Download - Goat Meat Sub Sector Report
Final
Report of the Study on Goatery Sub Sector
For
Chhattisgarh State Institute of Rural
Development Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Govt. of Chhattisgarh
Nimora, Raipur (C.G.) - 492015
Team
Sanjeev Kumar
Arun Keshav
Submitted by
The Livelihood School
D-1,Machna Colony
Shivaji Nagar,Bhopal
Ph:0755-4209040
Final Report
2
www.thelivelihoodschool.in
Table of Contents
Acronyms............................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgement ...........................................................................................................4
Executive Summary...........................................................................................................5
1. Background............................................................................................................12
1.1. Goat rearing and meat status in India.............................................................. 12
1.2. Goat Rearing and Meat status in Chhattisgarh............................................... 13
1.3. Importance of Goat meat sub sector in Livelihood and
Employment Generation................................................................................................. 17
2. Objectives & Methodology .................................................................................19
2.1. Scope and Objectives of Goat meat Sub sector Study................................. 19
2.2. Methodology adopted ....................................................................................... 19
2.3. Sample area and place selection..................................................................... 20
2.4. Study Tools ............................................................................................................. 20
2.5. Significant People Interviewed/interacted ...................................................... 20
3. Goat Meat Sub sector findings ...........................................................................21
3.1. Goat meat Sub Sector Map in Chhattisgarh ................................................... 21
3.1.1. Description of subsector channels....................................................22
3.2. Financial Overlays ................................................................................................ 23
3.2.1. Cash Flow for Monthly/Seasonal transactions ................................23
3.2.2. Profitability of participants at different levels ..................................23
4. Key Constraints and Leverage Points in the Sub-sector .................................24
4.1. Key constraints at production, processing and marketing ............................ 24
4.2. Strategic choices and Key Recommendations ............................................... 28
4.3. Potential Role of PRI in facilitating Goat meat Sub sector Growth............... 31
4.4. Financial Implications of suggested model implementation and suggested role
of key players....................................................................................................................... 33
References .......................................................................................................................35
Annexure
I. Log of KIIs and FGDs conducted for the Goat sub sector study...................37
II. Transcriptions- Key Informant Interviews and FGDs with stake
holders...............................................................................................................................42
III. Analysis of the producer house holds interviews..............................................76
The Bastar Goat
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IV. Tools used for information/data collection in the study ...................................1
V. The Pashu Sakhi Model.........................................................................................92
VI. Proposed Structure and sustainability analysis of Goat producer’s
Company..........................................................................................................................93
Acronyms
PRI – Panchayati Raj Institutions
SHG- Self Help Groups
FGD – Focused Group Discussion
KII – Key Informant Interview
NGOs – Non Governmental Organisations
PLA – Participatory Learning and Action
NREGA – National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
NREGS – National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
SGSY – Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana
PMRY – Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana
CG – Chhatisgarh
SC – Schedule caste
ST – Schedule Tribe
MW – Mega Watt
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Acknowledgement
This report has been based on intensive field discussions with a number of
people working on development issues across the states. Each of them has
provided insights and provided their valuable experience which has set
foundation for this report. We thankfully acknowledge their contributions.
Authors acknowledge their gratitude to all those goat rearers of Chhatisgarh ,
who openly welcomed us and shared their concerns and experiences. Help
at district level by numerous people had been a pleasant experience and
saved time. We thankfully acknowledge the support received from Akhilesh
Singh (UNDP, Project officer) at Sarguja and Mr. Rajendra Shukla at
Jagdalpur.
Mr. R.K Singh, Director, CGSIRD has supported us through his insights,
guidance and helped in keeping focus on practical use of study findings, we
greatly acknowledge his support.
The support received at various development program offices like Animal
Husbandry, Dairy cooperative, Navanjor and special program like
Chhatisgarh Livestock development Agency has been praiseworthy. We
especially extend our gratitude to them.
We are appreciative of field coordination and logistics managed by Mr. R.S.
Gautam of The livelihood School and support provided by Mr. Srinubabu.
Like any such field based investigation encompassing market related
information, support of traders and market players in sharing details of process
and trends are important. Looking into criticality of their role and dedication
to manage this all business (adventurous) effort, Authors salute their spirit and
wish to dedicate this sub sector report to all market players of goat business
within and outside the state.
Sanjeev Kumar
Arun Keshav
Date – June 15, 2010
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Executive Summary
Goat rearers across Chhattisgarh are increasingly turning to goats as a means
of survival and a way of boosting their incomes. It has shown remarkably over
18% growths (during 2003 to 2007) in spite of high slaughter rate (over 39%
annual). This presents the State and various development actors as well as
agencies responsible for livelihood and employment promotion in the state,
with new opportunities for reaching the poorest farmers in the State. Goats
are deeply embedded in almost every tribal culture and are true friends to
the rural poor and yet have received very little attention by development
agencies (By governments/Non Government or private agencies) and
investment in their development has been low in the state. This Sub sector
study report focuses on the unique role and potential of goats in tribal and
non tribal belts of Chhattisgarh to lift poor people out of poverty and onto a
path of improved welfare and prosperity. For various reasons, goats are
coming to the fore in both smallholder and pastoral systems. The study makes
some specific suggestions how goats could be developed in different
situations. However, while the widespread cultural acceptance of goats and
goat products forms a sound basis for development, there are many physical,
economic, social and political constraints to developing goats in the state in
addition to biases against them, and the people who keep them that need
to be rectified before goats are able to show their true potential. Study team
used following data collection tools to have a across the stakeholders views
and capture the data and reflections of practitioners –
� Key Informant Interviews (KII),
� House hold interviews,
� Structured and semi structured questionnaires
� Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and
� Participatory Learning and Actions (PLA) with various players in the
value chain and
� Critical observations at the production and marketing site through field
visits
Goat rearing is the one of the essential part of culture and livelihood source of
Chhattisgarh people. They serve following distinct (financial and non
financial) and complementary kind of purpose at a rural community
household –
1. Risk mitigating strategy against crop failure, weather unpredictability
and less rainfall as well as personal health expenses
2. Reliable source of supplementary income and income stabilization tool
in case of crop failure or crop loss
6
3. As a near
liquid asset
which can
be sold for
any
emergency
purpose like
family
member
medical
expenses,
loan
repayment,
deposit of
fees.
4. As a source
of nutrition for
meat
5. Women and children earned income
6. As a saving tool for a particular purpose like meeting marriage
expenses or social obligations
7. As a social & religious ritual and welcoming close relatives and friends
through scarifying goats for a feast or scarifying at religious place to
please goats
The production system of Goat in Chhattisgarh is characterized by agro
pastoral systems. Most often goats are kept in the range of 3 to 5 goats at
household level (Based on sample survey). The trend of moving towards low
herd size has been an adaptive change over the recent years due to various
factors prominently - availability of human resource to graze the goats, fear of
diseases outspread, increasing opportunity cost due to NREGA and other
labour works and high drudgery involved in the business.
Study team observed that establishment of commercial goat farm on
economic management principles is not common in the state of
Chhattisgarh. It has been also observed that access to market and health
services has been important reason to make a choice by farmers to keep mix
of goats and other large ruminants. The intensity of cropping has adverse
relations with goat rearing in the State.
The figure represents family based low herd size semi stall fed model (1 to 3),
4 to 9 grazing dependent model and 10 and more than 10 as pastoral system
model.
The study looked into four pillars of goat management at goat keeper’s level
as breed and reproduction, Feeding, preventative Health practices and
housing and sanitation.
Based on focused discussion, on site observation and household interview, it
has been realised that the farmers in the state have been engaged in rearing
locally adaptive goats and has no knowledge and exposure to elite breeds.
Only Government provided Jamnapari male bucks has been observed in few
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cases in the field. However there has been quite a variation in performance
and body size of local breed especially if we compare north and south part
of Chhattisgarh State. The feeding of goats has been largely dependent on
available shrubs and leaves in grazing land. This in turn defines the growth of
goats and kids in the area. The practice of supplementary feeding of grains
has been very limited. The goats are not fed with mineral mixtures and salts,
which can enhance digestibility and nutrient availability from existing
resources.
The most pathetic observation has came in the area of health care and
preventative practices, wherein a huge gap has been observed in
knowledge, skill and attitude coupled with availability of services and inputs
with the rerears. The problems have been observed in access and
affordability to health services however acceptance has not been observed
as constraint in general. The present Sample based survey has revealed that
mortality in goats has been reported as 30% in last one year. The perception
has been further captured through PLA tools, wherein ranking of various risks
involved in goat rearing has been ranked by group of goat rearers based on
consensus and open debate. It has been noted that in all four group
discussions, goat rearers ranked the loss of herd (Spread of infectious
diseases) as the most highly perceived risk for them. This shows the prevalence
of vaccination and preventative practices has been low in the area.
Study team observed that making a proper housing and in some cases
providing bedding material is in the practice domain of goat rearers. The only
improvement required is enhancing the ventilation in such houses.
The credit and insurance services for goat rearing has been almost non
existent at producer level however farmers hared that such services could
enhance their asset worth provided support services are strengthened.
Goat has following products and services, which can be utilized by
consumers after certain process adopted in processing and value additions –
Products Services
Meat (raw, cooked, blood, soup)
Milk (Very limited liquid milk to small
children feeding)
Skins (Leather jackets, purses
containers, tents, thongs, etc.)
Hair (coarse hair tents, wigs,)
Horns
Bones
Manure (crops,vegetables)
Cash income
Emergency cash flow
Savings for marriage, social functions,
life cycle needs
Security
Gifts
Loans
Religious rituals
Pleasure
The marketing channels of Goat has been multidimensional and affected by
elasticity of demand and supply in a classical way. However, of late it seems
goats are crossing boundary of state as product and buffers are getting
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transported to affect local price of goat meat. The major sales channel
observed by study team has been –
1. Goat Farmers to Kuchia to district Buthchers (district place) to retail
household consumer (Estimated 50% share)
2. Goat Farmers to Kutchia to Local Butchers to Hotel/restaurants
(Estiamted 15% share)
3. Goat Farmers to Kuchia to traders to Butchers (10% share)
4. Goat Farmers to to Kutchia to outside state traders to Outside butchers
t outside consumres (8%)
5. Goat Farmers to Other state traders to other state butchers to other
state Consumers (5%)
6. Goat farmers to Local butchers/traders to local consumers (6%)
Analytical review of Marketing systems of Goats and Goat products
The marketable product in goat rearing has been noticed of three distinct
markets –
1. Goats sold for meat to butchers (80%)
2. Goats sold for rearing to other rearers (10%)
3. Male kids sold for religious sacrifice (Kurbani) – 10%
Study team evaluated goat market in terms of marketing efficiency, price
analysis, service quality, and market information and intelligence. Based on
the above assessment the major role of government and development
agencies has been perceived in following area for market development of
goats and goat products –
A. Improve market infrastructure especially facilities at goat haats
B. Improve information system through price and product quality
information dissemination
C. Improve institutional infrastructure in terms of haat regulation, basic
rules and regulatory mechanism for goat trade and reducing
harassment by police through setting Identity cards and building
associations
Present approaches in Goat based livelihood development in CGSD
While reviewing the present approaches in strengthening goat based
livelihood by the government and other development agencies, study team
found that most often focus has been on improving production at goat
rearer’s level. The adopted strategy invariably has been breed up gradation
through distributing bucks on subsidized price and some credit infusions
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(under Navanjor & SGSY) to enable poor community to acquire goat as
assets. Some experiment with agencies like DENIDA supported initiatives has
been on creating decentralization of primary health care through promoting
educated rural youth as paravets.
However the present approach has been very limiting in its effectiveness. The
major reason identified in the field interactions are –
1. Focus on breed up gradation without focus on feed and management
2. Supply of inferior quality (sometimes weak and under aged) buck on
sunsidised rate, mortality in supplied bucks has been very high
(Sarguja)
3. The result has been better where some health care was supplied in
parallel to buck induction and mass vaccination achieved (Bastar
block).
4. Exposure and training to goat rearers has been very low and their
participation has been limited to recipient and not a decision maker.
5. The demonstration of better result sites has not perpetuated to new
area (Even Veterinary department themselves are not sure where they
have better results of Jamanapari crosses but reiterates of good result).
Major Recommendations
Production subsystem
Recommendation 1 :
In relatively prosperous areas of North and Central CG Goat farms could be
promoted. Rural youths could be motivated for undertaking entrepreneurial
venture in goat farming. These centres could act as breeding and
demonstration center. State might launch a special program of Rural
Entrepreneurship in Goat sub sector to promote rural entrepreneurship based
goat farms with credit and Insurance support under PMRY/SGSY. Panchayat
can select and nominate such youths for training.
Recommendation2:
Building goat farmers institutions to bring down the opportunity cost of rearing
goats. For example shepherd system, which was existent, should be
promoted. How ever, it should be ensured that the shepherd gets something
equivalent to 100 days of wage under NREGS (Refer to foot note).
Marketing Subsystem Level
Recommendation 3:
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Kuchia chhanel could be facilitated by giving them identity (id card, flexi
rules for with in the state transportation of goats etc.) and facilities (credit
and insurance could be an important input). Also steps to safeguard kuchias
against bad debts could be thought of. They may be brought under
mainstream financial system as thre transactions are short term and fast and
infusion of credit can furher boost their business.
Recommendation 4:
Alternate sale channels like haats could be developed. Market infrastructures
could be strengthened; haats especially in north CG (like Sarguja) could be
facilitated so that the farmers have an option beyond the kuchia channel.
Unutilised/ under utilized market infrastructure could be used as goat haat.
Also such haats needs to be developed in North Chhattisgarh where there
are no live goat haats.
Recommendation 5 :
To induce competition to the butchers to balance out the things in favour of
poor village based goat rearers new market development for CG goats
could be thought, Meat processing units could be contacted and proper
sale/ procurement channels could be developed with facilitation of Govt.
Also setting up of export oriented meat processing units could be facilitated,
for the first time in state ABIS Dairy in Rajnandgaon, on pilot basis, has started
a commercial goat farm with 100 goats, more such projects could be
promoted as this would pave the way for meat processing units and in case
the processing units are able to find demand for their products, even small
goat keepers could also be able to sell their goats to them, thereby inducing
some standardization of live goats.
Recommendation 6 :
Standardisation of live goat sale, based on live body weight is required, so
that the farmers don’t get under paid for their product. The meat rates does
not fluctuate on day today basis and is rising steadily in long run , but the
farmers in absence of any standard valuation of their product is under a risk of
getting under paid. Also the factor of PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY and PRICE
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND1 comes in to the play.
Support Services Subsystem Level
Health Services
1 Elasticity: % change in Y/ % change in X
Where X is the price; Y is Supply or Demand
In case of distress selling the supply becomes relatively inelastic and is ready to supply even on
lesser price, extreme case of price inelasticity of Supply comes in to play in case of spread of
diseases in goats, when the owner wants to dispose the goats at the earliest, in what ever price
he may get.
While on the other hand in festive season the price elasticity of demand comes in to play in which
the demand becomes relatively inelastic which means the consumers are ready to buy even if
the price is more, this trickle downs to producers level and they get better rates for goat at this
time.
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Recommendation 7:
SHGs has a good presence at grass roots in CG, could be looked upon as a
viable channel like Pashu Sakhi model (refer to annexure V) with women SHG
members there by improving the efficiency of the support services. The
service can be provided at door step, round the clock in affordable cost and
women friendly manner.
Conclusion
Goat rearing in the state has a significant source of dependable income by
large number of poor families. The recent surge in price of goat meat and
entry of market players from near by states, provides an opportunity to
enhance the income of goat rearers through combined effort of productivity
enhancement and improving market systems and transparency.
Study team finds a feasible option to involve rural youth a semi stall
commercial goat farm promoter and establish Goat rearers Company to
leverage the advantage of aggregation and economy of scale. Through
such membership based models and their collectives, over 10 lakh goat
rearing families of the state can be benefited. With average direct
investment of Rs 839 per family (6.29 lakh for 750 families), a sustainable gross
return of Rs 12 to 15000 per year.
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1. Background
1.1. Goat rearing and meat status in India
India is the richest country in the world in livestock wealth, both in numbers
and germplasm. India has 120.8 million
goats in 1997 and has increased to
124.35 million as per census 2003, ranks
second in the world. Goat meat
production stands at the level of 0.47
million tones. The slaughter rate of goat
is at the level of 39.7 % as compared to
31.8% for sheep and 11% for buffaloes
respectively. Goat also produce 2.55
million tones of milk and 0.1288 million
tones of skin as per F.A.O. 189 records
2002 report. The trend in consumption of
mutton and goat meat shows increase
from 467000MT in 1981 to 696000 MT in
2002 indicating annual compound
growth rate of 1.28 % during 92-02.
