperatives, 236, 240Cosmologies, 43, 64, 94, 152, 154, 159, 162, 240, 243,

244Creoles, 80, 189–198, 201, 202, 206, 324, 328, 331Culture Change. See Assimilation

Dalit Movements, 101, 102, 127, 133, 134Damnatio Memoriae, 267, 270Dar al-Islam, 60Dargah, 105, 142, 143Dark Ages, 261Darwinism, Social, 40, 153, 189Decolonization, 212, 217Delhi Sultanate. See Empire, Delhi SultanateDemocracy, 94, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 123, 199,

216, 245, 320, 321Descendants, 61, 66, 107, 119, 144, 151, 152, 154, 192,

195, 196, 201, 206, 212, 235, 238, 324, 328, 333Despotism, 199

Oriental Despotism, 41, 75, 76, 82, 86, 89, 325, 327

Dharma, 35, 83, 110, 121Dipavamsa, 46Discrimination, 40, 63, 68, 133, 151, 193, 212, 214,

237, 241, 245, 331, 332Dominicans, 185Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), 113, 121, 123Dravidian Front (DK), 113Dravidian Languages, 27, 103, 106, 112

348

Index

Dravidistan, 113Dynasty, 17, 27, 44–48, 66, 105, 106, 108, 121, 149, 157,

165, 169, 174, 184, 205, 206, 261Andhra, 46Gupta, 26, 31, 35, 36, 46, 48, 85, 98, 106, 121Maurya, 26, 36, 46Mughal, 36, 61, 76Nanda, 46Shunga, 46Xipe, 178, 179

East India Company, 17, 27, 33, 73–85, 88, 89, 102, 107, 115, 325, 327

Education, 13, 18, 34, 73, 78, 83, 84, 87, 89, 94, 96, 101, 118, 151, 189, 194, 199, 202–204, 211, 213, 215, 217–219, 236, 238–242, 245, 254, 256, 297–313, 321, 323, 327, 330, 333

Egyptology, 197, 224Elite, 14, 17, 39, 40, 60, 96, 128, 131, 150, 151, 154,

189–191, 201, 205, 207, 213, 223, 332Aztec, 149, 157Brahminical, 103, 107–109Colonial, 189Creole, 194–201, 206, 331European, 190, 200, 303Maya, 153, 219, 220, 223, 239, 242, 243, 331Mexican, 191, 195, 198–202Mixtec, 157Muslim, 62Roman, 75South Asian Native, 73, 84, 88, 109, 118–120, 325Zapotec, 157

Empire, 16, 27, 29, 31, 35, 47, 62, 79, 81, 84, 87, 98, 118, 119, 121, 163, 259, 260, 264, 268, 273, 327, 332Aztec, 149, 158, 164, 193, 201British, 26, 84, 108British Indian, 108Chola, 114Delhi Sultanate, 16, 27, 32, 59, 60, 325Holy Roman Empire (German), 185, 311, 312Maurya, 24, 26, 31, 35, 36, 46, 47, 81, 85, 98, 121,

327Mexican, 191Mughal, 16, 17, 26, 27, 32–37, 51, 56, 62, 65, 67, 73,

76–79, 84, 127, 325Pallava, 114Panya, 114Persian, 85Roman, 75, 76, 87, 185, 332Spanish, 189, 190, 195

Vijayanagara (Kingdom of Bisnagar), 26Encomienda, 151, 202Encyclopædia Britannica, 74, 76Enlightenment, 39, 42, 73–76, 88, 96, 153, 194, 195,

202, 255, 320, 326, 333Epochs. See Time, Concepts ofEpos, Epics, 49, 289, 293, 294

Carolingian, 185Hindu, 30, 44, 45, 49, 111

Ergon, Erga, 254, 259, 264–268Essentialism, 216Ethnicity, 18, 60, 94, 212, 231, 232, 236, 238, 239, 241,

243, 245, 246, 321, 330, 331Ethnocide, 215Eurocentrism, 16, 152, 197, 320–323Evangelization, 185, 196, 197, 240

Federalism, 98, 100, 104Feudalism, 44, 48, 121, 213, 321First World War, 33, 34, 110Folklore, 112, 114, 119, 121–123, 212, 233, 235, 239, 242Formative Maya Period. See Mayas, Formative PeriodFragment, 18, 44, 158, 171, 254, 266, 274, 281–289,

292–295, 323, 333, 335Franciscans, 193, 196French Revolution, 73, 82, 84, 88, 189, 307Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin, 256Funerary Rites, 15, 17, 142, 143, 157, 169–176, 179,

