Global History and Geography Regents 2005
Susan E. Hamilton
Global History & Geography
Introduction & Overview of Program
Test Structure
Study & Test-taking Strategies
Thematic Essay Review
Final Tips
Test Structure
50 multiple choice questions on ninth and tenth grade material
One thematic essay on broad topic Several short answer document-based
questions One essay based on the documents
How to Study for the Regents
Identify your strengths and weaknesses and focus on your weaknesses
Know how you learn Break up study sessions in small
chunks of time make yourself accountable - have
someone quiz you
Multiple choice Questions
General social studies/vocabulary speaker/quotation maps/political cartoon/graphs/charts fact/opinion cause/effect trend/global issues outline/main ideas chronological order
Multiple choice strategies Read the question carefully. If it is unclear
“translate” it (change vocabulary) Use word association to make connections
between key words and what you know If possible, determine whether the question is
asking for a positive or negative answer Go with what you know Use process of elimination Check your answers
Positive Global Events/Ideas
Pax Romana Magna Carta Enlightenment Renaissance Scientific Revolution Universal Declaration of Human Rights detente Glasnost
Negative Global Events/Ideas
Absolutism/ totalitarianism/ fascism Armenian Massacre/Holocaust/Cambodian
genocide/ ethnic cleansing in Bosnia/ Rwandan genocide
Mao’s Great Leap Forward & Cultural Revolution
collectivization apartheid
Vocabulary translations Westernize=modernize=industrialize independence=self-determination = nationalism
=autonomy= sovereignty traditional = before industrialization mercantilism=favorable balance of trade imperialism = colonialism imperial power = mother country, colonial power Marxist socialism = communism/Marxism bourgeoisie = middle class capitalism= free market, supply and demand
Thematic Essay Strategies
Study key global and geography themes Read the task and be sure you understand what is
being asked. Brainstorm ideas using word association. Think:
Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Make a chart or graphic organizer using the
information provided Write your essay based on your chart Reread your essay and add any additional relevant
information
Document-based Questions
Always read the question before you read the document.
As you read the document, underline the answer
Answer ALL the document questions using information from the document
Document-based Essay Tips
Brainstorm using word association. It is VERY IMPORTANT to include information relating to the topic beyond the information found in the documents. Think: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
Make a chart or graphic organizer using the information provided
Make sure that you use and cite the required number of documents. Keep in mind documents are meant to support your position.
Be sure you have included outside information(you may wish to underline this)
Geography & Its Effects
Natural resources: iron ore & coal in Britain > Industrial Revolution, diamonds in S.Africa, gold in Latin America
Rivers: early civilizations emerge; Nile River in Egypt, Fertile Crescent
Water sources: Middle East and Russia
Island status:
– Japan’s isolation & limited natural resources - imperialism & industrialization,
– Great Britain- strength of navy, ports, WWII
Monsoons: “feast or famine” of South Asia, Green Revolution
Irregular coastline: Italy has many natural ports, inviting trade & Renaissance, England
Land Bridge: Korea serves as a cultural bridge between Japan and China
Great Eurasian Plain: allowed easy invasions of Poland and USSR (WWII)
Geography & Its Effects
Enormous size of Russia: frequent invasion, difficult to conquer, quest for warm-water ports
Harsh winter: Russia’s “General Winter” helped defeat Napoleon and Hitler
Smooth(regular) coastlines & unnavigable rivers in Africa: delay European imperialism
Location of Middle East: cultural diffusion and conflict over Holy Land
Oil resources: Iraq takeover of Kuwait, OPEC
Geography & Its Effects
Global Problems
Know location, causes, effects and possible solutions– overpopulation– deforestation– desertification– status of women – nuclear proliferation– pollution/global warming/depletion of resources– urbanization– famine– terrorism
Turning Points
Just about any revolution can be a turning point in a nation’s history
Others include:– Signing of Magna Carta (1215)– Fall of Constantinople (1453)– Voyages of Columbus (1492)– Collapse of Soviet Union (1990)– End of apartheid in South Africa (1990)
Political Systems
Democracy: gov’t by the consent of the people, protection of individual rights– Direct: Athens
– Indirect: Rome
– Parliamentary: Britain & India
– Word association: Pericles, John Locke, Enlightenment
Communism: government control of economy(command), “classless” society– Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin:
1917-1990– China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping: 1949– Cuba, Fidel Castro:1959– Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh: 1975– Cambodia: Pol Pot – North Korea: Kim Jong Il
Political Systems
Totalitarianism/Authoritarian (Stalin) Fascist (Hitler, Mussolini) Theocracy/Religious rule (Ayatollah
Khomeini:Iran, Taliban/Afghanistan) Oppressive dictator (Saddam Hussein) Autocratic (Czars of Russia) Absolute rule/divine right (King Louis XIV and