Sheep and goat meat production has reached 700400MT during 2002 in
India.
The distribution of goats has been found across the coutry as shown in map of
India. Each dot represents 10000 of goats.
The contribution of agriculture sector to national GDP is around 25% and the
share of livestock in agricultural GDP is 23%, of which small ruminants
contribute about 10% to the total value of livestock sector. At the national
level, small ruminants account for 14% of the
meat output, 4% of the milk output and 15% of hides and skin production in
the country. But it receives only about 2.5% of the public spending on
livestock sector, which is much less than the share of small ruminants in the
value of output of the livestock sector. The growing demand of meat and
meat products in the country and the share of the small ruminants (mainly
sheep and goat) within this holds good potential to develop small ruminant
sector in the rural areas with the objective of increased returns to the rearer
communities.
Per capita meat consumption
in India is relatively low at less
than 5 Kg/ years as compared
to other developing countries
such as Pakistan (13.7 Kg),
China (38.6 Kg) and Brazil (58.6
Kg). Based on the minimum
requirement of 20g animal
Commodity Qty (Metric Tonnes)
Value (Rs. Cr.)
Buffalo Meat 343817 1537
Sheep/Goat Meat 16820 110
Poultry Products 20240 202
Processed Meats 986 8
Animal Casings 733 12
Total 382596 1869
Fig 1 Distribution of Goat Population in
Country
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protein per capita per day sourced from milk (10 g), meat (4 g), fish (4 g), and
eggs (2 g), the estimated demand for meat is 7.7 million metric tones as
against the present production of 4.6 million metric tonnes.
Meat Export Trade
Export of Indian meat to Gulf countries has proved to be a thriving business
over the last several years. Now, the meat is also exported to Malaysia and
Singapore. At present, more than 60 countries are importing meat from India.
Many corporate firms have set up modern integrated meat complexes
having state-of-the-art facilities for livestock holding, slaughter, carcass
deboning, packing, chiller and frozen storages, byproducts Table 1 Export
meat trade data for 2003-04 processing, effluent treatment etc.
1.2. Goat Rearing and Meat status in Chhattisgarh
Brief Profile of Chhattisgarh
The state of Chhattisgarh came in to existence on November 1, 2000. This
land locked state was carved out of Madhya Pradesh. The total area of the
state is 1, 35,000 Sq. km and has a total of 18 districts, with Raipur is the State
capital.
The state shares borders with six states viz. Madhya Pradesh to the West and
North West, Uttar Pradesh to the North, Jharkhand to the North East, Orissa to
the east, Maharashtra to the south west and Andhra Pradesh to the south
east.
The climate of the state is mainly tropical, humid and sub-humid.
Mahanadi is the principal river of the State and the other rivers are the
Godavari and the Narmada. Total river length is 1,885 km.
Table 2: Chhattisgarh at a Glance
Total Area 1, 35,000 Sq. km
Total population 2,07,96,000
Total Population of Males 10452
Total Population of Females 10344
Sex ratio (No. of Females per thousand
Males)
990
Total SC Population 24,12,336
Total ST Population 66,13,128
Total Rural population 1,66,21,000
Population density (Per Sq Km) 154
Literacy rate 64.7%
Population Below Poverty Line 43%
District Panchayats 16
Janpad Panchayats 146
Gram Panchayat 9139
Nagar Panchayat 49
Total No. of Inhabited Villages 19692
Table 1 Meat export from India 2003-
14
Electrified villages 18076
Average Annual Rainfall 1200-1400 mm
Primary Schools 35335
Middle School 14270
High School/Secondary school 3491
Technical Institutes 35
Primary Health Centre 717
Veterinary Hospital 208
Veterinary Dispensaries 738
Diagnostic Laboratories 7
(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoCG , Census of India, 2001,Other published
reports )
Population of
Chhattisgarh
forms 2% of
the total
population of
India. As per
2001 census,
80% of the total population lives in rural areas and the remaining 20% lives in
urban areas.
The Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) constitute 43.4% of the
State’s population. The Literacy rate has improved steadily from 42.91% in
1991 to 64.7% in 2001; registering a growth of 21.79%.
Chhattisgarh's Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is estimated at Rs.95, 204
crore for 2008-09, registering a growth of 19.88 percent over the previous year,
according to an economic survey 2009-10 . Per capita income grew 13% in
2008-09, but the growth may be attributed more to the growth in secondary
sector and less to the primary sector.
Chhattisgarh is well connected by road, rail and air. National Highways (NH)
6, 16 and 43 connect major cities and towns of Chhattisgarh to other parts of
the country. Raipur and Bilaspur are the two major railway stations, which
connect Chhattisgarh to other major cities and towns of India with a good
railway network. There are two domestic Airports and four Air strips at Raipur
and in Bilaspur and air strips in Bhilai, Jagdalpur, Sarguja, Korba.
Chhattisgarh is known as a Power Surplus State. The gross total power
capacity of the State, including central sector’s share (283.5 MW)is 1694.35
MW. Thermal power generation accounts for over 90% of Chhattisgarh’s
power capacity. Korba West power Station has a generation capacity of 840
MW–the highest in the State.
Demographic Profile
(2001)
Chhattisgarh
(% of population)
India
(% of population)
Rural 80% 72.2%
Urban 20% 27.8%
Scheduled Castes 11.6% 16.2%
Scheduled Tribes 31.8% 8.2%
(Source: Integrated Health & Population Policy, GoCG , Census
of India, 2001,Other published reports )
Table3: Demographic Profile of Chhattisgarh
15
Agriculture in Chhattisgarh
On the basis of climate & topography the
state is divided into 3 agro climatic zones.
The Bastar Plateau comprises of Bastar,
Dantewada, Beejapur & Narayanpur
districts and a part of Kanker (excluding
Charama, Narharpur & Kanker Blocks).
Northern parts of the state comes under
"Northern Hilly Region" which comprises of
Sarguja, Koriya & Jashpur Districts.
Bilaspur, Raipur, Janjgeer-Champa,
Raigarh, Rajnandgaon, Kawardha, Durg,
Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Korba and parts
of Kanker come under "Plains of
Chhattisgarh" (Please refer to figure 2).
Out of 137.00 lakh hectares geographical area of
Chhattisgarh, 43 % area comes under cultivation while 44% is
under forest cover.
Almost 80% of the
population is
dependent on
agriculture and
agriculture related
occupations.
Agriculture is still the
backbone of state’s
economy. As shown in
Fig 3, as per 2001
census, over 70% of the
total workers
(excluding the marginal workers) are engaged in cultivation or as agricultural
labourers)
How ever the agriculture largely is rain fed as only about 21% of the net sown
area is irrigated (2000-01 Govt. stats).Irrigational facilities are largely limited to
districts in central plain zone where about 37% of the net sown area is
irrigated. Areas under irrigation in northern hills and Bastar plateaus are as low
as 8 and 3% respectively.
Rice is the major crop of the state, 67% of the total cropped area is rice while
the pulses are 17%, oil seeds 5.2% and horticulture is 2.2% (2004-05 stats).How
ever the productivity of
Figure 2: Physical Map of Chhattisgarh
Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Chhattisgarh
16
Rice per ha when compared to national average is 30% less. Due to rain
dependency of agriculture, the scope for the second crop post rainy season
is severely limited in unirrigated areas.
Agriculture is the major source of income for the rural house holds in
Chhattisgarh and income from agriculture is supplemented by income
from wage labour and income from livestock.
Livestock in Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh has a rich livestock wealth of 1.4 crore animals, as per the 2007
livestock census, of which the maximum of 65% is the cattle population
followed by 20% of goat population. Buffalo constitute 11% of the total while
pigs and sheep are 3 and 1% respectively of the total population (refer to
Table 1.2c).
As stated in the box, due to several limiting factors the income from
agriculture may not be adequate for landless, marginal and small farmers. It is
important to note
that about 73% of
the rural house holds
have small land
holdings, having less
than 2 ha and has
the total area share
of only 29%.
In context, livestock
gains socio-
economic and
cultural importance
and is very much
embedded in the social fabric.
SPECIES 2003 CENSUS
(In Lacs)
2007 CENSUS
(In Lacs)
% Growth
Table 4: Livestock Population in Chhattisgarh (In
Lacs)
17
Cattle (Indigenous)
Male
43.43 45.89 5.66
Female 42.86 44.61 4.08
Total 86.29 90.50 4.88
Cattle (Cross bred)
Male
1.27 1.83 44.09
Female 1.26 2.27 80.16
Total 2.53 4.10 62.06
Buffalo
Male
10.78 10.08 -6.49
Female 5.20 5.92 13.85
Total 15.98 16.00 0.13
Goats
Male
7.06 8.51 20.54
Female 16.29 19.09 17.19
Total Goat 23.35 27.60 18.20
Sheep 1.21 1.40 15.70
Pigs
Local
5.39 4.01 -25.60
Cross Bred 0.14 0.11 -21.43
Poultry
Desi
51.60 47.80 -7.36
Improved 30.21 94.27 212.05
In Chhattisgarh, the cattle and buffalo are looked upon more for draught
purposes and less for milk purposes. Also the dung serves the purpose for
manure and cooking fuel. However, it the small ruminants which provide
them the much needed disposable income at the time of crisis and of the
small ruminants goat is one of the most important.
1.3. Importance of Goat meat sub sector in Livelihood and
Employment Generation
18
As per one of the estimates, with reference to Chhattisgarh, the growth in
livestock production is expected to have a more effect on poverty reduction
compared to similar increase in crop production. For a household, the net
income of a farmer from crop (3.5 acres) + 2 bullocks + 3 buffalos would be
136% higher than income only from crops, while the net income from crop
(3.5 acres) + 2 bullocks + 3 large milch animal + 15 goats would be 179%
higher from income only from crops [ Ramarao W.Y, Tiwary S.P, Singh P. 2005
et. al.]. In absolute terms the incremental income from 15 goats would be Rs.
32,804 which means incremental income from per goat annually would be Rs.
2187. Rearing goat in small herd sizes is within the comfort zone of poor rural
women, as the investment is low and leaving apart the disease epidemics the
price of goat is not subject to much fluctuation and has increased over the
period of time, the present chevon (goat meat) rate across the state varies in
between Rs. 200 to Rs. 240/ Kg.The rate increase during the festival seasons.
This has been favourable for the goat rearers. The demand for meat is
increasing slowly (Refer to fig 6). The consumption of meat is higher in the
urban area as compared to the rural areas. Out of total meat consumed as
per an estimate only 20% is the goat meat which is ranked second after the
poultry and fish.
Also the per capita availability of goat meat in Chhattisgarh is much
lower than the national average (Refer to Fig. 6), which means there is
ample scope for improvement for unlocking the potential.
Source: Statistical Cell, AHD GoCG
Fig 6: Annual Production and Per Capita Availability of Meat
19
2. Objectives & Methodology
2.1. Scope and Objectives of Goat meat Sub sector Study
The Goat Subsector study of Chhattisgarh aims to understand the Goat Meat
(chevon) Subsector.
The objective of the study is to understand the relevant points related to the
following:
� Map and analyze the process of production
− Input procurement
subsystem,
− Input processing
subsystem,
− Technology subsystem,
− Labour/skill transfer
subsystem,
− Output subsystem,
− Output processing
subsystem, and
− Output marketing
subsystem.
� Compare and contrast the existing process of production with bigger
players in the sub sector to identify scope for interventions.
� Identify Best Practices, Quality Control Protocols, and Certification
Processes.
� Conduct inflow-outflow analysis and assess the potential for marketing of
products.
� Identify domestic and international trends, issues and opportunities related
to the sub sectors.
� Propose a marketing strategy for a five year period supplemented by
market information
� Identify legal hurdles, if any that inhibit effective performance of the
subsector.
� Suggest models of Public, Private and community partnership that can be
replicated in various regions and identify role of community, panchayat
and private entrepreneurs therein and also suggest necessary changes in
policy & legal framework, if any.
� Identify the extent of market led, state led and civil society led
coordination failures in each subsector.
� Suggest intervention strategy.
2.2. Methodology adopted
To conduct the Goat Subsector study, based on the secondary information
available (refer to Fig 9), a representative sample was selected. The sample
districts include representation from three agro climatic zones of
Chhattisgarh.
Figure 7: FGD with Producers Group in Madguri village, Kusmi,
Sarguja
20
2.3. Sample area and place selection
The districts selected were Surguja in north and Bastar in the south
Chhattisgarh. Raipur and Durg in central Chhattisgarh and Rajnandgaon in
west Chhattisgarh.
The sample thus selected took in to consideration not only the goat
population and geographical representation but also considered the
interstate business dynamics. The sample district, Surguja shares its boundary
with states of Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh while Bastar
district shares its boundary with Maharastra and Orissa. Raipur as well shares
boundary with Orissa and Rajnandgaon shares boundary with Maharastra
and Madhya Pradesh
2.4. Study Tools
The study tools included Key Informant Interviews (KII), House hold interviews,
using structured and semi structured questionnaires. Focused Group
Discussion (FGD) and Participatory Learning and Actions (PLA) with various
players in the value chain and critical observations (tools included as
Annexure V). The interviewees and groups were selected using random
stratified sampling method (Refer to Annexure I for detailed log of interviews
and FGDs conducted). To minimize the distortions in interpretation and
analysis use of audio visual aids were made. While conducting PRA with
village community, regarding the risks associated with upgrading the scale of
goat rearing, visual placards were used, based on which the groups ranked
the associated and perceived risks. Also all the interviews were recorded
using sound recorder and the process documented using video recorders.
2.5. Significant People Interviewed/interacted
Study team have interacted over 20 traders and representatives across the
state, 130 goat rearers in five groups, 10 veterinary officers and 28 goat
rearers household. 5 major goat markets of state has been covered in the
study and semi structured interview of over 20 traders conducted and
recorded.
Fig 9: Goat population in districts of Chhattisgarh
Source: Animal Husbandry dept. Govt. of Chhattisgarh
Figure 8: Interviewing Kallimullah Qureshi, Butcher, Ambikapur,
Sarguja
21
3. Goat Meat Sub sector findings
3.1. Goat meat Sub Sector Map in Chhattisgarh
I II III
Channels
22
3.1.1. Description of subsector channels
Out of the four channels depicted in the subsector map channel III is the
major channel followed by Channel IV.
In the aforementioned channels the major markets are the urban retail
chevon (goat meat) market, the bulk meat markets for special purposes
like marriage parties, festive parties etc, the institutional markets like
restaurants, dhabas, canteens, hotels etc.
In both of these channels Butcher form the system nodes i.e entire trade
passes through the butchers as they are the one who transforms live goats
to dressed meat. Also, they are the only retailers. At this point, there is an
entry barrier as traditionally, only particular caste in Muslim and khatik
community in Hindus take up this occupation.
The margins are highest at this level.
The main facilitators of the channels III and IV are the first level of traders
(Kuchias: As are called locally in many parts of CG). These kuchias move
from door to door in village and buy goats from the farmers, collects them
and then transport and sell to the butchers cum meat retailers at their
door steps, or in turn sells to a bigger kuchia. Where ever a system of haat
exists, these kuchias form the bulk of sellers in the haat.
Since the entry or exit barriers are not there to become a kuchia, people
of any caste and level are in to this, (unlike that of butchers where only
people from Qureshi or Khatik community are into it), this channel works
almost like a perfect competition channel, there by regulating their
margins.
Farmers are the major goat keepers and commercial farms as of now are
non existent. How ever, Abis dairy in Rajnandgoan has started a pilot
goat farm project. The average herd size at household level is that of 3-5
goats. The margins at this level vary largely with factors like seasonality of
demand and idiosyncratic reasons resulting to distress sale.
The input services are largely dependent on Government departments
and Govt. sponsored programmes.