182–184, 220, 222, 226, 261–266, 268–273, 277, 278

Gender, 14, 213, 216, 331, 332Genomena, 266, 267Golden Age, 17, 23, 27, 30, 35–37, 49, 73, 82–89, 93,

95–99, 102, 105–123, 127, 217, 221, 325–328, 330, 331, 333

Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, 255Guaranis, 225Gujarati, 27Gupta. See Dynasty, Gupta

Hacienda, 191, 200, 204, 206, 233–235Hadith, 52, 56, 62, 65, 66Hellenisation, 256Hieroglyphs. See Writing Systems, HieroglyphicHigh Culture, 61, 109, 206, 243, 324Hindi, 27, 100, 103, 118Hindu / Hindus, 16, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 40, 51, 56–58,

60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 77–86, 98–100, 105–121, 127, 128, 131–144, 325, 327, 328, 330, 331

349

Subjects

Hinduism, 64, 83, 98, 100, 112, 116–118, 135Hindutva, 30Hispanization, 215, 236, 239, 246Historicism, 298, 306Historicity, 15, 16, 39, 40, 42, 45–47, 109, 303, 304, 312,

319, 322Historiography, 13, 14, 32, 35, 39, 42, 51–53, 69, 134,

185, 255, 305, 306, 319–325Ancient European, 255Colonial, 31, 33, 35, 134, 135Hindu, 115, 120, 121Judaeo-Christian, 42Mesoamerican, 152, 154, 165, 179, 185Mixtec, 157, 165, 184Muslim / Islamic, 42, 51–69, 128, 334South Asian, 23, 27, 30, 33–39, 69, 77, 89, 115, 120,

121, 133, 134, 334Humanism, 39, 253, 306, 321, 323, 328Humboldt University Berlin, 299

Idealism, 14, 53, 67, 99, 118, 211, 216, 231, 235, 244, 247, 257, 286, 287, 297–306, 311–313, 320, 326, 330, 331, 333

Identity, 14, 17, 18, 27, 41, 48, 53–55, 67, 69, 96, 105, 117, 121, 129, 133, 136, 139, 212, 217, 231, 232, 236, 238, 240, 244–246, 270, 295, 303, 311, 312, 322–325, 330

Iliad, 185, 261, 264Imitation, 67–69, 285, 286, 304, 310, 333Incas, 195, 197, 332Independence, 16, 97, 185

India, 17, 29, 36, 93, 96–105, 113, 115–119, 128–144, 328, 330

Mexico, 151, 189–192, 195–198, 201, 206, 212, 324, 328

Pakistan, 36Indian Administrative Service (IAS), 120Indian National Congress, 30, 34–36, 93, 97–106,

109–123, 118, 127, 134, 135, 327, 330Indian Union, 36, 98, 100Indígenas, Indios. See Indigenous Peoples, AmericanIndigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention 169

(ILO), 236Indigenous Peoples, American, 16–18, 151–154, 185,

189–192, 118–203, 206, 211–218, 231–247, 324, 328–331

Indo-Aryan. See Aryan Invasion TheoryIndo-Europeans, 27, 107, 111, 197, 330Indus Valley Civilization, 29, 30, 35, 111, 112Inquilab, 33

Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), 214, 223

Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI), 236International Labour Organization (ILO), 232Islam, 16, 32, 36, 37, 40, 51–69, 117, 118, 122, 129, 132,

135–143, 325, 327, 334, 335Itihasa, 40, 45Itzas, 233, 235

Jahiliyya, 54, 55, 334Jainism, 44, 46, 47, 325, 327Jesuits, 86, 194, 195, 225Jews, 192, 196, 197, 256, 322

Khalistan, 119, 120Khatm al-nubuwwa, 53King, Kingdom, 26, 27, 31, 33, 45–49, 57, 59, 66, 98,

105–107, 122, 150, 151, 157, 165, 179, 182–185, 192, 194, 199, 244, 262, 264, 265, 268, 272, 275, 277, 278

Klassische Altertumswissenschaft. See Altertumswissen-schaft

Labour, Forced, 191, 234Lacedaemonians / Laecedemonians, 270, 274Ladinos, 241, 245–247Language

Ancient Greek, 79, 301, 303, 305, 333Aztec, 150, 173Hebrew, 256Maya, 150, 227, 231–234, 236, 238, 240–245Mixtec, 150, 185, 212Oriya, 106, 108Sanskrit, 27, 30, 41, 48, 64–66, 79, 84, 112, 121,

