Transcript
Page 1: Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)
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Genetics 101

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Genetics 101• (1)Your body is made up of ______ trillion cells• (2)Nucleus has ________ % of your genes.• (3)Mitochondria has ________ % of your genes.• (4)You have nearly ______ thousand genes• (5)Genes are small parts

_______________________________________• (6)Deoxyribonucleic acid measures ________

feet long• (7)DNA is a ________ stranded molecule

composed of (a) _____ (b) _______(c) ________

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Genetics 101• (8)Four bases (a) ________ (b) ________ (c) ________ (d) ________• (9)These bases spell out the language known as

the ________ ________• (10)Genes are ________ for making specific

proteins, passed on from one ________ to another.

• (11)Genes ________ a cell how to function and what traits to ________.

• (12)Gene ________ turn different genes on and off in different cells to ________ cell function.

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Genetics 101• (13)The long molecules of ________ containing

your genes are organized into pieces called ________.

• (14)Humans have ________ pairs chromosomes.• (15)Chimpanzees have ________ pairs

chromosomes.• (16)Rhesus monkeys ________ pairs

chromosomes.• (17)Cows________ pairs chromosomes.

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Genetics 101• (18)Chickens________ pairs chromosomes.• (19)Fruit flies________ pairs chromosomes.• (20)Bananas________ pairs chromosomes.• (21)What percentage of the DNA in your

chromosome do you share with other species?• (22)You share ________% of your DNA with

rhesus monkey • (23)You share ________% of your DNA with

chimpanzee

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Genetics 101

• (24)You share ________% of your DNA with other humans

• (25) With the above information describe why the nucleus is the control center of the cell.

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Genetics 101

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What is Genetics?

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What is Genetics?• the study of inheritance. (heritable characteristics)• It can predict how genes may

be passed on to future generations.

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GENES• units of genetic

material that CODES for a SPECIFIC TRAIT

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NUCLEOTIDES

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DNA Nucleotide

OO=P-O O

Phosphate Group

NNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

Sugar(deoxyribose)

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Nitrogenous Bases

• PURINES1. Adenine (A)

2. Guanine (G)

• PYRIMIDINES3. Thymine (T)

4. Cytosine (C) T or C

A or G

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DNA vs RNA

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DNA vs RNA

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DNA vs RNA

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WATSON & CRICK• 1953; described the DNA molecule

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•DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases:

ADENINE – THYMINE

CYTOSINE – GUANINE

•DNA was made of 2 stands of nucleotides arranged in pairs “Complementary Rule”

Watson & Crick proposed…

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• Flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein and is descriptive of all organisms.

• Translation of a protein follows a chain of molecular command, where DNA acts as a template for both its replication and for transcription to RNA (mRNA) , which then serve as a template for translation into protein.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (1970)

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• The flow of genetic information via the three fundamental processes of replication, transcription, and translation

• States that DNA makes RNA, which makes protein.

• DNA – RNA - Protein

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (1970)

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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REPLICATION (nucleus)

The process of copying a DNA molecule STEPS 1. Unwinding of parental DNA molecule 2. Complementary base pairing Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine

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REPLICATION (nucleus)

3. Joining - The complementary nucleotides join to form new strands.

“Semiconservative” – each daughter DNA molecule contains

an old strand and a new strand; one of the old strands is conserved.

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Semiconservative Model

Parental DNA

DNA Template

New DNA

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REPLICATION (nucleus)

The DNA molecule produces

2 IDENTICAL complementary

strands following the rule of base.

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REPLICATION (nucleus)

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1. Why is replication necessary?

2. When & where does replication occur?

3. Describe how replication works.

4. Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand:

A---?G---?C---?T---?A---?G---?A---?G---?C---?A---?G---?T---?

Replication Recitation

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1. Why is replication necessary?For both new cells to have the correct copy of the same DNA2. When & where does replication occur?During interphase (S phase); nucleus3. Describe how replication works.Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary

nucleotides join each original strand.4. Use the complementary rule to

create the complementary strand:

A---TG---CC---GT---AA---TG---CA---TG---CC---GA---TG---CT---A

Replication Recitation

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TRANSCRIPTION (nucleus)

STEPS 1. DNA will “unzip” itself and RNA

nucleotides match up to the DNA strand.

2. After an RNA polymerase has passed by, the DNA strands rejoin and the mRNA is released.

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TRANSCRIPTION (nucleus)

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TRANSCRIPTION (nucleus)

Transcription makes messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus (via the nuclear pore) to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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• The cell uses information from “messenger” RNA to produce proteins

TRANSLATION (CYTOPLASM)

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(1961) Watson & Crick proposed…• …DNA controlled cell function by

serving as a template for PROTEIN structure.

• 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)

• AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks of proteins.

TRANSLATION (CYTOPLASM)

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TRANSLATION (CYTOPLASM)

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (1970)

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The Genetic Code

consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides. These triplets are called codons. With three exceptions (UAA, UAG, UGA), each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins.

One codon, AUG (start) serves two related functions:

it signals the start of translation it codes for the incorporation of the amino acid

methionine (Met) into the growing polypeptide chain

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Amino Acid Translation Table

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1. Why is transcription necessary?2. Describe transcription.3. Why is translation necessary?4. Describe translation.5. What are the main differences between

DNA and RNA.6. Using the chart p.241, identify the amino

acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC

Recitation

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1. Why is transcription necessary?Transcription makes messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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2.Describe transcription.RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble mRNA.

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3. Why is translation necessary?

Translation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.

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4. Describe translation. The cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins.

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6. Using the translation table, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGCtryptophan-glutamine-cysteine

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

V I D E O

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