23
3.2. Financial Overlays
3.2.1. Cash Flow for Monthly/Seasonal transactions
Cash flow for Monthly/Seasonal transaction volume
Meat ConsumerRs. 240/kg
Tanneries
Rs. xx
FarmersRs. 150
Source of Money Destination of Money
Municipal CorporationRs. 10
Suppliers
Non-value add
Destination of Money
Legend
Value Chain ParticipantRs. Value add
Margin %
Skin Traders Rs. 60
p%
Butchers Rs. 230
p%
KuchiaRs. 175
p%
Police
Rs.10
Intermediaries
3.2.2. Profitability of participants at different levels
Player Role Activity Level Turnov
er
Cycle
Avera
ge
Input
Cost
(A)
Average
Processing
Cost (B)
Average
Revenue
(C)
Avera
ge
Margi
n
Farmer
/ rearer
Seller Buys
Goat,
grows it
and sells
it
Beginn
ing
Few
months
to an
year
(2-3
goats
a year)
1000 Feeding and
management
cost - 500
Selling
price -
1800 to
2000
300-
500
Kuchia Buye
r,
Seller
Buys
Goats
(door-to-
door),
carries to
market
and sells
them
Interm
ediary
Fortnig
htly
(sells n
goats
on
averag
e)
Rs
1800
to
2000
1. Transporta
tion - 30
2. Paid to
Police &
Haat tax -
20
Selling
price –
2100 to
2200
50 -
150
24
Butcher
s
Buye
r,
seller
Buys
goats,
processes
them and
sells end
products
(meat,
skin,
intestine,
lungs)
Interm
ediary
Daily
(buys n
goats,
sells 50
kg
meat
on
averag
e)
Buyin
g
goat
– Rs
2150
(24 Kg
body
weigh
t)
1. Transporta
tion – Rs 30
2. Processing
- Rs 100
3. Maintena
nce - 20
Selling
price-
2650 (11.5
kg
meat@200
, 300 Rs
head,
heart and
other
ovals, Rs
50 Skin)
350
4. Key Constraints and Leverage Points in the Sub-sector
4.1. Key constraints at production, processing and marketing
Table 4: RISK RANKING in Goat Rearing (using PRA
Tools)
� On interviewing and
discussing various issues
with players in the goat
subsector it was strongly
felt that goats are
mainly reared by poor
and extremely poor,
which are looked upon
by families as assets
which could be
liquidated, in short
notice, at the time of
crisis or special needs
and not something as
regular income source
they depend on, at
normal times.
� The average herd sizes
are very small (3-5 per
household) and would
continue to remain so
due various limiting factors2. An innovative health service delivery
channel, insurance delivery channel, could help the cause.
2 - Fear of disease/ epidemic affecting the herd
- Reducing bushes, herbs and free grazing area
- Time and availability of manpower
Sarguja Bastar
Maheshp
ur
Madgu
ri
Takragud
a
Palanar
Loss of Herd
1 1 1
Food Poisoning
of an animal
3 3 2 Not
perceive
d as RISK
Mortality of an
animal
4 5 3 3
Predator Attack 2 2 1 2
Snake Bite 5 6
Price fluctuation
in livestock
6 4 Not
perceive
d as RISK
Theft of an
animal
Not
perceive
d as RISK
Not
perceiv
ed as
RISK
Not
perceive
d as RISK
Not
perceive
d as RISK
Vulnerable to PERCEIVED RISKS in order of HIGHER to LOWER
Risk
1. Loss of Herd
2. Predator Attack
3. Mortality of an animal
4. Food Poisoning of an animal
Risks Rank
Figure 11: Risk Ranking using PRA Tool
25
� The opportunity
cost3 of rearing
goats is increasing
due to time
requirement in
grazing and
guarding the
goats.
� The demand
factor is strong
from with in the
state consumers
and from adjoining states, especially Orissa and Jharkhand. How ever
access to market is difficult and hugely dependent on
first level of traders (kuchias4). Since the entry or exit barriers are not there
to become a kuchia, people of any caste and level are in to this, (unlike
that of butchers where only people from Qureshi or Khatik community are
into it), this channel works almost like a perfect competition channel.
� Erratic demand pattern: As for sale of goats the rearers depend heavily
on Kuchias. Hence they have to wait for kuchias to come for selling their
products. Under developed Market Infrastructure, especially goat haats
(non exitent in north
Chhattisgarh) adds to the
problem.
- Predators attack
3 Opportunity cost: Cost of bygone opportunity. In this case, a person investing time
in grazing goats could have instead used the time for working on wage as a labourer
under NREGS (say). This means the opportunity cost for the person grazing goats is the
wage, which other wise he could have earned. Extrapolating a bit, the opportunity
cost of grazing goat for a year could be 100 days wage under NREGS.
4 Kuchias: As are called locally in many parts of CG, are the first levels of traders
in the subsector. These kuchias move from door to door in village and buy
goats from the farmers, collects them and then transport and sell to the
butchers cum meat retailers at their door steps, or in turn sells to a bigger
kuchia. Where ever a system of haat exists, these kuchias form the bulk of
sellers in the haat.
Fig 12: Kutchia negotiating with a
Butcher Photo Jagdalpur goat haat, Bastar,
26
� The butchers are the
system nodes in
the Goat meat
subsector, i.e.
entire trade
passes through
the butchers as
they are the one
who transforms
live goats to
dressed meat.
Also, they are the
only retailers. At
this point, there is
an entry barrier
as traditionally,
only particular caste in Muslim and khatik community in Hindus take up
this occupation. Also the social status for butchers are not high, this
prevents new people entering the occupation and also on interviewing
the butchers it came out that they were not keen to bring their children in
to this.
� Presently, on an average, there would about 40 to 50 full time butchers
cum meat retail sellers in a district and due to limited numbers and entry
barriers they are able to induce imperfect competition in the subsector.
As long as the supply is less or equal to the demand, the equations are
some what
balanced. In case of
supply surplus, the
butchers cum
retailers are able to
dictate their terms in
negotiating the price
and modality of
payments (credit
purchase) and this
effect then through
kuchias trickle down
to the farmers. [As
the goats are not
bought on live body
weight, imperfect completion at any level of the subsector will be
affecting the rate of live goats drastically.]
Figure 13: FGD in Palanar village, Bastanar, Bastar
27
� Transportation regulations
available are not in synergy
with the commercial
requirements of the traders,
goat keepers and butchers.
With the given regulations,
cost of transportation per
head would be very high
and would become
unviable, to avoid this the
traders/butchers, in general,
resort to unfair means of
bribing, hence a
simplification in regulation
and making it more viable is
required.
Supplementary Findings
� CG is also a decent
supplier of goat skin.
The skin is ultimately
taken to Chennai
(refer to Annexure- II
).
� Demand factor
o (+)No taboos against goat meat
o (+)Meat rates: Rising steadily presently up to Rs. 240/kg.
Figure 16: Mungeli
– Haat or Nagar Nigam
Figure 15: Goats purchased from Mungeli Haat,
Bilaspur being transported to
Jagdalpur
28
o (+)Demand for CG goats from adjoining states, like Orissa and
Jharkhand: Good for farmers
o (+)Seasonality of Demand: Live goat prices increases during festive
seasons like Holi, Id Durgapuja, Bakrid etc.
Factors affecting the demand (-)
o Substitutes: Poultry and Fish [i.e. if the price of chevon increases the
consumer will go for chicken or fish.]
o Red meat vs white meat.
o Unhygienic condition of Slaughter.
o No quality control.
� Governments breed improvement programme, continuing from a long
time, has typically focused on Jamnapari breed; no great
improvements were evident on the ground. Speaking to various
functionaries in the animal husbandry department, many feel
Jamnapari has been a carrier for PPR in the state. It seems its time to
look beyond Jamnapari.
4.2. Strategic choices and Key Recommendations
Production subsystem
Recommendation 1 :
In relatively prosperous areas of North and Central CG Goat farms could be
promoted. Rural youths could be motivated for undertaking entrepreneurial
venture in goat
farming. These centres
could act as breeding
and demonstration
center. State might
launch a special
program of Rural
Entrepreneurship in
Goat sub sector to
promote rural
entrepreneurship
based goat farms with
credit and Insurance
support under
in an abattoir in Sarguja,
human settlements-
Public Health?
29
PMRY/SGSY. Panchayat can select and nominate such youths for training.
Recommendation2:
Building goat farmers institutions to bring down the opportunity cost of rearing
goats. For example shepherd system, which was existent, should be
promoted. How ever, it should be ensured that the shepherd gets something
equivalent to 100 days of wage under NREGS (Refer to foot note).
Marketing Subsystem Level
Recommendation 3:
Kuchia chhanel could be facilitated by giving them identity (id card, flexi
rules for with in the state transportation of goats etc.) and facilities (credit
and insurance could be an important input). Also steps to safeguard kuchias
against bad debts could be thought of. They may be brought under
mainstream financial system as thre transactions are short term and fast and
infusion of credit can furher boost their business.
Recommendation 4:
Alternate sale channels like haats could be developed. Market infrastructures
could be strengthened; haats especially in north CG (like Sarguja) could be
facilitated so that the farmers have an option beyond the kuchia channel.
Unutilised/ under utilized market infrastructure could be used as goat haat.
Also such haats needs to be developed in North Chhattisgarh where there
are no live goat haats.
Recommendation 5 :
To induce competition to the butchers to balance out the things in favour of
poor village based goat rearers new market development for CG goats
could be thought, Meat processing units could be contacted and proper
sale/ procurement channels could be developed with facilitation of Govt.
Also setting up of export oriented meat processing units could be facilitated,
for the first time in state ABIS Dairy in Rajnandgaon, on pilot basis, has started
a commercial goat farm with 100 goats, more such projects could be
promoted as this would pave the way for meat processing units and in case
the processing units are able to find demand for their products, even small
goat keepers could also be able to sell their goats to them, thereby inducing
some standardization of live goats.
Recommendation 6 :
Standardisation of live goat sale, based on live body weight is required, so
that the farmers don’t get under paid for their product. The meat rates does
not fluctuate on day today basis and is rising steadily in long run , but the
farmers in absence of any standard valuation of their product is under a risk of
getting under paid. Also the factor of PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY and PRICE
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND5 comes in to the play.
5 Elasticity: % change in Y/ % change in X
Where X is the price; Y is Supply or Demand
30
Support Services Subsystem Level
Health Services
Recommendation 7:
SHGs has a good presence at grass roots in CG, could be looked upon as a
viable channel like Pashu Sakhi model (refer to annexure V) with women SHG
members there by improving the efficiency of the support services. The
service can be provided at door step, round the clock in affordable cost and
women friendly manner.
Recommendation 8:
Transportation
Simplification of transportation regulations in the state to make it business
friendly is required.
In case of distress selling the supply becomes relatively inelastic and is ready to supply even on
lesser price, extreme case of price inelasticity of Supply comes in to play in case of spread of
diseases in goats, when the owner wants to dispose the goats at the earliest, in what ever price
he may get.
While on the other hand in festive season the price elasticity of demand comes in to play in which
the demand becomes relatively inelastic which means the consumers are ready to buy even if
the price is more, this trickle downs to producers level and they get better rates for goat at this
time.
31
4.3. Potential Role of PRI in facilitating Goat meat Sub sector
Growth
Goat rearing has been a livelihood source for poor communities within each
gram panchayat across the state. Panchayati Raj representative through
facilitating backward and forward linkages of goat business support can help
significant number of poor families. The study envisages following potential
role to be played by PRI, based on their capacity and willingness–
1. Development of common grazing lands through participation of goat
rearers and promote a system of fee based grazing and fodder
distribution-
The provisions of the Panchayats Extension to Extension to Scheduled
Areas (PESA) Act, 1996, give special powers to the Gram Sabhas in
Scheduled in Scheduled Areas especially in the management of
natural resources.
Chattisgarh has significant common lands available a panchayat. The
ongoing programs like NAREGA can be effectively used to make
earthen fencing and plantation on these lands. There has been
significant number of such efforts in Rajasthan6. Bhartiya Agro Research
Foundation (BAIF) has done work on developing common grazing
lands in Bhilwara , where community has been involved in its
sustainable management and resource utilization on payment basis.
2. Facilitating rural haats for sale of goats and other livestock.
Panchayati Raj Institutions are well placed to organise livestock haats
in rural areas. The important factor in such haats will be good transport
linkages and participation of butchers and market players. The haat
should ensure the basic amenities like drinking water, shades for animal
and basic services to traders visiting haats. There has been numerous
example of such haats. In Dholpur district of Rajasthan , PRIs have
been playing important role in organizing such haats and earn
revenue out of it.
We especially recommend such haats in Sarguja district where traders
from nearby state Jharkhand also visit and can be a pulling force for
goat based livelihood strengthening. The haat management
committee should must have representation from traders and
progressive goat farmers to manage it effectively. Establishment of
transparent and effective system of sale purchase and recording f it
will add value to the business. It will be important to organize kuchia
level awareness generation program on their basic rights and financial
6 www.sapplp.org
32
transactions system. Many times we observed small kuchias are prone
to financial treachery and transparent financial system can reduce it
considerably.
3. Identification of goat traders from the village (Kuchia) and issuing
identity card to lessen transport exploitation and identity building.
4. Selecting and promoting rural youth led goat farms as training cum
demonstration centre in each panchayat.
5. Periodic organization of veterinary camps at village level in association
with local veterinary hospital.
6. Promotion of IEC (Information, Education & Communication) materials
on improved goat rearing in villages and with goat rearers.
7. Development of Goat breeder’s association in Panchayat and
periodic competition on improved breeds and quality goats.
8. Provide market infrastructure for goat meat sale at main market place
and inhabitations with proper sanitary facilities.
9. Promote linkage with banks and other government programs/schemes
for improved goat rearing.
10. Keep a data base of goats, Goat rearers and breeding performance
and promote institutional live goat marketing.
33
4.4. Financial Implications of suggested model implementation and
suggested role of key players
Study team suggests a producer company model for promoting goat based
livelihood in the state (please refer to annexure- for details). The producer
company should take up work of aggregation of goats and collective selling.
The producer company can provide backward and forward linkages and
rural youths can play a vital role as service provider.
Study team suggests that once procurement of goat on live body weight and
collective marketing system is established (will taken 3 to 5 years), it may take
up role of managing its own meat shop and slaughter house. In that case,
business will get better profits as there will be significant membership base
and efficient expeience based management.
The major players and their role can be as follows –
Nature of
agency
Name of Player Major roles and responsibilities
1. Private feed and medicine
companies, Animal Husbandry
department
Quality and timely supply of
Input
Input
supplier
Credit and Insurance services Ned based credit and
Insurance supply to individual
and Producer company
Processors Institutional market (Restaurant,
Cantonment, Marriage party,
Trading and slaughter houses)
Market information,
forecasting and supply
planning
Promoting
agency
Animal Husbandry department,
Technical consultancy
organization like, The Livelihood
School for management The
Goat Trust for capacity building
on collective business process
and technical resources
Provide awareness on mass
scale, build capacity and
establish linkages for smooth
functioning
Such initiatives will require a phase wise action, which can be broadly
classified as –
Phase I – Selection of place and scooping study to assess available
infrastructure and gaps, Detailing out the context specific plans
Phase II – Intensive awareness of community on design and management of
proposed producer company, Roles and responsibilities of different actors
34
Phase III – Commencement of aggregation business on pilot basis and regular
monitoring to generate learning
Phase IV – Up scaling of business and diversification to processing and direct
retail marketing
35
References
Select References:
A Field Manual for Sub Sector Practitioners- The Gemini Project, US Aid
Livestock and Poultry Sector in Chhattisgarh: Present Status and
Approach for Future Development: - Govt. of Chhattisgarh and CALPI
Chhattisgarh Livestock Sector Review 2009 – Animal Husbandry
Department, GoCG
Goats: Unlocking their potential for Africa’s farmers; working paper by
Dr Christie Peacock
Dictionary of Economics – Economist, U.K
http://www.chhattisgarh.nic.in
http://agridept.cg.gov.in/
http://www.ibef.org
36
Annexure
37
I. Log of KIIs and FGDs conducted for the Goat sub sector study
A. TRADERS/ RETAILERS/ MARKET AUTHORITY
Name & Mobile No. Designation / Occupation & Address Interviewed
on
Kalimullah Qureshi
9926121230
Meat selling Shop Owner, Gudri
Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja
15.02.10
Rustam Qureshi
Trader - first level, Ambikapur,
Sarguja
15.02.10
Ashowar Meat selling Shop Owner, Gudri
Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja
15.02.10
Mewalal Thakur
9406075740
Skin Trader and Meat Shop Owner,
Proprietor, Bastar Goat Skin
Sanjay Market, Jagdalpur, Bastar
20.02.10
iv.Ahmed
9444100760
Proprietor,
Faiz Impex, Chennai
(Skin Trader)
21.02.10
Kuchia in Tokapal Haat, Bastar
(First level of trader) & Retailers
20.02.10
vi.Kuchia in Sanjay Meat Mkt, Jagdalpur 20.02.10
vii.Abhay Kumar Tiwari
9406286700
Asst. Revenue Inspector, Nagar
Nigam, Jagdalpur, Bastar
21.02.10
viii.Meat Sellers Group(23) Gudri Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja 15.02.10
Second level
Traders/retailers (18)
Tokapal Goat Bazar, Bastar 20.02.10
Retailers (20) Sanjay Bazar, Jagdalpur, Bastar 20.02.10
Mixed Group Mungeli Goat Haat, Bilaspur, CG 18.03.10
xii.Raj Kapoor Representative, Contractor for the
Haat
18.03.10
38
B. PRODUCERS GROUP
Group Total
Membe
rs
Place Date
i. Marginal Producers
Group
27 Maheshpur, Surajpur,
Sarguja
14.02.10
ii. Marginal Producers
Group
25 Karwan Basti, Barki Para,
Surajpur, Sarguja
14.02.10
iii. Marginal Producers
Group
30 Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja 16.02.10
iv. Marginal Producers
Group
26 Takraguda, Bastar 18.02.10
v. Marginal Producers
Group
22 Palanar, Bastanar,Bastar 19.02.10
C. HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDERS/GOVT. SCHEMES/ GOVT. OFFICIAL
Name & Mobile
No.