330Spanish, 189, 215, 239, 246Teaching of, 190, 217, 242, 297, 298

League of Nations, 34Liberalism, 16, 51, 56, 61, 64, 68, 78, 85, 95, 97, 98, 189,

199, 200, 202–204, 236–238, 247, 309Literature, 40, 41, 83, 123, 185, 212, 253, 281, 298, 300

Greek, 88, 289, 293, 294Mesoamerican, 215, 217South Asian, 16, 30, 31, 44, 51, 56, 80, 87, 88,

105–109, 112, 123Lok Sabha (National Parliament of the Republic of

India), 123Lost Tribes of Israel, 152, 192, 324

350

Index

Madhyamika, 100Mahabharata, 30, 44, 45, 111Mahapurusha, 110Mahavamsa, 47Mahavihara Monastery, 47Marathas, 27, 33, 84, 106, 114, 115Marathi, 27, 106Material Culture. See Archaeological RemainsMaurya. See Dynasty, Maurya; Empire, MauryaMaya Area Cultural Heritage Initiative (MACHI),

227Mayas

Ancient, 18, 149, 150, 153, 154, 157, 159, 161, 201, 222–227, 231-235, 239, 243, 244, 324, 328–333

Classic Period, 152, 153, 159, 220–226, 231, 234, 243, 244, 247, 324, 328, 329, 331, 332

Contemporary, 219, 226, 227, 247, 328, 331, 333Formative Period, 152, 153, 221, 222, 324, 328Maya Movement. See Political Movements, In-

digenousPostclassic Period, 152, 153, 221, 222, 227, 234,

324, 328Memory, 40–47, 49, 51–54, 56, 65, 66, 68, 69, 94, 120,

157, 158, 165, 170, 179, 182–185, 196, 211, 212, 214–217, 235, 239, 254, 259–272, 278, 279, 310, 325

Mestizaje, 151, 198, 212, 236, 238, 242Mexican Revolution, 185, 198, 236, 241Mexico, Republic of, 191Middle Ages, 27–29, 306, 312Migration, 24, 116, 122, 136, 141, 197, 198, 204, 211,

213, 214, 242Aztec, 192European, 194, 207, 269, 270, 334South Asian, 26, 47, 107, 115, 128, 134

Minoan Culture, 260Minorities, 216, 232, 236, 245

in South Asia, 100–103, 111, 117, 118, 122, 137, 138, 141, 327

Mission, 27, 83, 112, 113, 114, 159, 197, 215, 239Mixtecs

Ancient, 149, 154, 157, 165–186Contemporary, 17, 154, 157, 211–218, 328

Modernization, 100, 142, 214, 240, 241, 330Mongols, 57, 59Mosques, 32, 36, 105, 111, 128, 129, 132, 135, 137–142,

144, 327Mughal Empire. See Dynasty, Mughal; Empire,

Mughal

Mujaddid, 61, 63Mulatos, 212Murals. See Archaeological RemainsMuseum, 65, 105, 137, 151, 158, 164, 194, 201, 211,

214, 217, 222, 223, 254, 323, 329Louvre, 269National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico

City), 163Muslim, 27, 29–32, 35, 36, 51–68, 73, 76, 80, 98, 101,

106, 108-111, 114–117, 121, 127, 128, 132, 135–144, 196, 325, 327, 329

Muslim League, 30, 36Mythological Heroes, 57, 82, 115, 116, 196, 261, 272,

273, 327Mythology, 14, 53, 67, 215, 327

European, 185, 193, 196, 254, 259, 270, 271, 273, 274, 300, 311, 329

Mesoamerican, 152, 185, 193, 215, 235, 332South Asian, 23, 30, 48, 66, 77, 78, 83, 86, 107, 111,

113

Nahuas. See AztecsNanda. See Dynasty, NandaNarration, Narrative, 13, 30, 35, 36, 39–48, 51–58,

63–69, 94, 118, 119, 157, 163, 169, 174, 175, 185, 239, 261, 265, 266, 273, 289–293, 323, 329

Nation, 14, 16–18, 27, 29, 35, 93–97, 99, 103, 105, 110, 111, 114–117, 121, 123, 127–139, 142, 144, 145, 165, 185, 189–207, 211, 212, 216–219, 232, 236, 241, 242, 247, 297, 301–312, 320, 324, 327–330

Nationalism, 17, 24, 27, 29, 34–36, 69, 89, 94–97, 103, 106–123, 127, 131–136, 140, 144, 189–191, 195, 198, 202, 207, 213–217, 237, 239, 247, 299, 322, 324, 327–331