Louis XVI) Feudalism: local control/strict social
system/lord
Political Systems
Religion & Philosophies
Hinduism– India– Sacred text: Vedas &Upanishads– Basic beliefs: several gods, caste
system, reincarnation, karma, dharma, sacred cow
– Impact: caste system remains strong in rural areas but is weakening in cities, many Hindus are vegetarians (Sepoy Mutiny)
Buddhism– Southeast Asia
– Basic beliefs: reincarnation, nirvana, Four Nobel Truths
life is full of suffering suffering is caused by a desire for things suffering can be eliminated by eliminating desire following the Eightfold Path will help overcome
desire (right thinking and action)
Religion & Philosophies
Judaism– Israel, created in 1948– Holy Book: Torah– Three beliefs: monotheistic, God gave
Hebrews the land of Canaan (Israel), 10 Commandments
– Spread throughout world as a result of Diaspora
– Impact: Zionism (Jewish nationalism), conflict in the Middle East
Religion & Philosophies
Christianity– Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic)
– Holy Book: Bible
– Three beliefs: monotheistic, Jesus Christ as savior, 10 Commandments
– Spread through Age of Imperialism (White Man’s Burden)
– Impact: Crusades, dominant institution during the Middle Ages, Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther)
Religion & Philosophies
Islam– Middle East (except Israel), Indonesia– Holy Book: Quran (Koran)– Three beliefs: monotheistic, Five Pillars
(faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca), Sharia (Islamic laws)
– Spread through trade and conquest– Impact: Islamic fundementalism in Iran
(1979)
Religion & Philosophies
Confucianism – China
– Basic beliefs: Five Basic Human Relationships, education should be the road to advancement, filial piety (respect for family)
– Impact: provides social order and encourages education
Religion & Philosophies
Revolutions Neolithic Revolution:FROM nomadic tribes
TO domestication of animals and farming giving rise to early civilizations
Commercial Revolution:FROM limited trade based on barter TO urban centers and new middle class leading to changes in business practices(mercantilism & capitalism)
Scientific Revolution: FROM medieval thinking TO use of observation and reason
Glorious Revolution: FROM absolutist policies of James II TO William and Mary signing of Bill of Rights limiting power of the monarchy in Great Britain
French Revolution: FROM absolute monarchy of Louis XVI TO democratic ideals of Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution: FROM cottage industry (goods made at home by hand) TO factory system, women working, higher standard of living, reform movement
Revolutions
Russian Revolution: FROM Czarist autocratic rule of Nicholas II TO communist rule under Lenin
Chinese Revolution:FROM warlord control and civil war with Nationalists TO communist rule under Mao Zedong (supported by peasants)
Iranian Revolution:FROM western rule of Shah Reza Pahlevi TO Islamic Fundementalist rule of Ayatollah Khomeini
Green Revolution: FROM limited crop yield TO double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia
Revolutions
Chronological Events
EUROPE: Ancient Greece & Roman Empire > Roman Empire fall> splits > east = Byzantine Empire (thrives from trade) and west = Dark Ages/feudalism> Crusades > rise of trade > Renaissance/Reformation >Age of Exploration > Commercial Revolution > Absolute kings > Enlightenment > French Revolution > Industrial Revolution > Age of Imperialism > WWI & WWII > independence movements in colonies > Cold War > fall of USSR> EU
More chronological events
Africa:Early kingdoms (Ghana, Mali Songhai) > Transatlantic Slave Trade > scramble for Africa by European nations > demands for independence after WWII (Nkrumah & Kenyatta) > tribalism lingers > trend toward democratic nations
India: Mughal Empire (Akbar) > British rule > Gandhi’s independence movement > partitioning (India & Pakistan) > lingering tensions
More chronological events
Japan: Chinese influence > feudal period (Tokugawa Shogunate) > Mathew Perry visits > Meiji Restoration(westernization) > imperialism (raw materials) > WWII > democratic economic superpower
China: Early dynasties > Opium War > Spheres of Influence > Boxer Rebellion > Civil War> Communist Revolution (1949 - Mao) >Great Leap Forward/ Cultural Revolution > Deng’s economic reforms (1980s) > calls for democratic reforms > Tiananmen Square massacre
More chronological events
Russia: harsh autocratic rule under czars > 1917 Bolshevik Revolution (Lenin) > Stalin’s totalitarian rule> WWII > Cold War > Gorbachev’s Glasnost & Perestroika > Collapse of Soviet Union> democracy & free market
Latin America: Spanish conquest > harsh rule (encomienda system)> Slave trade > nationalist movements> military dictatorships> democratic trend
Middle East: River Valley Civilizations > Byzantine Empire > Golden Rule of Islamic Rule > Crusades– Rise & Fall of Ottoman Empire– Turkey modernizes (Ataturk)– Arab-Israeli conflict (Zionism > Holocaust > wars >
PLO > Camp David Accords > Intifada > conflict continues
– Shah overthrown> Iranian Revolution (1979) > Islamic fundementalist state> war with Iraq/conflict with US
– Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait >Gulf War– Taliban in Afghanistan overthrown by US
More chronological events
Key People
Nationalists Communists Women Supporters of Westernization Religious leaders Ruthless Leaders Enlightened thinkers others
Nationalists
Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L’Overture Latin America: Jose de San Martin
Italy: Cavour, Mazzini, Garabaldi India: Mohandas Gandhi Africa: Kenyatta(Kenya), Nkruma(Ghana) China: Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek Middle East: Arafat (Palestine), Ben-Gurion
(Israel - Zionist)
Communists
Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/ communism)
V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Fidel Castro (Cuba) Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China) Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam) Kim Jong Ill (North Korea)
Women
World Leaders: Indira Gandhi (India), Benazar Bhutto (Pakistan), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain)
Humanitarian Concerns: Mother Tereasa (India), Aung Su (Myanmar), Rigoberta Menchu (Guatamala)
Enlightened thinker: Mary Wollstonecraft
Supporters of Westernization
Russia: Catherine the Great, Peter the Great
Iran: Shah Rezi Pahlevi Turkey: Kemel Aturk Japan: Emperor Meiji
Religious leaders
Martin Luther– Goal: to reform Roman Catholic
Church– Action: posted 95 Thesis, believed in
faith alone for salvation– Reformation shattered religious unity
in Europe
Religious leaders
Ayatollah Khomeini– Goal: remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and
western influence and replace it with an Islamic Fundementalist state
– Impact: Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979. Government required strict adherence to Islamic law and enacted anti-western policies, held American hostages for over one year, women lost rights
Ruthless Leaders
Adolf Hitler (Germany) Pol Pot (Cambodia) Slobadon Milosevic (Serbia) Mao Zedong (China) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
Enlightened Thinkers
John Locke Rousseau Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Montesquieu
Other Key People
Adam Smith: wrote The Wealth of Nations advocating laissez-faire capitalism (gov’t leaves businesses alone)
Machiavelli: wrote The Prince, a handbook for rulers, “the ends justify the means” & “it is better to be feared than loved”
Nelson Mandela: first black South African president, fought against apartheid
Economic Systems
Traditional: based on barter (trade) Manorialism:feudal manors (self-sufficient) Mercantilism: export more than import, led to
imperialism Free market/ Laissez-faire capitalism:
based on profit, private ownership, little gov’t interference
Command/ communism/ Marxist socialism: gov’t makes all economic decisions, no private ownership
Human Rights Violations Denial of basic political, economic and social
rights to which all humans are entitiled– Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in
Russia/Holocaust– Apartheid: blacks in South Africa – Untouchables in India– Students in China (Cultural Rev./Tiananmen
Square)– Dissidents under Stalin & other communist
leaders– Urban population in Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)– Tutsies in Rwanda– Muslims in Bosnia – Women under Taliban rule
Early Civilization Contributions
Mesopotamia: legal system, wheel, irrigation, cuniform (Sumerian writing)
Egypt: hieroglyphics, medicine, architecture Phoenicians: alphabet China:silk-making, gunpowder Hebrews:monotheism, Ten Commandments Muslims:algebra, astronomy, medicine Gupta: zero, decimal, Arabic numerals Rome: law, aqueducts, architecture Mauryan: spread of Buddhism, organized
government
Organizations & Groups
European Union (EU) a growing group made up of European nations. Its goal is to expand free trade (no tariffs). Use euro.
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)Its goal is to create an independent state in Palestine (conflict with Israel)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Its goal is to control the oil industry by setting production levels & prices.
United Nations (UN) Its goals are to promote global peace and encourage economic and social well-being.
More organizations
North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO): a growing military alliance between democratic nations (former communist nations)
Warsaw Pact: a counter military alliance made up of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations (Cold War)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): its goal is to promote free trade between US, Canada and Mexico (pros and cons)
Nationalism
Devotion to one’s nation’s independence
Groups seeking independence– Chechyns in Russia
– Tibetans in China
– Kurds in Iraq
– Albanians in Kosovo
– Palestinians in Palestine
Imperialism Taking over a territory for raw materials,
markets, power and prestige NEGATIVE: treated natives as inferior,
exploited natural resources, forced labor POSITIVE: brought technology, medicine and
infrastructure AFRICA: Berlin Conference, Scramble for
Africa, MauMau Uprising, lingering conflict CHINA: Opium War, spheres of influence,
Boxer Rebellion INDIA: British East India CO., Sepoys, Gandhi
Cold War Events
War of tensions between United States and Soviet Union (1945-1990), fear of spreading communism
Containment/ Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade NATO & Warsaw Pact: collective security Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs & Cuban Missile Crisis Korean War and Vietnam War
Final Words
Know you can do this. Prepare using effective studying strategies Eat before the exam Bring pens with you to the exam Relax and do the best you can Look at the essays first and brainstorm Best of luck on the Regents!