Designation &
Address
Interviewed
on
i. Dr. Parihar
9425186222
Deputy Director,
Veterinary Services, Ambikapur,
Sarguja
15.02.10
ii. Dr. Arun Singh
9826190765
Project Incharge,
Animal Husbandry, Ambikapur,
Sarguja
15.02.10
iii. Dr. Rajneesh
Agarwal
Vet. Asst. Surgeon,
Bastar Integrated Livelihood
Development Project, Bastar
18.02.10
iv. Dr. P.R.S. Nagi
9425230333
Vet. Asst. Surgeon,
Bastar
18.02.10
v. Dr. A.K. Dewangan
9425230333
VAS (MIS), BILDP, Jagdalpur, Bastar 19.02.10
vi. Ghanshyam
Jangde
9424299510
CEO Janpad Panchayat, Bastanar,
Bastar
19.02.10
vii. Dr. R.K. Sonawane
9827153518
Deputy Director, Veterinary
Services, Rajnandgaon
17.03.10
viii. Dr. Goutam Roy
9425079243
Assistant Director, Statistics, AH
Dept, Raipur
19.03.10
ix. Dr. K.K. Verma
9424128820
VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock
Development Agency,Raipur
19.03.10
x. Dr. Neetu Gorduji
om
VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock
Development Agency,Raipur
19.03.10
39
D. House hold Interview Total: 17
Name Address Number of
Goats
(Present)
Interviewed on
i. Jai Ram Rajwade
9165714498
Vill: Maheshpur,
Surajpur, Sarguja
2 14.02.10
ii. Mohan
9754095013
Vill: Maheshpur,
Surajpur, Sarguja
4 14.02.10
iii. Md. Shamim
Ansari
9826651149
Vill: Karwan, Surajpur,
Sarguja
2 14.02.10
iv. Deosay Rajwade Vill: Maheshpur,
Surajpur, Sarguja
10 14.02.10
v. Tularam (S.T) Vill: Maheshpur,
Surajpur, Sarguja
6 14.02.10
vi. Ganeswar Pd.
Rajwade
9009330097
Vill: Beerpur, Surajpur,
Sarguja
3 14.02.10
vii. Bulan Singh
9754926479
Vill: Karwan, Surajpur,
Sarguja
3 14.02.10
viii. Narayan Kant
Kuswaha
9617666120
Vill: Madguri, Kusmi,
Sarguja
- 16.02.10
ix. Fajihat Yadav Vill: Bhagwanpur,
Kusmi, Sarguja
- 16.02.10
x. Ramkeshwar
Kuswaha
9669478254
Vill: Madguri, Kusmi,
Sarguja
2 16.02.10
xi. Deokumari Vill: Madguri, Kusmi,
Sarguja
- 16.02.10
xii. Patiram Vill: Madguri, Kusmi,
Sarguja
6 16.02.10
xiii. Lavang Vill: Madguri, Kusmi,
Sarguja
1 16.02.10
xiv. Sukdeo Kasyap
9302509791
Vill: Takraguda,
Bastar
6 18.02.10
xv. Dharmu Ram
07867-201873
Vill: Takraguda,
Bastar
10 18.02.10
xvi. Samru Kawasi Vill: Palanar,
Bastanar, Bastar
- 19.02.10
40
xvii. Santosh Kr.
Mandavi
Vill: Palanar,
Bastanar, Bastar
3 19.02.10
xviii. Tangru Vill: Palanar,
Bastanar, Bastar
2 19.02.10
E. Other (Visits) Visit Preliminary Observations
(+) (-)
i. Slaughter House,
Pratappur Naka
Ambikapur,
Sarguja
• Infrastructure present
• Has been able to
reduce open slaughter
of animal in meat
markets.
• Unhygienic
conditions
• Open drains leading
the blood to areas
inhabited by humans
• No quality control
seen
ii. Takraguda, Bastar,
Field of Danida
• F1 cross with
Jamunapari seen
• Vet services relatively
better
• Common Shepherd
system exists in village
• People fully aware of
SHGs 10 SHGs
functional
• Jamunapari bucks
supplied not pure
breed
• No other buck like
Sirohi has been tried.
iii. Tokapal Goat
Market, Bastar
• An indigenous superior
breed of bastar seen,
the breed has not
been recognized it
seems, prima facie,
seems to have a great
potential.
• Is a successful goat
market, after Geedum.
• Proper facilities not
provided by the
market authorities,
has a potential to
make it bigger.
• Transportation of
goats from market
place to their place
for buyers a problem
as they are harassed
by police.
iv. Jagdalpur Goat
Market
• Goat market in
Jagdalpur one of the
important markets of
Bastar.The market day
is Sunday of every
week.
• Jagdalpur goat
market showing a
decreasing trend in
terms of bulk of
business Nagar
nigam tax of 5 % on
the buyer, on higher
side.
• No measures being
taken by market
authorities to
facilitate trade.
• In the centre of the
town in main market
41
place
v. Visit to village
Palanar, Bastar
• An indigenous superior
breed of Goat seen.
• Shelters for Goat and
other livestock in every
household
• People aware of SHGs,
8 SHGs exists, many
respondents members
• People seen working
under NREGS
• Goat rearing ranked as
most profitable along
with piggery.
• Vet services poor
• Farmers not aware
of importance of
vaccination in
animals, also no such
facilities extended to
them
• Nearest Vet hospital
10 Kms
• Goat not sold easily
in a day
• Loss of herd due to
epidemics ranked
the biggest
risk/threat faced in
rearing goats
• Avg herd size 3-6
vi. Visit to
village,Madguri,
Kusmi, Sarguja
• Good Shelters for Goat
and other livestock in
every household
• Goats sold easily,
bought from door steps
by first level of traders
from near by towns
and adjacent
Jharkhand and Orissa
• Jamunapari buck
available
• Goatery ranked
second most profitable
livestock after pigs.
• 4 SHGs working
• Vet services poor
• Epidemic wiped out
herds two year back
vii. Meat Market,
Sanjay Mkt,
Jagdalpur, Bastar
• Skin trade profitable
• Sale in festive seasons
and on Sundays high.
• Not using slaughter
house
• Unhygienic
conditions
• Profit margins and
over all profit has
declined
• No facility provided
by market authority
viii. Meat Mkt, Gudri
Bazar Ambikapur,
Sarguja
• Skin trade profitable • Overall profitability in
business showing a
decreasing trend
• Supply of Goats
decreased due to
leakage to adjoining
states.
ix. Veterinary Hospital, Ambikapur
42
x. Veterinary Hospital, Bastar block, Bastar
xi. BILDP Training Center, Jagdalpur, Bastar:
Good training infrastructure developed under Danida Project
xii. Veterinary College, Anjora, Durg
xiii. NABARD, Regional Office Raipur
xiv. Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Raipur
xv. Navanjor Project Office, Raipur
II. Transcriptions- Key Informant Interviews and FGDs with stake
holders
A. TRADERS/ RETAILERS/ MARKET AUTHORITY
a) Kalimullah Qureshi ; Rustam Qureshi (Trader - first level ) & the
group
Meat Shop Owner, Gudri Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja
Q- How long are you in the business? What is the dynamics of the
trade? How it has changed over the period
A- In business since 1970, inherited from father, studied up to class
10th. There has been a decline in profitability for us. The price of
goats have increased, the rate of meat has increased as well but
not in the same proportion. Earlier we use to have a better margin
now it has decreased and is even difficult to sustain the family in
the required way. This is because the supplies of goats have
decreased; people in villages are not rearing goats in the way they
used to do earlier. This because the opportunity cost of rearing
goats have increased. The people to take goats for grazing are not
available in villages. The supplies of goats have decreased.
Q- How goats are collected and brought to the market?
A. Collected from villages, no. of goats have decreased, it is
becoming now a days difficult to get goats, goats are transported
from the villages by bicycle, motor bikes, bus, pickup depending
43
on the numbers. The goats are purchased by the meat sellers from
traders. The traders purchase the goats from the villages by moving
from door to door. The goats are purchased from the villages on
availability.
There is no goat market (haats) in sarguja, such haats should be
promoted.
The traders go to villages for collection of goats early in the
morning.
Also there is demand of goats from adjoining states of Jharkhand
and Orissa. Every week 10 pickup load goats are transported to the
adjoining states every week. Police facilitates this by taking bribe.
The goats are collected by the local traders and sold to traders
coming from other states. The point of purchase for them here is
Jhingo near Rajpur. They pay higher price for goats as compared to
the local buyers. Due to this the rate of meat here has increased to
Rs. 200/Kg.
Q- What sells in a goat? Where does the skin sell?
A- In goat every thing sells. Skin is purchased by skin traders (1 or 2) and they send it Kolkata every month approx. after collecting
locally (about 1000-1200). Every day from this market at least 50 to
60 skins are produced. The skin is sold raw and the skin traders treat
it with salt. The raw skin sells at Rs. 50 per skin. Skin of smaller size sells
at Rs. 25-30 and the discarded ones at Rs. 10 (cuts/ sore etc.).
Eighteen shops are there in all. The left over meats are sold next day
in the hotels in lesser rate (Rs. 50 less than the market rate). Goats
are slaughtered twice daily.
Q- Slaughter House rates? ()
A- Rs. 2 per goat to maulvi over there and Rs. 6 per goat to the Nagar
Nigam tax (total Rs. 8) we send our people for the dressing. The
meat is then transported of our own using scooter/ cycle or
Rickshaw in plastic sacks. The rickshaw charges are Rs. 40 for both
sides. The slaughter house is 2 km.
Q- Logistic Management by traders (1st level)
A- Needs to spend up to Rs. 100 extra per goat from point of purchase
from the villages and transporting it to the meat sellers point. Goes
on an avg. 50 Kms in search of goats by motor bikes. Mainly
purchase goats from damali, sarkedma, mainpat.5 goats can be
transported in one motor bike. Mostly there is no problem
encountered in transporting the goats. At times police interrogates
them and asks for bribe. The capital is invested every day money
for about 10 goats are to be kept in hand. Goats as per
requirements is brought rest is left with the owners and advance is
44
paid to them. At times there is lag in payment from the meat sellers
for a day or two. (Working capital 5-10,000).
Q- Working Capital, Expenditures and Inventory management for
the meat sellers.
A- An inventory of two days has to be maintained. The stocks are kept
in their houses. One goat costs at least Rs. 1200-1500; stock of 8-10
up to 20-25 goats are to be maintained. The goats need to be fed
and person is required to look after them. The rent for the shop is Rs
600 per month; for per goat slaughtered the nigam tax is s. 6. At the
time of slaughter the name of the shop owner is recorded and the
money is collected in the next half. Receipt is given for the tax
collected.
Labour charge for dressing and cutting meat per person per day is
Rs.100-150. Have 2 staffs.
The closed holidays as per the orders of the Nigam has
increased from 4 in a year to about 20-25 in a year.
Q- Goats from which area is better?
A- Goats from hilly areas are better, beyond Damali, Mainpat area.
Goats are healthier. Mainpat is 50 kms, darima, Bilaspur road. Once
Jamunapari goats were supplied 3 years back that infected the
local goats and goats died in mass scale.
Sellers also rear goats in a very limited way. If a pregnant goat is
bought they do not slaughter those.
The number of first level of traders is about 1000-1500 in the area.
Not all are involved full time only 5 % is full timer.
− Goat farm does not exist. If Govt. opens a farm, shop owners
will buy, Goat farm could be promoted.
− Sheep is not reared in Surguja.
− Value added products not tried.
− No insurance for shop. Persons involved have insurance of
their own.
Q- Sale of meat, when the demand is more when less?
B- Demand more during festivals like Id, Bakrid, Muhharam, Holi,
Dusshera and on Sundays.
I. Q- Changes in business trend (another respondent- Ashowar)
C- The trend is towards decline. 10 years back the rate of the skin was
Rs. 125-130 per skin. Now it has come down to Rs. 50 per skin. This is
because perhaps the export of leather goods has decreased. Skin
45
goes to Madras, Kolkata, Nagpur; have heard that that the tanned
skin is exported to foreign countries.
Earlier, in one goat we use to earn about Rs. 100 now we earn Rs. 10
to 20. This is because the supply of Goats has decreased to great
extent.
The demand for meat here is high. Sale of chevon and chick are
equal.Rate of Chevon is Rs. 200 per kg. About 15 qt sold every day,
for whole market.
If a live goat weighs 20 Kg the meat would be 9 Kgs (2.2:1)
Head sold in Rs. 30 – Rs. 50, Intestine sold Rs. 40/Kg ; Lung sold Rs. 60-
80/ Kg in one goat ½ kg lung.;
− 10 years back we use to earn Rs.400-500 per day now we are
earning Rs. 150-200 per day.
− The traders from other states have captured the market for
purchase of goats from villages as they are able to pay more
than us.
− Demand for meat has increased, sale has increased, but the
earning has gone down.
− Fish sale is very good.
− Goats are mainly supplied to Jharkhand and Orissa. To Orissa
through Garhwa in Jharkhand.
− Big traders from Orissa come and purchase goats of Rs. 4-5
Lakhs.
− Margin- If sells properly Rs. 250-300 earned.
b) FGD with Meat Sellers Group (Retailers) Sanjay Bazar, Jagdalpur, Bastar
(Sheikh Kader and other group members)
Main points in the discussion as jotted down (clip unavailable):
• In last 3 to 4 years the business is showing a regressive trend.
• Would not like their children to continue in the same business.
46
• Goat markets in the region
o Jagdalpur
o Toakapal
o Geedum
o Bhilai Supela (Durg)
o Mungali (Near Bilaspur); on Thursdays; biggest market
• The margins are decreasing the input cost per kg meat is Rs.180-200
and the selling price is Rs. 230-240.
• In sanjay mkt on an average per day 5-6 quintals of meat is sold.
(25-30 goats)
• In one shop 3 persons are required.
• Working capital and investment is required as they have to
maintain an inventory.
• Slaughter house is not there.
c) Kuchia in Tokapal Haat, Bastar (First level of trader) & Meat Sellers (Butchers)
Key Points in Discussions:
� Goats brought to sell, not sold, will take tomorrow to Jagdalpur haat by
bicycle would take 1-1.5 hrs to reach Jagdalpur (4 goats).
� The goats were bought in Rs. 1400 each and would sell in aprrox. 1500.
Profit per goat is about Rs 50 to Rs. 100. Goats transported in bicycles in
plastic hand bags, cycle carrier.
� 7 Goats bought to be taken to Orissa loaded in public transport (jeep)
would change vehicle couple of times. To kotpal, Rs. 1000 would be
spent in transport.
� Goats from kilepal, Bastanar hilly, areas better as they are left free to
graze in jungle area. Castrated Goat (Khassi) of the area would have
sold in the range of Rs. 5000-6000 (3-4 yrs).
� Best season for kuchias 3 month of winter, worst season rainy season,
because goats get sick.
� Pond is there for goats nearby.
� Retailers from Kotpal (Orissa),Navrangpur, Dantewada, Jagdalpur
come to such markets.
� People transport the goats using various means like jeep etc. The
group being interviewed was group of retailers from adjoining
Dantewada district and had jointly arranged for a carrier jeep for
transportation purposes. This was a regular practice for them. In the
way they would pay bribe of a total of Rs. 1000 in 6 police stations that
47
they would cross before reaching their destination. This is because their
vehicle does not have a permit to transport animals.
� Total business in a cash business no credit. The vehicle would charge as
per Kms, Rs. 8/Km. In this case had com from 100 Kms would pay Rs.
1600 for vehicle. 25-40 goats could be loaded in the vehicle.
Expenditure per goat would be Rs. 70 to 80.
� Geedum market is the biggest, than is Tokapal. Quality of goats is
better in Geedum.Geedum is 20 Km from Bastanar.