Nation-building, 14, 16, 17, 94–97, 98, 102, 120, 121, 127–129, 133, 145, 185, 189, 190, 311, 327

Neohumanism, 297, 298, 299, 301, 306Neoplatonism, 253NGOs, 227, 232, 238, 241, 242Nibelungen, 185North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), 237Ñuu Dzavui (Nation of the Rain). See Mixtecs, An-

cientÑuu Sau (People of the Rain). See Mixtecs, Con-

temporary

Olmecs, 149Oracle, 183, 184, 270–273

351

Subjects

Oral Transmission, 15, 30, 44, 45, 49, 128, 134, 158, 160, 166, 214, 215, 217, 254, 259–263, 266, 267, 269, 272, 325, 334

Orientalism, 29, 35, 41, 64, 67–69, 73, 80–88, 108, 111, 112, 120, 127, 133–135, 144, 321, 322, 325–331, 334

Origins, Legends of, 56, 65, 111, 113, 114, 121, 152, 169, 267, 274, 329Mayan Culture, 234, 235Mixtec Culture, 169, 175, 182, 184South Asian Cultures, 48, 110

Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 237, 242, 245

Partition (Separation of India and Pakistan 1947), 36, 37, 98, 103, 118, 127–129, 131–144

Patriotism, 97, 122, 193, 195, 197, 198, 309, 324Peloponnesian War, 254, 266, 268, 274Periodization. See Time, Concepts ofPersian Wars, 272Philology, 13, 107, 111, 256, 305, 330Philosophy, 31, 42, 58, 59, 81, 96, 158, 193, 253, 254,

291, 328Phoenicians, 193, 256, 269, 276Pictorial Manuscripts. See CodicesPoetry, 18, 43, 44, 49, 56–58, 65, 66, 74, 105, 106, 115,

122, 193, 254, 255, 259–279, 281, 286, 288, 292, 293, 300, 301, 324, 326, 334

Polis. See City-statesPolitical Movements, Indigenous, 16, 152, 240, 245 Maya Movement, 18, 151, 154, 231, 235, 239, 241, 242,

245, 331 Zapatistas / Neo-Zapatistas, 152, 237, 245 Popol Vuh, 161, 184 Popular Culture, 104, 105, 108, 113–116, 119, 121–123,

151, 185, 217, 226, 244, 245Postclassic Maya Period. See Mayas, Postclassic

Period Post-colonial Studies, 13, 16, 69, 153, 319–322, 332 Post-colonial Periods, 15–17, 36, 69, 89, 93–97, 127–

137, 141, 144, 145, 154, 186, 191, 211, 327 Preclassic Period (Mesoamerica), 149, 152, 153, 157,

169, 221, 222, 324 Primordial Times. See Golden Age Primordialism, 96, 97, 110, 319, 329–331 Programa de Certificación de Derechos Ejidales y

Titulación de Solares Urbanos (PROCEDE), 237 Pundit, 141 Punjabi, 27, 118 Puranas, 30, 44, 45, 47, 82, 111, 113, 327

Pyramids, 260, 264 Egypt, 192, 261, 262 Mesoamerica, 149, 169, 192, 206, 211, 214

Quisteil Rebellion, 202Qur’an, 54–56, 60, 61, 64–66

Racism, 40, 80, 88, 97, 106, 107, 110, 118, 152, 189, 191, 196, 198, 201–207, 241, 244, 245, 246

Rain God, 182, 183Raj. See British Raj; Company RajRaja-tarangini, 48Rajputs, 32Ramayana, 30, 44, 45, 111Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 100, 110, 111,

115, 121, 132, 140Reception, 13, 64, 69, 286, 287, 294, 297, 298, 311Refugees, 132, 134, 138, 139, 141, 142, 240, 272Religion. See also Buddhism; Christianity; Hindu-

ism; Islam; JainismAztec, 196Maya, 219, 240, 244Mesoamerican, 204, 205, 212

Renaissance, 39, 42, 87, 96, 324, 330Bengal Renaissance, 108, 109, 111

Reorganization (of the Indian State), 103, 104, 118, 122

Repartimiento, 151Republic of India, 17, 27, 36Res Publica, 308Revival, Cultural, 61, 63, 65, 131, 158, 242, 245Ritual, 15, 44, 45, 67, 82, 96, 105, 109, 111, 114–117,

142, 149, 160, 163–169, 174, 179, 182, 184, 185, 196, 236, 239, 240, 243, 244, 263, 269, 326

Roman Empire. See Empire, Roman Romanticism, 18, 67, 111, 238, 254, 281, 283, 288, 289,

