Gamma

For Latin , see Latin gamma. For other uses, seeGamma (disambiguation).

Gamma (uppercase , lowercase ; Greek: Gmma) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In thesystem of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. It was de-rived from the Phoenician letter Gimel . Letters thatarose from gamma include the Roman C and G and theCyrillic letters and .[1]

1 Uses

1.1 Greek

The alphabet on a black gure vessel, with a -shaped gamma

In Ancient Greek, gamma represented a voiced velar stop//. In Modern Greek, it represents a voiced fricative. Itis realized either as a palatal // (before a front vowel, /e,i/), or as a velar // (in all other environments).Both in Ancient and inModernGreek, before other velars(, , k, kh, ks), gamma represents a velar nasal //. Adouble gamma represents the sequence // (phoneti-cally varying [~]) or //.

1.2 International Phonetic Alphabet

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, lowercase gamma() represents the voiced velar fricative. A lowercase

gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossingit () represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel.

1.3 Mathematics and science1.3.1 Lower case

The lower-case letter is used as a symbol for:

Chromatic number of a graph, sometimes (Chi) isused, which is also used for the Euler characteristic

Gamma radiation in nuclear physics The photon, the elementary particle of light Surface energy in materials science The Lorentz factor in theory of relativity The heat capacity ratio Cp/Cv in thermodynamics The activity coecient in thermodynamics The gyromagnetic ratio in electromagnetism Gamma oscillation in neuroscience Gamma motoneurons in neuroscience Gamma is a non-SI metric unit of measure of massequal to one microgram (1 g).[2] This always-rareuse is currently deprecated.

Gamma is also a non-SI unit of measure of magneticux density, sometimes used in geophysics, equal to1 nanotesla (nT).

The power by which the luminance of an image isincreased in gamma correction

The EulerMascheroni constant In mechanical engineering:

Specic weight The shear rate of a uid is represented by alower case gamma with a dot above it: _

Austenite (also known as -iron), a metal-lic non-magnetic allotrope or solid solution ofiron.

The gamma carbon is the third carbon attachedto a functional group in Organic Chemistry andBiochemistry nomenclature; see Alpha and beta car-bon

1

2 4 REFERENCES

1.3.2 Upper case

The upper-case letter is used as a symbol for:

In mathematics, the gamma function (usually writ-ten as -function) is an extension of the factorial tocomplex numbers

In probability theory and statistics, the gamma dis-tribution is a two-parameter family of continuousprobability distributions.

Circulation in uid mechanics As reection coecient in physics and electrical en-gineering

The tape alphabet of a Turing machine The FefermanSchtte ordinal 0

1.3.3 Meteorology

Gamma was one of the names used in the 2005 At-lantic hurricane season as Tropical Storm Gamma.

2 Technical notes

2.1 HTMLThe HTML entities for uppercase and lowercase gammaare and .

2.2 Unicode Greek Gamma

Coptic Gamma

Latin / phonetic Gamma

CJK Square Gamma

Technical / Mathematical Gamma

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols.Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normalGreek letters, withmarkup and formatting to indicate textstyle.

3 See also , - Ge (Cyrillic) G, g - Latin

4 References[1] Greek Alphabet Symbols. Rapid Tables. Retrieved 25

August 2014.

[2] Franois Cardarelli (2003). Encyclopaedia of ScienticUnits, Weights and Measures. Springer-Verlag LondonLtd. ISBN 879-1-4471-1122-1.

35 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses5.1 Text

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sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? File:Gamma_uc_lc.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gamma_uc_lc.svg License: Public domain Con-

tributors: Own work Original artist: Dcoetzee, F l a n k e r File:Greek_Digamma_normal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg Li-

cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based on C. Faulmann, Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und Vlker, Wien 1880,and Edward M. Thompson, An introduction to Greek and Latin Paleography, Oxford 1912. Original artist: Fut.Perf.

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UsesGreekInternational Phonetic AlphabetMathematics and scienceLower caseUpper caseMeteorology

Technical notesHTMLUnicode

See alsoReferencesText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license