� Over the years the supply of goats have come down earlier Geedum
market use to have 400-500 goats every week now it is about 150 only.
This is because of naxalism problem. Earlier the retail meat shop owners
use to get goats directly from the villages, now it is not possible. Also
the kuchias are not able to go to the interiors due to fear of Naxals and
Security forces.
� Meat is Rs. 200/kg, purchase is also in about the same rate, margin is
less. If a goat will have 10 Kg meat we can pay max around 2000 but
meat sellers from Jagdalpur can pay up to 2400 as the meat sells
there in Rs. 240/Kg. Hence they take the better goats and we are left
with the left overs.
Q - You say that supply of goats is not there few goat sellers could not sell
their goat?
A- The rate in which they are selling would cost us Rs 300/kg. People you
think as sellers are in fact buyers. They have bought from this market
and would sell in this mkt itself to a new comer, marriage parties etc.
� The capital is put by self and at times credit at the rate of 3% per
month. Credit is repaid weekly.
� There is no insurance while transportation.
� Our condition is hand to mouth, earlier it was better.
� The naxalism has affected the trade.
� Few very good goat haats has been closed (), now a day’s margin per
goat is Rs. 50 to 100. Earlier it used to be 250-300.
� Future of this business is not bright. People selling grams can grow but
not us.
48
d) Meat Shop Owners (Second level – Retailers from Bacheli, Bailadila) Tokapal Goat Bazar, Bastar
Key Points in Discussions (Traders Woes):
� The traders purchase goats 8 times in a month 4 each from Tokapal
and Geedum market. Every time they have to pay in all the police
stations they pass.
� While going back from Goat markets to their place the traders are
harassed by police.
They are asked to pay bribe in kind (goat) or cash or else put the goats
in Shelters for stray animals, which does not even exist in the area.
Police misbehaves with them as well.
� Choosing the lesser evil they choose to bribe all the police stations in
their way (Counted as 6 in this particular case.;
Kodenar,Geedum,Dantewada,Bhansi,Bacheli,kirendul); every station
at least 200-300 has to be given) They also said that they would
intentionally start late from the market such that it gets dark on way
and they may evade from the police.
� Once Mr. Brij Mohan Agarwal had facilitated an order not to disturb
traders, but again it has started.
� The contractor of the mandi gives receipt, shown to police but is of no
rescue. Receipts are given in all the haats. The contract is issued from
the Janpad Panchayat to the contractors.
� Rupees 15 is the tax per goat bought; payable to the contractor of the
market & no tax for sellers in tokapal market. In Jagdalpur the tax is
even more viz. 5%, there is no one to raise the voice; it needs to be
brought down. We have stopped going to Jagdalpur mkt.
� Hassles are increasing in the trade every day the rates of goats, tax
rates, bribes to police are increasing and the profit is coming down.
Earlier the earnings were more hassles were less.
� The business has no future they would not like their children to take up
this work, so they are educating them.
49
e) Kuchia in Sanjay Meat Mkt, Jagdalpur (Laxminath, SC) Key Points in Discussions:
� The dealings with the meat shop owners are in cash, most of the times
only very rarely it is in credit.
� The goats once purchased from villages are transported through
various means like Bus, Cycle etc. Today I have brought 3 goats in bus.
The goats are kept in the dickey and charged Rs.10 per head where as
the human fare is Rs..15 per day.
� I collect the goats from the villages and come to Jagdalpur once in a
week to sell those to the meat shop owners; it is either on Saturday or
Sunday.
� Go from door to door to buy goats.
Q- How much you earn per goat, which you bring from the villages? How
do you make an estimate of the rate in which you should buy the
goats? Do you incur losses as well?
A- It is Rs. 50 to 150; It is by observing the goat, by their owners; Yes at times we do incur losses and that is mainly during the rainy season
when the sale of meat goes down, the meat shop owners do not offer
high price, in such at times we sell it in a loss, because there is a cost
attached to keeping the goat and can’t afford the same.
Q- Do you ever communicate over mobile with the shop owners
regarding the stock you have? Do they require goats presently or not?
How much working capital you have? Would access to credit help in
purchasing more goats?
A- No, I am a small trader; there is no question of having a stock as I will not have the money to buy more goats at a time. Had I invested Rs.
50-60,000 I would have been able to build stocks. The working capital
is Rs. 2000 to Rs. 2500.
Yes, access to credit may increase the no. of goats, but in case of
increase of stock maintaining more no. of animals till sold is required,
which is difficult. Highest amount received at a time after selling goats
has been Rs. 8000 to 10,000.
Q- Do you do any work else than this trading work?
A- Yes, I am a part time farmer and labourer. Have a land of about 1.5
Acres.
Q- How long you have been doing this work?
A- Last fifteen years.
50
� TREND over the years
� Bushes and the jungle area for feeding the goats have come down.
� Families with more number of family members are rearing goats as one
member is required to be after goats for feeding purposes.
� Now days it is more difficult to get goats than earlier. As because, the
distress selling has come down, the problem of starvation has come
down, people also have stocks of grains for them selves.
� People sell their goats (sick and weak) more in the months of May and
June, just before the rainy season, which increases the supply.
� In last three years, the supplies of goats have decreased.
� Kuchias have increased.
� There are kuchias who do bulk trading, they are from Kuter,
singhanpur,Dhanra , from Raut community and are financially more
well of. They have working capital of Rs. 50 – 60,000. They supply as well
to this market. They tried to sell to out of the state traders but, the out
side traders are not able to pay always on time.
� If the goats are weighed, it have its problem in the villages, as there we
have to buy as per anticipation, even if it is sold on basis of body
weight, the weight may come down while in process. How ever,
System could be developed.
� Q- If a vehicle service is started for carrying goats, will it work?
A- Skeptical on actual requirement and success.
f) Abhay Kumar Tiwari & Agent
Asst. Revenue Inspector, Nagar Nigam, Jagdalpur, Bastar
Key Points in Discussions:
Agent
� Every seller needs to pay Rs. 10 and buyers Rs. 200 for the month. There are 10 agents like me working under Abhay Tiwary of Nagar
Nigam.
� Receipt for purchase is given to every buyer.
Abhay Kumar
Q- Whether the Supply of goats to this market has increased or
decreased over a period of time and why? The quality of goats
supplied have come down or improved and why?
A- It is decreasing; also the quality of goats coming to the market has
come down. This is because the quality goats from interior hilly
51
areas like antagarh, bastapur etc. have come down substantially.
The kuchias are afraid to go inside and buy goats due to naxalites.
Q- What is the registration fees/tax structure like? Whether your
revenue from this market has increased or decreased?
A- 5% for buyer only. Revenue as compared to last year has come
down, as quality goats are not coming.
Q- What is the revenue received per month? Can we get records of t
he revenue over 5 years, say?
A- Monthly revenue is about Rs. 8000 to 9000 per month. Regarding
the records for 5 years, last few years the work was contracted by
Nagar Nigam, last year as well bidding was made of Rs.1, 60,000
but the party didn’t go forward to sign the agreement deed, hence
Nagar Nigam is presently doing it.
Q- Do you give any facility as well? Do you give any facility for
keeping animals in case it is not sold?
A- You are seeing the facility available (only sheds). Earlier, 7-8 yrs back we use to make arrangements for drinking water of animal. At
that time bigger animals like cow, ox etc. use to come. Now days it
is only goats, that too the market is only for 2-2.5 hrs. Now tokapal
market attracts the sellers and buyers more.
In case animals are not sold, it is taken back by the owners. None
has approached for the same.
There is Pamela Bazar for bigger animals cattle, ox etc.
Also this market is located in the centre of the town, if facilities are
created properly and located properly, the market would do well.
Q- It seems outsiders are few?
A- Yes, since the quality of goats has come down outsiders have
decreased in numbers, earlier buyers from Orissa also use to come
to this market now they have stopped. Tokapal is now preferred
market for them.
Q- In your opinion can there be any steps that Govt. may take so that
the supply to such markets may improve?
A- Police is harassing the kuchias who go to interior areas for
purchasing from villages. Such kuchias could be issued id cards.
Also police should give them protection if they are harassed by anti
social elements.
Instead of giving protection to the kuchias police is in practice of
harassing them, in an incident police in check post was asking for
receipt of goats purchased by kuchias from villages and was asking
52
for bribes, the traders were known to me hence I intervened and
made the police official talk to my commissioner, then they
stopped sitting on that point. Traders are scared of police. Due to
all these factors, Jagdalpur mkt has gone down. Also the sweepers
here were demanding money the buyers, sellers and us. That has
been sorted out.
Q- Traders were saying that 5 % tax on purchase of goats is on higher
side, what you have to say?
A- No the tax is not higher; this is the tax for last 10 yrs, that is not the limiting factors.
Q- The traders those who purchase goats every time for them you
don’t find it to be on the higher side?
A- For the shop owners, the parshad has given instruction
informally, to take Rs. 200 from them, receipts are given to them
as well.
Q- Goats and bucks both are selling? What would be the difference in
their rates?
A- The price of goats is lesser, if the buck sells in Rs. 2000 the goat of similar weight would sell in Rs. 1400. The meat sellers(butcher) would
mostly sell goats and not the bucks.
Q To a goat seller: What is the price of your goat? In how much you
have bought it?
A- It is Rs. 5,500. I have bought it for Rs. 4000 from village spent Rs. 30 in
transportation. Since morning I have sold 5 goats today.
g) Ahmed Proprietor, Faiz Impex, Chennai
&
h) Mewalal Thakur Proprietor, Bastar Goat Skin
Skin Trader and Meat Shop Owner,
Sanjay Market, Jagdalpur, Bastar
Key Points in Discussions:
Q- We want to understand the skin trade, What happens to the skin from
this place, where it goes, how etc.
A- The raw skin is collected and salt is put to it with in 24 hrs, if the salt is not
put the skin will get damaged, for one skin approximately 2 kgs of salt
53
will be required, the salt used is not the table salt but hygiene salt and
costs approximately Rs. 150-200/ 50 Kgs. The salt comes from Tutugudi
in Tamil Nadu. It is purchased and stocked here. Once processed with
this salt the skin would stay in good condition for about a month and
maximum for 2 months. How ever, we collect the skin from this place,
all of Chhattisgarh, MP, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh every 15 days. One
truck load is collected every 15 days. One truck load would have
10,000 skins.
Here the local trader would collect skins from different areas in small
truck and collect it to our godown here , in Jagdalpur. After that in
every 15 days we take the skin to Chennai. Chennai is the hub of
tanneries, about 2000 tanneries would be there (In Kanpur only there
are a few.). Chennai is the hub for buyers of 80% finished goods around
the world. This finished leather is then used for making belts, wallets,
bags etc.
Q- Which state is best quality and quantity wise?
A- Quality wise it is Kerala, M.P is average about 50% selection, areas
around Cuttack, Rourkela is good. Quantity wise M.P (including
Chhattisgarh) is on higher side. Many whole sale skin traders have
their offices (collection centers) in Chhattisgarh (Jagdalpur, Raipur,
Durg etc.). Nagpur is the collection hub for this area, in eastern
india it is Kolkata, for Andhra it is Hyderabad.
Q- How do you purchase from local trader.
A- We purchase the skin on piece basis, for one skin we pay
approximately Rs. 50 -60 and from here we take it to Chennai sell at
the factory gate by taking 10 % margin, the transportation cost is Rs.
5 to Rs. 6. The skin is then processed. First, it is dipped in a chemical
solution to remove the hair of outer skin (eastern chrome).
Treatment capacity of one plant is 1500; there is a ceiling put up by
the Govt. for pollution control. The wastes are treated and
disposed. Then the colouring of skin is done. The processed leather
is exported; of the total exports, leather exports are second to the
textile export. 80-90% of the processed goat leather is then
exported.
Cattle leather and buffalo skins are costlier Rs. 500-600 per skin.
Sheep leather is cheaper and better than the goat skin but the
share of sheep leather in Chhattisgarh is very less it is around 5%.
Skins of bigger animals are used making office bags etc. The
process of treating goat skin and bigger animal skin is separate.
There was a tannery in Bhilai but that has been closed now. The raw
material supply here would not be there; at least 1500 to 2000 skin
needs to be processed for sustenance.
The tanneries are in shortage of raw material hence they are
importing raw skin from out side the country, processing it and selling
it.
54
Q- The rate of the raw skin has come down here from Rs.100- 120
per skin to Rs. 50-Rs.60 per skin.
A- Yes because the raw skin are imported from countries like Greece,
Middle East, South Africa at a lower rate, hence it has brought the
raw skin rate down. The tanned skin is then exported to European
countries like Italy and Germany and to other countries.
Q- If suppose Govt. thinks that the local raw skin seller should get
Rs. 70 instead of Rs. 50 that they are getting, can Govt. do any thing?
A- In the local market Govt. can’t do much in that, there is not much
problem as such for Goat skin.In taking the skin from CG 2% tax is
there that we pay.
Q- Do you plan to put tannery in CG?
A- Yes, we are planning to put up a tannery in Jagdalpur along with
Mr. Mewalal he has some place here, I have to check the quality of
water, whether it is suitable, should be soft water. By 2011 we are
planning to start.
� A small scale tannery would require a minimum investment of 40
to 50 lakhs.
� Bank loan would be required for which we have tie-ups.
� Would require a labour force of 50 to 60.Final products will not
be made as specialized labour, also economy to scale will
come in to play the availability of the skin is restricted at the
max. to 10-15000 per day, while in Chennai the no. will be very
high.
� The tannery would get skin from CG, MP, and Orissa.
� Once the skin is changed to leather it can stay up to 4-5 Yrs. Last
year in summers about 5000 pieces of skin got damaged
here.Lost about 4-5 lakhs. Also transportation cost will go down
as more leather as compared to skins could be transported in
one truck load.(20,000 piece while the skin it will be 10,000 piece
in one truck load.)
� Local Skin rate won’t change as the market and the rates are
governed from Chennai.
� Hub of skin collection in CG is Jagdalpur and Raipur. (10-15000
pieces per month).
� The supply of Goat skins from CG has come down substantially
here, by 50%, due to declining trend of availability of Goats.
� The quality of the skin can’t be changed, depends on climate.
� My 4-5 staff members are in CG doing all the aggregations.
Q- Have you given any such proposal to the Govt?
A- Not yet but we would do so later on.
� Italian Synthetic Leather.
55
� It is priced half the leather, leather is Rs. 50 per sq. feet and
synthetic leather is 25 per sq. feet. The difference is difficult to
make out. It is coming from Italy in rolled sheet. Synthetic leather
shoe may cost about Rs. 300 the leather Shoe would cost Rs.
1000.This has also affected the world leather market. Chinese
have flooded the market with products made of synthetic
leather.
� For last 5 yrs. Synthetic leather (SL) has come from China and
Italy. One machine it self would cost 15-20 Crore rupees.
� GOVT. allowed the imports of SL products as this gets import
duty.
Q- Value addition at each level (Value Chain)
INTERMEDIARIES UNIT RATE (Rs.)
� Raw Skin
� Initial treatment with salt
(Putrefaction)
� Skin Collected locally …………………………………………… 50-
60
� Collected by bulk trader and Transported to ……….. 70-75
Chennai, factory gate of Tanneries
� Conversion to leather …………………………………………………
120-135 (Rs. 50 to 60 addition)
(50 % process completion)
� Dyeing of semi finished leather
(80% process completion)
� Making of leather products
………………………………………………270- 300 (Rs. 150 addition)
Wallet, hand bag, belt etc.
(100 % process completion)
� Many US brands (especially shoes) are made fully in Chennai
and then exported with the US brand names.
� Agra has shoe makers as well but they get the leather from TN.
Kanpur, saddle is made which is made from the buffalo skin.
i) Mixed Group, Mungeli Goat Haat, Bilaspur, CG
Date: March 18, 2010
Points in Discussion
56
As narrated by a meat shop owner (Butcher)
� Kuchias as well as farmers both come to this market for selling their
goats.
� The goats are from 5-10 Km. for Navratra there has been less number of goats today.
� This is the biggest haat of CG. Goats from the haat goes to Bhilai, Bilaspur, Mahasamund, Dantewada, Orissa,Raurkela, Jagdalpur
even up to Nagpur.
� Trend- Goats are coming it is all the same. On Wednesday it is cattle haat in the same place today i.e. Thursday it is goat haat.
� The contract is given by Nagar nigam. � Nagar nigam has dumped all the solid wastes here. Nearest drinking water source is the river besides.
� The haat is at least 50 to 60 yrs old. Atleast 4 generations have seen this haat. The location of the haat is being decided by Nagar
nigam, earlier it was near bus stand, now it has been shifted to this
location.