292, 295, 312, 321, 323, 335 Ruins. See also Archaeological Remains, 18, 162, 183,

192, 197, 201, 214, 224, 233–235, 253, 254, 259–279, 284, 285, 323, 329

Rural Population, 106, 113, 150, 189, 206, 224, 225, 231, 235, 237, 238, 240, 242, 245–247, 331

Rural Settlements, 44, 98, 99, 105, 164, 213, 234–240, 243, 244, 267

Sacrifice, 167, 170, 174, 184, 193, 215, 244, 272, 308Salafism, 69Sangha, 46, 47Sanskrit. See Language, SanskritSculpture. See Archaeological Remains

352

Index

Second Sophistic, 18, 253, 281, 289, 294Second World War, 36, 133, 185, 220, 223Secularisation, 94, 98, 101, 104, 110, 129, 132, 136,

141, 144, 256, 307Shari’ah, 16, 32, 51, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67Shiromani Parbandhak Gurdwara Committee

(SPGC), 118, 120Shiv Sena, 116Shramanic Tradition, 39, 44, 327Shudra, 109, 134Shunga. See Dynasty, ShungaSikhs, 101, 116, 117, 119, 120, 142Slavery, 78, 79, 144, 170, 201, 213, 218, 234, 271, 272Social Exclusion, 14, 17, 60, 94, 97, 109, 122, 124, 135,

149, 189, 237, 241, 243, 246, 247, 297, 322, 328Social Inclusion, 190, 242Social Mobility, 207, 241Socialism, 94, 100, 128Spaniards, 87, 193, 195, 196, 201, 203, 206, 213, 221,

324, 328Spanish Conquest. See Conquest, Spanish in Me-

soamericaStoics, 275Sub-nationalism, 93, 102–106, 109, 112, 113, 122, 123Sufi, 16, 51, 56, 60, 61, 63–66, 105, 142Suns. See Time, Concepts of

Taj Mahal, 29Tamil Nadu, 93, 109, 112–114, 116, 119, 121, 123Tamils, 106, 112, 113, 120Temples

Mediterranean Area, 261–264, 267Mesoamerica, 149, 164, 170, 174, 183–185, 214,

220, 222, 226South Asia, 32, 46, 105–111, 116, 119, 120, 121,

122, 127, 128, 132, 134, 138–142Time, Concepts of, 15, 43, 53, 55, 94, 95, 109, 307,

320–322, 325–334Europe, 14, 253, 305, 311, 333Mesoamerica, 152, 153, 157–165, 214, 326, 328,

331South Asia, 29–31, 36, 40–49, 62, 67–69, 81, 85,

107–112, 127, 144, 145 Toltecs, 149, 158, 163Topos, 66, 69, 274Tourism, 96, 169, 211, 212, 233, 238, 242, 243, 246Translation, 62, 64, 75, 77, 80, 83, 132, 255, 256, 272Trojan War, 261Turks, 56, 57, 58

Ummah, 52, 55, 59United Nations, 216

UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of September 13, 2007, 232

UN General Assembly, 216UN International Decade of the World’s Indige-

nous Peoples 1995–2004, 232Universalist Perspectives, 39–41, 52, 81, 98–102, 108,

111, 112, 118, 120, 264, 305, 310, 319-322Upanishads, 64Urbanism, Urbanization

Europe, 264, 267, 268, 275–279, 321 Mesoamerica, 149, 151, 157, 158, 191, 200–203,

213, 220–225, 242, 244, 328, 331 South Asia, 24, 26, 29, 30, 35, 127–129, 136–145,

329 Utilitarianism, 41, 73, 84, 89, 270, 301, 325, 334

Vedantic Period, 35, 82, 83Vedas, 36, 44, 89, 106, 110, 330Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, 33Vernacularization, 103–105, 111, 121, 122

Wissenschaft, 298, 300, 302–307, 311–313Writing Systems, 149, 211, 244

Alphabetic, 158, 195, 260Hieroglyphic, 158, 160, 165–167, 171, 174, 214,

217Pictographic, 152, 153, 158, 159, 169, 197, 221,

223, 227, 234, 242Written Transmission, 15, 27, 29, 111, 158, 242, 245,

259, 273

Xipe. See Dynasty, XipeXenophobia, 97, 115, 116, 122, 330, 334

Yucatecans, 201, 203, 233, 234, 236, 238, 242, 246Yuga. See Time, Concepts of, South Asia

Zapatistas. See Political Movements, IndigenousZapotecs, 149, 154, 157, 169–171, 174, 179, 180