� About 150-200 kuchias from 30-40 villages come here. � Traditional business, shop in Badi bazaar, Meat rate- Rs. 200/Kg,Bilaspur Rs.220-240/Kg, in Raipur-Rs. 240-250/Kg. Rate in
Orissa higher.
� In Navratra, the rate is higher.
� No. of farmers is also high. � Charge of contractor is not fixed Rs.100-Rs150 � Rs. 12 per goat for the regular butchers. � Cross breed of Jamunapari has a good result in near by Rampur. � Nearby areas there is a haat called Takatpur on Fridays every week, 20 km from here.Kamhi haat on Wednesday.
� One yr goat will get Rs.2000-2500. � Kuchias earn Rs.50 -100 per goat. � We buy from the Kuchias in haat only and it is not required to get them in shops. In case we require buying in between, we go
directly to the villages in our bikes and buy it. We even don’t buy
from the kuchias doing bulk selling.
� Kuchias are from different communities. Yadav, sahu etc. � One kuchia can bring 100, 50, what ever they can. This is peak season. Bring those in booked vehicles.
� In fasterpur, there is a haat from 8-10 in the morning.The bigger traders buy fro the smaller traders and bring here.Margin is Rs.50 – Rs
100.
� Goats of Mungeli is famous all over; people come from other places to buy goats from here.There is adequate feed for goat and
you find here lots of Babul trees, goats eat its fruit and drink lots of
water this adds to the fattening. Also the water here is very good.
The meat of mungeli goats would taste better than those of other
places, it’s a challenge.
57
As narrated by a Kuchia (s) [Ram swarup, Prasadi, Meenu Ram]
� Today brought about 4 goats, brought less as Navaratra is going
on.
� From village kodma bani, learnt from my father, is traditional. Doing
this from last 3-4 yrs. Come here every week are full timers.
� Gets goat on both, cash and credit, depends some give credit as
well, others give on cash of 100, 2-4 would give goats on credit.
� What ever mode is cheaper is used for transportation.
� The transporters charge Rs. 8 to Rs. 10 per goat and the police
charges Rs.2 per goat.
� All the kuchias pool up and pay to police. To avoid hassles with the
police, kuchias pay to the police. Police asks for receipts of
purchase, which is not there.
� There is no association of ours.
� Sell on credit; buy from farmer in credit too. It is a matter of faith
and urgency.
� The money of farmer is given the next day after haat payment
cannot be delayed much as otherwise he would catch hold of us.
� Even if there is a loss the farmer’s payment is given to him.
� Today brought 18-19 goats, all have been sold. Earned Rs. 3000.
Interview of Rajesh (Kuchia); in trade for last 20 years.
� Brought lesser goats today due to Navratra; bring goats from
Bastapur.
� In last 20 years the trend in number of goats is increasing, through
the years, in every haat there is about 1000 goats.
� Farmers are rearing goat.
� 20 years back the qualities of goats were better. How ever of the
same breed.
� Earlier the Rajasthani sheep was not there now these sheeps are
finishing the natural feeds of the goats and this has affected the
over all fattening of goats.
� Incidences of Diseases spread is there in goats. Catching cold with
loose motion.
� We are not aware of first aid. Our only aid is to cut the goat. Goats
of all age are cut.
� Butchers are Muslims.
� There is no identity/license, for last 20 yrs. I am doing this work but
there is no proof no hold as such.
� (In case of issuing the id card, how it right persons would be
identified?) By referring to the records of the market (haat)
transactions.
58
� (What is the benefit of license?). We sell on credit to butchers, but
they do not pay us many a times. This limits our progress, we do not
have any means to get our payments, licence will help us fight
against them. Five years before an outstanding amount of Rs.
100,000 was not paid by a butcher from Raipur (Ismail), for about
an year or two the transactions were smooth and after that they
took goats on credit and never paid back. Now he does not come
to this haat.
� Buyers from Orissa, Jagdalpur etc comes here, the rate given is
same by all.
� Sellers do not get the receipt, only buyers get those. We should also
take a receipt.
� Every body does not have Life Insurance.
� Working capital credit requirement is there. Never taken any credit
from banks. Take credit from money lenders from village. The rate is
in between 1.5 to 3 % per month.
� Also take the liberty of paying to the farmers in installments; if there
is any urgent requirement for money to the farmer, then the full
payment needs to be made.
� More than 100 kuchias would be coming to the market. Market is till
3.
� All the goats are sold, mostly.
� We move in villages, we know who the rearers are, we go and ask
them. The final rate is fixed based on our assessment, by holding the
back of the goat, assessing the amount of meat that would be
there.(Farmer says 2000, we say 1000, deal is done in 1500).
� We get best rates in this season, the lean period is the rainy season.
� Have mobile no. to some farmers, occasionally they contact for
sale. My village level trader has the number, when he has
adequate goats, he calls me for sale.
Interview of(Kuchia) Partner of Rajesh; in trade for last 20 years.
� Working as kuchia for last 18-20 yrs .My father was also working as
kuchia; was 20-22 yrs old when came into this trade.
� My child is studying in class 4 (indicating to his son), does not want
him to get in to this business, rest depends on his fate.
� There are difficulties in this business; we have to give credit to the
butchers and some times they do not pay back.
� Experiences of Bad Debts: About 4 yrs back credit sale worth
Rs.70,000 was made to a butcher called Ismail from Raipur, had a
good business relationship with him, but this time he did not repay,
could do nothing. Likewise amounts of Rs. 30,000;Rs. 22000; Rs.
20,000 has been bad debt for us.
59
� Also incur to losses at times due to sudden mortality of goats after
purchase.
� Working capital credit is taken from market @ 2% per month from
money lenders.
� There is no proof of business dealings with us. Need help in this
regard.
j) Raj Kapoor, Representative, Contractor for the Haat
Mungeli Goat Haat, Bilaspur, CG; Date: March 18, 2010
� Presently there is no drinking water facility within the haat premises,
one bore well was tried by Nagar nigam last year but it had failed.Also
there is no lighting arrangements.
� This land on which the haat is functioning is a pvt land on the haat land
Nagar nigam has dumped solid wastes.
� Last year due to political reasons Nagar nigam’s functioning was
restricted. Nagarnigam is trying to bring the daily veg. haat to this
location and shift this haat to another location.
� The contract bid for one year for this weekly goat market (on
thursdays)and weekly cattle market on Wednesdays is Rs. 9 lakhs.The
contract for this year is about to end, it has been a loss for us as the
cattle trade here has declined drastically. Next year if the rates are
competitive we would go for contract, else not.
� This haat is operating since 1970.The volume of trade has gone down
over the years. Reasons are that the goats are purchased directly from
villages and taken outside the state and also within the state. In doing
this networks are functional. Goats are taken up to Rourkela, Nagpur,
Delhi etc.
� After this month the business would be better.
� No feeding facility here, the owners feed the goats before bringing
here and if not sold they graze them while returning back.
� (Indicating to a trader) He has brought the goats from 20 kms and
transported to this place by pickup.
� Tax rates: Rs 12 for the buyers and Rs. 8 from the sellers; regular traders
are charged fixed rates while occasional traders are charged in
percentage terms.
60
� (One farmer who had sold his goat in Rs.4900 was charged Rs. 50, as
revealed by the interviewee).
Q- In case Id cards are to be issued to kuchias, would it be possible to to
identify from your records who the real kuchias are?
� Yes, it would be.
� Goat rearers do not have the knowledge of first aid.
� Kuchias bring to this haat and bigger traders take it from here.
B. PRODUCERS GROUP
a) Marginal Producers Group Maheshpur, Surajpur, Sarguja
(Village about 20 kms from District headquaters)
� 450 HH in the village of which SC-50 HH; ST-200; OBC-200
� SC- Harijan, Ghasia; ST- Goad, Kanwar, Pando; OBC-
Rajwade,Yadav, Manikpuri, Vaishneo.
� 400 HH reares live stocks; 50 HH are labourers.
� SHGs: 8 (5 women SHGs); maximum saving-Rs.40,000; One group
linked to bank for loan.
� Major income source- Agriculture; Crops taken: Paddy, Wheat,
Corn and pulses.
� Irrigation done through tube well; 150 HH have tubewells, mainly
personal.
� Water given @ Rs 20/hr.(electric motor)
� Productivity per acre:
o Paddy- 10-12 qt
o Wheat-5-6 qt
� Max. no. of goats in a single HH- 20-30; cow-10; No stigma
associated with goat rearing.
� Goats are semi stall fed, leaves given.
� Profitability ranking in animal husbandry:
1. Gotery & Poultry
61
2. Cow
3. Buffalo
� Goat if required for rearing purposes is bought from the nearby
village; rate minimum Rs. 500; generally would range from- Rs. 1000-
Rs. 2000 (with kids).
� Cross Breed cows/ buffalos brought from traders coming to
Ambikapur, Bishrampur from Bihar/ Jharkhand (Garhwa). Good
cow would cost about Rs. 50,000 and Buffalo (Murrah)Rs. 70,000.
Cross breed cows HF-Jersey.
� Maximum number of cows in the village is local breed. The best
result is from F1 cross with jersey which gives a milk yield of 5ltrs/day
as against 1ltr/day in desi cows.
� Rate:
o Desi Cow- Rs. 5000
o Buffalo- Rs. 10-15000
o F1 cow- Rs. 20-25000
� Shared ownership is prevalent in goat rearing, but to a very limited
extent, under such a system the kids are distributed equally, in case
there is one kid, if required it is sold and money distributed equally,
the mother goat belongs to the owner. In case of mortality, the
rearer needs to show the carcass to the owner, beyond that there is
no further liability on him/her.
Selling
� Goats are sold from the door step it self. The rates given by village
buyers are higher than those given by the trader.
� Many traders from Ambikapur, Bishrampur come to village daily.
� Goat if required to sell, could be sold in a day itself.
� Goat meat rate: Rs.200/kg ; in village and in the market.
� Desi Chicken rate: Rs. 200/kg
� Past experiences in selling to traders:
o Rs. 2000 fetched by selling castrated buck.
o Sold a lot in Rs. 7000 (per goat about Rs.600)
o Rs. 1000-2000 could be earned from a goat in an year and a
goat can remain fertile till 6-7 yrs.One family can manage to
rear 5 goats, comfortably.Initial investment for owning 5
goats would be Rs.5000.
� Feed corn in limiting quantity for fattening of bucks. Not fed to
goats.
� Goats needs to be guarded of predators attack, threat from wild
animals not there, stray dogs are the major threat.
� No shepherd system prevalent, earlier it was there but has got
discontinued because of unavailability of grazing land and multi
cropping in fields.
62
� Goats are inseminated through bucks and the buck owner does
not charge for that.
� Goat houses in all house holds. Feed available through out the
year.
Diseases and Risks
� Vulnerability to diseases high in rainy season during which they
become vulnerable to dysentery.
� About 5 yrs back vet dept supplied 4 Jamunapari bucks for breed
improvement. The bucks were suffering from diseases and died and
also infected the local goats, this induced a great loss and majority
of goats got wiped out.
� Vet services offered by vet hospital and sub centers in Latori, Silphili
and nearby places. Doctors are available on call, no fixed charges
for coming. Some medicines are free other needs to be purchased.
� Local herbs and traditional knowledge is used for treatment of
goats.
� Goats are at risk of attack by stray dogs, needs to be guarded.
� No Insurance.
� Goat milk not very prevalent, if surplus consumed, the rate could
go as high as Rs. 30-35/Ltr.
� Breed of goat having good meat as well as milk yield would be
preferred.
Cattle & Buffalo
� Animal Feed price: 60 Kg bag for Rs.700 (@ Rs. 12 per kg).
� About Rs.30 to 40 would be spent per day for feeding one cow. [
Animal feed, grass, corn, cooked Dalia, De Oiled Cakes of mustard
and tisi]
� Semi stall fed.
� Desi Cow remain wet for 4-6 months; Maximum milk production 5
Ltr/day.
� Milking done by men and women.
� Milk rates; Rs. 20/Ltr for both cow and Buffalo.
� AI done by Vet dept, if the veterinarian is informed on mobile
phone he comes and does the AI. The charge is nominal, Rs. 10-20.
To borne the travel expense.
� Jersey cross is better than HF cross; Haryana is also in demand as
the calves produced by the cross is better for draught purposes.
� Not all the rearers are interested for getting AI, of all only about 100
rearers are interested, as the cross breed require better care and
the jersey cross calves are not good for draught purposes.
� DCS was operational in nearby village- Silphili, where the milk
production is high, but the DCS has become dysfunctional. As the
market rate for the milk is higher than what the dairy cooperative
63
offer. The average rate based on fat and snf comes to about Rs.14
per kg.
� Milk is sold locally to hoatels, some producers sell directly while
others sell through middle men. There are two models (i) the price
of the milk sold for 6 days goes to the owner while one days goes to
the middle men. (ii) Rs. 18 per kg milk is given to the owner while Rs.
2 is taken by the middle men.
� Insurance for animal not there, people are not interested because
of the difficulty in getting their claims from the insurance
companies.
� Price of big calf: Min Rs. 5000 and on an average Rs. 10,000.
� Weekly Animal haat on every Friday in Latori. Mainly draught
animals traded, demand for milch animals very low.
b) Marginal Producers Group Karwan Basti, Barki Para, Surajpur, Sarguja
(Village about 25 kms from District headquaters)
� 165 HHs in the village (SC- 18,muslim - 40)
� 8 SHGs functional (5 women SHGs)
� Main Income comes from Agriculture. Both Kharif and Rabi Crops
taken are:
o Paddy
o Wheat
o Sugarcane
o Potato
� Average cattle heads present in a HH: 2-3; maximum present in a
single HH is 15.
� Cattle are stall fed.
� Goats are there in almost all HHs
� Profiatbility:
1. Goatery- less investment better returns
2. Cattle- for milk and calves for draught purposes and manure
3. Oxens (including buffalo bulls)
� Goats available in Rs. 1000
� Goats not reared on sharing basis.
� Goats (bucks) sold to the kuchias (kuchia called here as chicua,
but for convenience use the term kuchia) from home itself.
� If required to sell goats could be sold within a day. Kuchias from
Ambikapur, Bishrampur come to the village. Rates offered are at
par.
� Herd size of goats not increasing due to feed problem.
� Goat farm is possible, will stall feed the goats with animal feed and
supplement it by leaves, grasses etc.
� No shepherd system prevalent, earlier it was there but has got
discontinued because the jungle has been exhausted.
64
� Goats are inseminated through bucks and the buck owner does
not charge for that.
� Goats are of local breed, no Govt. programme for improved
breeding run in the village. However, are aware of success of
Jamunapari buck distributed under Govt scheme, in village called
mazira basti, 13 Kms from here, where the cross breed goats have
come up.
� Goat houses in all houses.
� Common disease in goat- Dysentery leading to mortality. For
treatment refer to vet hospitals, get medicines if not available get it
from Ambikapur.
� Mortality in goats increases during rainy season.
� No insurance for goats.
� In case of fear of mortality due to diseases in goat, sold to the
kuchias in as low a price as Rs. 200-400 per goat.
Cattle
� 50% of the cattle population is cross breed and 50% are desi (local
breed.
� Breeding through AI, the AVFO comes for the AI when called.
� Cross breed cows yield 4-5 Ltr of milk at a time.
� Cattle fed with animal feed, wheat husks, cooked dalia. If fed properly
would cost Rs.50.Grazin land very limited, are stall fed. Green fodder
cultivation very less.Not aware of the use of mineral mixture.
� Straw chopping machine has a commercial potential.
� Milk rate: Rs. 20/Ltr in village.
� Calves sold locally in Rs.1500-2500
� Female calve (jersey) sold in Rs. 3000- Rs. 4000.
� Ploughing done mainly with Oxens. There are more than 20 tractors in
the village, but are not suitable for ploughing in rainy season.
� Vaccination, De worming done in cattle.
� Vet hospital 1 km (karwan sub centre)
� F1 of Jersey is profitable.
� Water available in 30 feet in well and in 200 fts in borewell.
c) Marginal Producers Group Vill: Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja
(Village about 80 kms from District headquaters)
65
� There are about 150 House Holds in village; SC-19, ST- 70, OBC-40
and Gen-4.
� Except Brahmin HHs all others rear goats.
� Few years back, due to outbreak of epidemic in goats most HHs
had sold their goat in very cheaper rates, as goats in adjoining
areas were dying of diseases. Hence the present population of
goats in village is not very high.
� In a time gap the rearing starts again by buying goats.
� Almost all the HHs rear cattle and buffalo.
� Major Sources of HH income (Rank wise):
1. Agriculture (single crop-Paddy; Irrigation problem is there)
2. Wages from labour (local and migration to places like
Ranchi, Punjab, Delhi etc.)
3. Animal Rearing (Draught is major support received)
� Profitability from Livestock (Rank wise):
1. Piggery (gives birth to 8-12 piglets; local breed of pigs reared;
piglets sold in Rs. 400-500)
2. Goatery (1-2 kids; kids above 6 months of age sold in more
than Rs. 500, good buck of 8 to 10 months can fetch Rs,
2000-3000)
� If required to buy goat for rearing purpose will buy from near by
villages. She goat would cost about Rs. 1000 to 1500.
� Goat Haat is not there.
� Selling: In the village there are few Muslim middle men (4 to 5) who
buy goats from here collects them and transport them to Jashpur
District (60 Km), from where it is again (sold) and transported further.
� Traders from Jharkhand also come to buy goat from the village. The
rates offered by them is higher than one offered by traders from
Ambikapur and Bishrampur. (Difference is from Rs. 200 to Rs. 500).
� Goats are sold from home itself. In case of requirement the goats
could sold within a day; but in such a case the rate offered would
be less than the market rate. Few people from the village are like
agents (one referred above) they buy the goats keeps with them
collects and then resell to traders who come to the village
periodically.
� When traders from outside comes for purchasing goats they offer
better rates. But their visits are erratic they may come in 15 days, in
a month, 6 months, in a year etc.
� They enquire from village based agents (Jalil,Salim,farid, Khalil, skin
trader)whether there are goats for sale, based on their information
they come to the village.
� In case of distress selling we sell to these local agents or else we sell
directly to the Jharkhand traders. Traders from Jharkhand offer
better rates. Also, they convince the farmer to sell their goat and
even pay higher price than they are asking for.
66
� There is no fight between Jharkhand traders and the local traders
(agents), however they are not together.
� Traders from Orissa do not come to this village.
� Goats are grazed in open, we give them water once in the morning
(9-10 Am), in afternoon, in evening and then in night, no
concentrates or grains are given to the goats.
� Shepherd system exists in the village but it is mainly for cattle and
buffalo and not for goats. The shepherds get paid in cash and in
kind, they get Rs 50-100 every month and 40 kgs of paddy (Dhan) in
for 6 months.[ As was evident from the discussions shepherds were
used only during the kharif season when there were paddy crop in
the field, since there was only one crop taken, the fields remained
barren for next 6 months during which the animals were left free to
graze].
� Shared ownership was prevalent in goat rearing, under such a
system the kids are distributed equally, in case there is one kid, if
required it is sold and money distributed equally, the mother goat
belongs to the owner. In case of mortality, the rearer needs to show
the carcass to the owner, beyond that there is no further liability on
him/her.
� Shared ownership is done with village people and not done with
butchers.
� Goats are inseminated through bucks and the buck owner does
not charge for that.
� Jamunapari buck was received by a villager by paying Rs. 1000
from the vet hospital.The buck is still there and the cross breed of
this buck with local breed goats are of better quality. Traders pay
higher for the cross bred and there is no problem as such with
Jamunapari bucks.
� Some times vaccinations are given to cattle and buffalo but there
is no routine vaccination as such. For vaccination there has not
been ant initiative by the villagers.
� For treating diseases in goats traditional knowledge is used. For eg.
For treating dysentery miada bokla(bark of a tree is used).
� Nearest vet hospital is 10 kms. In the village a peon working in vet
hospital resides he treats the animals in case of requirement. It is
difficult to afford the vet doctor as the cost of his travel is to be
borne. One of the villager had called a doctor when his goat had
developed pox, but the goat could not be cured and died.
� Maximum number of goats in a single HH in the village is 15. A
villager said that he had 16 goats all of them except one died.
� Epidemics in goat had spread 2 yrs back goats were dying and
due to this the selling price of goats crashed and they sold all their
goats for paltry amounts.
� Goat milk is nether available not sold.
� No training has been received for goat rearing.
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� SHGs (8) were functional but are not functional presently. Under
Navanjor project CIG (common interest group) has been
promoted, also forest department had promoted some groups,
presently not active.
� Situation would be more or less same in nearby 20 villages or so.
Cattle and Buffalo
� Average herd size of cattle in HHs is 2-3 cattle heads.
� Avg milk yield for local breed cattle is 1-2 ltrs per day. While that of
Jersey cross is 4 ltrs/day.
� Feeding practices: Free grazing supplement given when wet.
� In Khariff season people take their cattle to jungle for grazing, while
in Rabi season the cattle is left free as no Rabi crop is taken.
� Predator’s risk is low for cattle.
� The panchayat here does not function as efficiently as should,
participation is not there.
� Vaccinations were given to animal during the rainy season.
� Houses for cattle and goats exist (the floor of goat houses are
elevated).
� Theft of animal is not there.
� Animal for sale comes for sale from Bihar.
� Draught is the major purpose for which the cattle & buffs are
reared.
� Cow dung is used as fertilizers and not as fuel.
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d) Marginal Producers Group Takraguda, Bastar
(Village about 40 kms from District headquaters)
� SHGs here run the mid day meals of all the schools of the district [As
told by Dr. Rajneesh].
� Total HHs: 109; Total house holds having live stocks, small and big
ruminants- 72.
� Profitability:-
o Cattle Rearing (Ox for draught purpose)
o Goatery (for bucks; lesser investment)
� An oxen pair would cost in range of Rs.15000-25000.
� Price fetched in sale of goats in recent past
o 9 months old buck – Rs. 2500
o Old Goat (Rs. 1500)
o Rs 3000 for buck (sold 2yr back)
� Cattle haat – Pamela Bazar on Sunday, Jagdalpur block. (25 kms
from the village).
� The cattle bought from the bazaar are made to walk all through.
Kuchias are the main sellers in the bazaar.
� If goat is to be sold immediately the middleman (kuchia) is to be
informed, kuchias are there in almost all the villages.
� Goat houses are cleaned by women of the house.
� Shepherd system exists in the village. There are 3 shepherds in the
village. Shepherds get 40 paila of Dhan (paddy) which is about 50
kgs per goat in a year, at the end of year they get cloths and a
weeks rest. People of any caste can take up this work, but
generally it is from SC community. The shepherds take the goats for
grazing at 7:30 AM at 12:00 Noon he bring back the goats and rests
them till 3:00 PM after which he again takes the goats and bring
back the goats at 6:00 PM when he hands over the goats to their
owners.
� No charge by the village buck owner for insemination of goats
through the buck.
� Goats have died due to dysentery and by consuming poisonous
herbs.
� Vaccination is done.
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� Vet hospital is in Bastar (3 km).
� Milk rates Rs.15/ Ltr. for Cow’s milk and Rs. 20/Ltr is Buffalos milk.
� Only one crop (paddy is taken).
e) Marginal Producers Group Palanar, Bastanar,Bastar
Imp Points in Discussion
� Language spoken is Gondi. Spoken up to Bijapur.
� Participants mainly from Palanar village and few from adjoining
villages under the same Gram Panchayat.
� There are 190 House Holds in Palanar village of which majority are
Gonds, 3 HH are Rauts and about 6 HH from Manikpuri community
(weaver community).
� There are 8 SHGs in the village (3-4 male and similarly of women).
No savings.
� The record keeping is done by Anganwadi workers/ others
educated in village.
� The average herd sizes of the goats of the participants were 3-6;
there was one person in the village that had about 50 goats.
� Main source of income: Agriculture; take only one crop; in Kharif
season; crops: Paddy, corn, and til. Corn is sown just before paddy
in other fields or on sides of the field. Local variety of Paddy is
grown, seed bank own.
� In case any one wants to buy goat for rearing s/he will buy from
village itself in Rs.1000-2000.
� Mainly the goats from here are sold in Geedum (Sunday mkt),
Tokapal (Saturday) and Jagdalpur (Sunday mkt) goat markets by
the kuchias. Kuchias buy from the villagers by moving from door to
door.There are 2 persons in village working as kuchias.One year old
goat would cost them Rs.2000-2500.The rate is fixed for the goat on
the basis of observation it self.
� This year the person has not yet done trading of goat as was
engaged in agricultural work and after that NREGA work has come
so he is working in that. Last year he traded in goat (5-6).
Q- Whom does he sell and where?
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� He sells the got in Tokapal (saturday) markets. Seths (meat shop
owners/butchers) come to Tokapal from Jaipur (Orissa border),
kotpal (Orissa), Bailadilla (Dantewada) and Jagdalpur to buy
goats.
Q- How much he is able to earn per goat. Does he incur losses as well?
� Able to earn about Rs. 200 per goat. Yes at times incurrs loses,
Purchased in higher price and sells in lower price. Last year incurred
loses in 2 goats.
Q- Who offers higher rate, traders from Orissa or Jagdalpur?
� Offers similar rate.
Q- Whether traders from Orissa come themselves or local traders buy
and deliver them?
� Traders from Orissa come themselves; they bring their vehicles as
well to take the goats.
Q- What is the quantum of the business he does? Whether he gets
credit from the farmer?
� In a week he gets one or two goats. He has to pay in cash and
credit is not given. He sells the goat at the earliest and does not
keep it with himself longer.
Q- Whether in your village do you have a shepherd or every one take
care of their animal by themselves?
� Time when there is standing crop, animals(all) are given to
shepherd, there are about 4 -5 families doing this work, they are
from same community it self (Gond). The shepherds are paid in
kind, he gets rice every day from all houses and get about 2 kandi
paddy in an year.
Q- Why do you rear cattle?
� It is mainly for draught purposes. It is not for milk purposes, the milk is
left for the calfs.
Q- Buck whether local or other breed, whether any buck supplied from
block office?
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� The buck is of local breed. Once buck was given from block office
but it was taken back and sent to kilepal.
Q- Do you have goat house in all the HH?
� Yes.
Q- Whether there has been spread of epidemic in goats? In last year
has any such incidence taken place?
� Yes, last year near rainy reason. After first rain the goats ate the new
grasses and suffered from diarrhea and died in large numbers.
Q- Whether any veterinarian visits the village? Will he come if called?
Has any one in the village called the veterinarian in near future?
Traditional medication knowledge is available or not?
� No, can come if called, the hospital is in kilepal about 10 kms. No
one has called veterinarian. Traditional knowledge not used.
Q- If some one needs to sell goat, will he be able to sell it easily? In a
day? Or how much time would be required?
� They will have to search for buyer.
Q- Why you do not increase the herd size?
� Fear of diseases in goat, maximum casualty in October, November
towards the end of rainy season. During this time they eat plants
used for making soft brooms and succumb to lose motion.
Supplementary Information
� Price of goat has a increasing trend � Free grazing of goats, no grain feeding � No milking of cow and goat. � No sheep rearing � Pig rearing, feed supplemented by paddy husk � A/c opened in cooperative bank in kodenar � Oxen bought from Pamela Bazar, londegura,in Rs. 10,000-13,000 per pair
� Ox used for ploughing, now even tractors are used, rate Rs. 450 per hour.
� One crop taken, ground water not used. � Land is there with every one (marginal). � Do not sell ox, mainly sell goat, pig.
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C. Veterinary Service Providers/GOVT. SCHEMES/ GOVT. OFFICIAL
ONLY MAIN PTS OF DISCUSSION
a) Dr. Parihar Deputy Director,Vet Services,
Ambikapur, Sarguja
&
Dr. Arun Singh
Project Incharge,
Animal Husbandry, Ambikapur, Sarguja
• Sarguja is the second biggest district geographically,of the country.
• Last year 1000 Jamunapari bucks distributed under RKVY and other
schemes.In pure Jamunapari there is problem, the result of cross
breed Jamunapari is very good.The bucks are distributed through
tender process. Jamunapari bucks are distributed since the
beginning.This year as well we will be distributing Jamunapari
bucks.
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• Govt. goat farm is there in Pakaria also Govt. Pig and Poultry farms
are there.
• The topography of Ambikapur is such that it is best suited for
goatery.
• Demand for meat is there but there are only two slaughter houses,
one in pratapur naka and another in Ramanujganj. These are not
up to the mark, there is no sanitation.
• There is progress in production. Number of meat sellers are
increasing, traders go up to 100 km to get goats.The production is
catering to meat demands of the state and also it is going out of
the state as well.
• Poor people are rearing goat they can’t run a commercial farm.
Perhaps there could be some potential in Mainpat.
• Health and Insurance services are interrelated and are
complimentary. Insurance is required as it will increase the
awareness for timely vaccination, treatment etc. However, proper
information dissemination for claim settlement is to be made.
• Collector has given target to us to work with SHGs in every block
and support them for gotery, piggery and poultry. Next year you
can find at least 50 such groups.
• The Vet department would be comfortable working with SHGs.
• In Sarguja caste plays a major role:-
o Traditionally only Oraon and Pahadipurwa community , both
ST,rears pig.Hence patches of settlements of these
community should be identified for piggery.
o Similarly, Nagesia (ST) should be targeted for goatery and
poultry, as they are traditionally farmers.
o Muslim community can do poultry better.
o For Dairy BPL of all castes including General and OBC should
get equal privilege. It is difficult for extreme poor to do Dairy
as they themselves depend on food grain Rs. 2/Kg; How they
are going to feed there animal by buying feed Rs 12/Kg?
• In last 3 years there has been no out break of epidemics.
• Ramanujganj is potential area for Goat rearing.
• There is a local festival called cherta and in Christmas towards the
end of December, goats, pigs and poultry birds are sacrificed and
eaten in large numbers.
Cattle Rearing
• Proper training is required if they do not understand the nuances of
proper care of cattle they will not be successful. Bank loan can be
given to well train.
• Trainers are available but training budget is not there.
• Training infrastructure not there demanded under BRGF.
• Exposure visits outside the district has been organized.
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• Mineral mixture scarcity is there, de worming is also not possible due
to resource crunch.
• Feeding practices are not proper, also initiated treatment of paddy
stall but was not successful.
• For cattle breeding AI is adopted. Earlier were supplied earlier now
discontinued.
• HF and Jersey Siemens used also sahiwal and Gir also used. The AI
target for this year is 6000.
• For cattle rearing Silphili (Bengali refugees), form Rajpur to Kusmi is
more prospective.
• Seeds are given for green fodder cultivation but scarcity of land for
the purpose. About 50-100 farmers of general and OBC caste
cultivate fodder.
• Fodder trees were planted but villagers have tendency of cutting
the trees.
• In rural areas milk rates are Rs.14/Kg.
• Dairy could be successful Saruguja in a circumference of 20 km
radius beyond which it could not be successful due to poor milk
rates. There are 5-6 veterinary hospitals in said radius.
• All the dairy schemes are for SC and ST communities, this should be
freed from caste boundaries. Then only pvt dairies would get
promoted.
• The sweet shops in Ambikapur gets milk solids (khowa) from
Allahabad, Raipur, Banaras. Demands for sweets are there. There
are shops which can purchase 1000-1500 ltrs of milk per day.
b) Dr. Rajneesh Agarwal Vet. Asst. Surgeon, BILDP,Bastar
• State has a policy of distributing Jamunapari buck for local breed
improvement. We have been breeds like Sirohi and Black Bengal.
Jamunapari has problems, the long ears are susceptible to
infection and the Jamunapari bucks have been carrier of PPR.
• In Nandpura village we have introduced Jamunapari by making
clusters.
• In takraguda a progressive farmer Patel has 50 to 55 goats
• Goat meat is preferred in the region and the meat rate is Rs. 220-
230/Kg
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c) Ghanshyam Jangde CEO Janpad Panchayat, Bastanar, Bastar
• Is in support of the idea that a marketing centre for goats should be
there where procurement should be done on live body weight
basis and would be resold to bigger traders on live body weight.
• Today buyers are coming from Orissa, Andhra etc. so why not they
come through an organized channel as in poultry.
• If credit is provided, farmer who is selling 2 goats can sell 50 goats.
• Have spoken to SHGs to take up goat rearing as there is plenty of
grazing land. The land holdings here are on higher side. Though
majority is waste land and the productivity is low.
• In Mahua season the goats get fattened.
• Jamunapari bucks have been distributed since last 25 yrs. But breed
improvement is not seen. Also the mortality of Jamunapari bucks is
very high about 60%.The local breed is good work should be done
on that.
• Veterinary doctors are available but medicines are not available
hence farmers rely largely on their traditional treatment.
d) Dr. R.K. Sonawane Deputy Director, Veterinary Services, Rajnandgaon
• Thinking to develop marketing strategy for goat in line of AMUL.We
are thinking of having weighing machine in village and instead that
the middlemen fix the rates the SHGs will fix the rates and will sell at
the time of Eid and other festive season.
• We have asked for Sirohi and Black Bengal breeds in Govt. supply
this time.
• PPR is a problem here.
• Due to rumors of spread of disease by the middle men, the farmers
sell goats of Rs.2000 in Rs.200. To check this we have created a
control room, where immediate information could be passed.
• ABIS dairy has started a goat project with 100 goats.
e) Dr. K.K. Verma VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock Development Agency
Raipur
Regarding Bottlenecks in insurance claim settlement:
• Villagers fail to provide information regarding the mortality of
animal to the insurance agency on time.
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o Possible solution could be free helpline number on which if
informed, should get a system generated claim registration
number and within 24 hrs the representative from the
insurance company should reach to the village. Mean while
the nominated veterinarian should do the post mortem.
• Insurance companies are having less number of man powers and
are not interested in live stock insurance due to low profitability and
high claim ratio. Instead they prefer to do insurance such as vehicle
insurance.
• As the premium subsidy is only for 2 animals per persons, rearers
insure their worst animals.
• Instances of fraud is high in urban areas about the mortality claim is
about 25 % of the insured. While for rural areas the mortality
percentage is 5-8%.One of the insurance company Bajaj Allianz
General Insurance Co. Which was the company which partnered
in 2006-07 got the insurance premium, including subsidy of Rs. 30
Lacs while the claim was of Rs. 1 Crore. The company discontinued
there after.
• The organized dairy in urban areas should be kept out of the
subsidized insurance schemes as they can afford to pay full
premium.
• Routing of the services through SHGs could be good idea and also
only rural house holds should be covered under the scheme.
f) Dr. Goutam Roy
Assistant Director, Statistics, AH Dept, Raipur
• No coordination between AH Department and Milk Cooperatives
(RDS & IDDP.
g) Dr. Neetu Gorduji VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock Development Agency (CSLDA)
Raipur; Date on which Interviewed: 19.03.10
Audio Clip: KII_Dr.Neetu_19 March.mp3
• CSLDA is the state level nodal agency for implementation of GoI
NPCBB project (National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding).
• Aims to promote organized breeding, the breed selection is done
as per state livestock policy.
III. Analysis of the producer house holds interviews.
Section-I Goats
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Interpretations/ indications
• Insurance non existent
• Health services beyond the range of 3-5 kms from District and Block
HQ; poor
• 60% of the responder felt that the goat rearing is showing decreasing
trend or is stagnant.
• Average herd size 3-5
• No investment on feed for goats, free grazing main way of feeding
• Goat houses available in almost all house holds.
• Sold from home
• Mortality too high looking into the average herd size (2 out of 5)
• The mortality in goats is largely due to diseases.
• Access to affordable in time ,health services missing
Constraints/ Limiting factors as perceived by responders in decreasing order
− Fear of disease/ epidemic affecting the herd
− Reducing bushes, herbs and free grazing area
− Time and availability of manpower
− Predators attack
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Representative Sample Profile of Respondents
2 Family Status
3 Housing type: kuccha, semi
pucca, pucca?
Kuccha
4 Sanitation facilities: yes/ no
[Yes=1/ No=0]
No
5 Highest Education in the
family
10
6 Mobile phone, landline
telephone [Yes=1/ No=0]
Yes
Mobile Yes
7 Electricity: Yes/ No. Yes
8 SHG member: Yes/ No. Yes
If yes, Years of involvement in
SHG:
3-5yrs
9 Landholding (in Acre) 7 Acres But Mainly un irrigated/ arid/ non
productive
10 Type and number of Livestock
Goats (Total) 3 Average herd size of goat
Male young ones 0
Female Young ones 1
Male Adults 1
Female Adult 1
Indigenous Breed Indigenou
s
Cross Breed no
Cow (Total) 4 Average herd size including bullocks
and young ones
Male young ones 0
Female Young ones 1
Male Adults 1
Female Adult 1
Indigenous Breed
[Yes=1/ No=0]
Indigenou
s
Cross Breed
[Yes=1/ No=0]
Buffalo (Total) 2 Average herd size including bulls and
young ones
Male young ones 0
Female Young ones 0
Male Adults 1
Female Adult 0
Indigenous Breed Indigenou
s
Cross Breed
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11 Rank the livestock in terms of
profitability
[1 highest; 3 lowest]
Goat 1
Cow 2
Buffalo 3
12 How many of your livestock
died in the last one year?
Goats (Total) 2 Mortality too high looking into the
average herd size
Kids 1
Adult 1
REASON
Disease 2 The mortality in goats are due to
diseases access to affordable in time
,health services missing
Kids 1
Adult 1
Other Reason
13 Health care of livestock
[Yes=1/ No=0]
Goat
Vaccination No
De worming No
Regular Cleaning of house Yes Good goat houses, almost 100 %
Mineral mixture feeding
Treatment
Cow/ Buffalo
Vaccination
De worming
Regular Cleaning of house
Mineral mixture feeding
Treatment
14 System of rearing [Yes=1/
No=0]
Goats
Free Grazing Yes
Semi stall feeding Yes
Stall feeding
Type of Breed
[Local/Cross]
Local
Cow/ Buffalo
Free Grazing Yes
Semi stall feeding Yes
Stall feeding
Type of Breed
[Local/Cross]
Local
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IV. Tools used for information/data collection in the
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83
84
85
86
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Guidelines for various stake holders Interview
1. Interviewing Traders
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1.1. Scale of trade[Abstract]
1.2. Purchased from where sold to whom
1.3. Margins
1.4. Constraints
1.5. Demand and Supply pattern
2. Interviewing Butchers (For Goats only)
2.1. Value addition at there level
2.2. Present scale of business
2.3. Constraints in the business
2.4. What one biggest thing can help their business grow?
3. Interviewing Credit Service Providers
3.1. How comfortable are they in providing credit for goat/ cow/buffalo
rearing?
3.2. Past experience, if any?
3.3. Constraints?
3.4. What steps would boost your confidence to easily lend the livestock
farmers?
4. Interviewing Health Service Providers
4.1. What are the common diseases in goat in the area
4.2. Mortality (rate and reasons)
4.3. Constraints in providing health services
4.4. Knowledge level of the farmers regarding health and sanitation.
4.5. Big farms in the area.
5. Interviewing NGO functionaries working for facilitation in the subsector
SUB SECTOR (tick) □ CATTLE □ GOAT □ SHEEP
Name of the
organization
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In collaboration with
(names, organizations)
1. overview of livestock (and if possible for 2 previous years )
a. herd (number of heads and major breeds)
b. major markets and uses (dairy, meat, farm activities …)
c. feeding & sanitary conditions
2. 2009-10 marketing
a. Estimates of number of heads marketed
b. Specify major destination markets (local, export) and the periods.
c. Any import from other states? Indicate if possible number of heads and origins.
d. [if applicable] were there major trade deals for live animals (buy or sell) made
with institutional buyers (e.g. WFP), regional buyers / sellers (e.g. food security
operations, private sector industries) or outside the sub-sector (import / export) ?
Other comments
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3. Structuring and professionalization of the sub-sector
a. Recent developments and political or economic policies which affect the
operations of the sub-sector (laws, tariffs, bans, emergency relieves, subsidies …)
b. Major internal events (e.g. trainings, new or merging of associations, etc) that
affect the structuring and professionalization of the sub-sector at local and
national levels (or sub-regional)
c. Major projects, initiatives and supports to the sub-sector (on going and new)
d. Major constraints affecting the sub-sector
4. Marketing : problems encountered and proposed solutions
a. Describe the 3 major problems encountered in the order of priority. Attach any
document that further elaborates the problem.
1. –
2. –
3. –
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b. Activities undertaken or proposed by your organization to solve these problems
Additional comments
6. Interviewing Researchers
6.1. Areas in which research has been carried out
6.2. Major bottlenecks affecting the subsector at various levels, proposed
solution.
6.3. Secondary information sources for the sector
6.4. Any published research papers published by other agencies or individuals.
6.5. Key research findings for the sector.
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V. The Pashu Sakhi Model
Selection criteria for women Pashu Sakhi –
1. Education – writing and reading (5th pass minimum) and passes a test
2. Interest in Livestock (Should have been keeping Goats and directly
involved in upkeep)
3. Should have child grown up, Husband cooperative (Involve while
selection)
4. Need of getting small paltry income
Additional criteria –
Should have educated daughter or obedient son to help in activity
Process –
- Organise a small meet to understand aspiration, Interest
- Share a business plan and roles and responsibility
- Help them to increase self confidence
- Motivate about social (recognitions, reputation) and economic return
- Growth plan and career growth
Training – All selected female Pashu sakhi will be provided a training of not
less than 5 days, members will be paid for transport and board.
Those not able to attend complete training will have no right to practice and
can be accommodated in next training.
Roles and responsibility -
- Follow the calendar of practices (de worming, Vaccination)
- Regularly visit to goat rearers to assess cleanliness, sanitation practices
like white washing, proper ventilation, water logging, drinking water
quality
- Periodically assess feeding system – mineral mixture, salt, part
concentrate (Grain)
- Organise training and self evaluation exercise
- Promote concept of community Insurance, collect premiums and
documentation of claims
- Inform members about training at Promoting agency and external
person visit
- Disease diagnosis, First aid treatment of diseases and filling of format
- Attending monthly meting at Promoting agency and submitting data
in format
- Attend any training Promoting agency organizes or nominates to
- To maintain the medicine stock as per list provided in right quantity
Payments and Incentives
Promoting agency will organize training of selected female member and
will provide a senior Pashu Mitra Support for two years.
Promoting agency will provide a first time first Aid kit after training free of
cost (But can be recovered if practice in field has not been satisfactory)
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Promoting agency will provide Rs 300 per month for One year provided
she provides above mentioned services to Ibatada. For Next Six month it
will be Rs 150. Thereafter assignment basis payment will be negotiated.
Promoting agency will organize refresher training for successful Pashu
Sakhi after one year.
Promoting agency will organize quarterly review of cluster based Pashu
Shakhi and will provide incentives and prizes as per performance.
Incentives will be decided by a peer and client ranking as well as
appraisal by Promoting agency staff.
VI. Proposed Structure and sustainability analysis of Goat producer’s Company
Objective
To provide efficient and cost basis service at doorstep and linkages to
growing local and external market, Goat rearer of the district need to be
organized and conduct business on cost sustainability basis. The project
proposes to organize them in the form of Company to perform following
major functions -
� Access to major livestock markets and thereby getting higher margins
on their respective sheeps or goats sold
� Provide a risk mitigating mechanism for ensuring average incomes
during distress situations like drought.
� Provision of inputs and livestock services at a lower cost with increased
accessibility.
Membership projections
We assume that project will convince and organize 100 goat producers from
particular cluster in the first year, the second year the membership will
increased to 250 and next year 400 goat rearers are covered by the
company. We assume that 60% of membership will be limited to BPL and SHG
members and 40% to the other goat rearers. The year wise assumed
membership is as follows –
Year No. of members Membership fee collected
First Year 100 25000 @ Rs 250 per member
Second Year 250 62500
Third year 400 100000
Total 750 Rs 187500/-
The member will be rearing 5 to 20 goats under standard condition of
supplementary concentrate feeding. It is also assumed that 10% rearer will be
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involved in Bakrid Male kid rearing and will be paying higher service cost than
grazing goat keepers. The quality services for such intensive rearing system will
also be delivered.
Linkages envisaged through Company
• Prepare and distribute concentrate feed to member rearers
• Manage feed bank at cluster level (Activity group)) in to store and
distribute fodder to manage lean season shortage.
• Provide access to breeding bucks of Sirohi and Jamanpari breed in
each village (@ one buck for 40 to 50 goats)
• Schedule and implement vaccination and deworming plan with
rearers.
• Provide training on improved rearing practices and exposure visits
• Institutionalise promotional schemes and rewards for good rearers
through organizing fairs, competititons and visits.
• Tie up with Insurance company to provide insurance scheme and its
monitoring for claim settlement from insurance companies.
Forward Linkages
• Promote institutional marketing of goats through participating in
tenders with army cantonment and accessing orders of bulk
purchasers like restaurants, marriage party e.t.c.
• Pool the small ruminants and sale it in prime market of Mumbai,
Ahmedabad, Delhi and Jaipur.
• Provide goats at competitive price to different areas under various
government and non government programs with proper records of
performance.
• Select performing bucks and sale it on premium price to other
areas.
• Prepare a special batch of male kids for Bakr Id market and sale in
Bakr Id to better price realizing market of Delhi and Mumbai.
Operations
• The Company would operate on pooling method to market the goats.
• It will purchase small ruminants at live body weight (empty stomach in
morning) @ 50% of market meat rate (To be announced periodically).
• It will purchase male kids of proper growth (above one year) and
proper condition for Bakrid market @ Rs 150 per kg live body weight (To
be announced 2 months before Bakrid).
• It will provide feed and other backward linkages and materials on
credit and deduct the amount from sale of the goats
• The Company will keep a margin of 1 % of value while providing
services..
53. Member/Share holder Selection
• Membership open to small ruminants only
• A rearer should be rearing at least 5 does and one share will make
eligible for selling 5 goats through company.
• At least five reares from one village
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• A member should agree to pay share capital and sell goats
through Producer Company only.
Capital fund and working capital –
Membership share – Rs 250 per share
Each member should buy shares as per the number of goats they intend to
sell through Company. Buying one share of Rs 250 would permit him/her to sell
up to 5 goats/sheep per year through the producer company. So each share
would account for selling up to five goats per year and for additional sales
extra share has to be purchased by the rearer. For the initial years the
Company would take loans from the banks to meet its working capital, which
is required to supply feed to the producers. Subsequently the working capital
would be generated from deposits from the members on which no interests
would be paid. The deposit would be mobilized through deducting 10% of
total patronage refund to the members .Such deduction would be done until
the herd size stabilizes and total working capital is mobilized through deposits.
The producer company will also earn 10% profit on feed supply, Manure
selling, Milk marketing and goat selling. The working capital expenses on
vaccination would be initially collected at the beginning of the year from the
members and paid to the paravets after duly certified by the members. Initial
collection of money for vaccination would motivate rearers to go for
vaccination of goats. The veterinary service cost for treatment would be
provided on credit which would be deducted from the sale of the goats
Budget for operations of Producer company :
Fixed cost
S.No Budget head Rate per unit Total No. Total Amount
1 Furniture and fixtures 10000 1 10000
2 Computer with printer
and accessories
50000 1 50000
3 One refrigerator for cold
chain maintenance
15000 1 15000
4 Two wheeler for
supervision work
40000 1 40000
5 Cycles for field workers 2500 5 12500
6. Seed capital for
procurement and
distribution of feed,
200000
96
breeding animals
Total 327500
Recurring cost (Annual)
Sr.
No.
Budget Head Rate Per Unit Total
Nos.
Total
Amount
1. Salary of one manager 6,000 12 72,000
2. Salary of 5 field workers
24000 per
year
5 120000
3. Salary of one accountant
3,000 12
36,000
4. Telephone and postage charges for one
year
1500 12
18,000
5. Rent, water, electricity of the producer
company office for one year
2,000 12
24,000
6. Transportation and travel cost 6000 12 72000
7. Promotional expenses including awards 5000 12 60000
402000
(Working capital has been estimated as 9 months recurring cost looking in to
fact that business organization and price realization will take at least this
much time )
Total project cost = Fixed cost + Working capital
= 327500 + Rs 301500
= Rs 6.29 Lakh
Annual cost of business will be equal to interest of fixed capital (assumed at
12% interest rate), depreciation value on fixed cost (20% annual) and
recurring cost.
So annual cost of Business = 39300+ 402000+ 25400 = Rs 466700
It is estimated that the company will sold 500 animals in year 1 (only
members), 2000 animals in year 2 (members and non members) and 5000
animals in year 3 (2500 members and 2500 non members)
97
Projected Income
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Net Income
from Sale of
animals(200 PER
ANIMAL)
100000(500*200) 400000(2000*200) 1000000(5000*200)
Net income
from sale of
goat milk(2/-)
10000(5000*2) 40000(20000*2) 30000(15000*2)
Net Income
from sale of
Manure(5/-)
5000(1000*5) 50000(5000*5) 20000(10000*2)
Total Income 1.15 Lakh 4.90 Lakh 10.50 Lakh
Expenditure 4.66 Lakh 4.66 Lakh 4.66 Lakh
Profit/Loss (3.51 Lakh) 0.24 Lakh 5.84 Lakh
Cum profit/Loss (3.51 Lakh) (3.27 Lakh) 2. 57 Lakh
