Download - FRP Lamella ACI User Manual

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FRP

Lamella

user manual

software version 4.x

flexural and shear

strengtheningusing S&P FRP systems

Wiebke vom Berg

bow ingenieure gmbhbraunschweig hamburg (germany)


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FRP Lamella

design software

for f lexural and shear strengthening with FRP materials

according to ACI 318 and ACI 440

User Manual

version 4.x

Peter Onken, Wiebke vom Berg, Dirk Matzdorff

bow ingenieure gmbh braunschweig / hamburg germany


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Contents

1. Program user interface 41.1 Start of the program 41.2

Settings 4

1.3 Basic information about the FRP Lamellauser interface 41.4 Data input 51.5 Output of results6

2. Input and output windows 72.1 Input window project 72.2 Input window code 82.3 Input window geometry 92.4 Output window cross-section 102.5 Input window concrete 112.6 Input window steel 122.7 Input window main flexural reinforcement 132.8 rebar tables for the selection of reinforcement cross-sectional area 142.9 Input window loads in unstrengthened state 152.10 Input window loads in strengthened state 162.11 Input window FRP system 182.12 Input window FRP cross-section 192.13 Output window design 212.14 Output window strains in ultimate limit state 222.15 Output window strains / stresses in service state 232.16 Input window FRP system 252.17 Input window shear reinforcement 262.18 Output window shear strengthening 27

3. Program menu and tool bar 283.1 Menu bar items 283.2 Tool bar symbols 30

4. Installation instruc tions 31Appendix 32

bow engineers experts for strengthening design


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1.1

1.2

1.3

1. Program user interface

Start of the program

The software is developed for the following Windows operating systems: Win 9x, 2000, NT.

After successful installation of FRP Lamella you start the program by either clicking the FRP Lamella

icon on the Desktop or choosing the option FRP Lamellain the Windows start menu of your computer.

First the disclaimer will appear. In the menu language, you can select the language of the program

window. Please carefully read the displayed agreement. You have to accept to start the FRP Lamella

main window.

To exit the program FRP Lamellaand close the window, click the cross in the title bar at the upper

right corner of the program window. Instead you can either choose the option exitof the filemenu.

Settings

To ensure optimum display performance of the FRP Lamella program on your screen a minimum

screen resolutionof 800 x 600 pixels is assumed.

The display font size is also essential for a proper display of the program window. In the Windows

menu Startpoint to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double click Display. On the Settingstab,

clickAdvanced, then you will find the Font Size list on the Generaltab. Small fonts (standard) should

be selected, otherwise several items might not be completely displayed.

Basic information about the FRP Lamellauser interface

You will find general information about Windows user interfaces in your Windows manual or in the

online help function of your Windows operating system.

Title bar The uppermost line of the FRP Lamella program window shows information

about program, data file and path.

Menu bar The items File, Calculation, Extrasand Infoon the menu bar lead to different

submenus. You will find a detailed list of all menu items in chapter 3.1.

Tool bar The most frequently required functions can easily be called from the toolbar by

clicking one of the symbols. You will find a detailed list of all tool bar symbols

in chapter 3.2.

Tree view The tree views in the left part of the program window enable you to call the

different input and output windows directly. Click the + symbol in front of a

heading to display the subordinated items. A click on the symbol hides the

subordinated items again.

Quick info Positioning the mouse pointer on one of the input or output fields an

explanation (tooltiptext) will appear after a few seconds. Proceed in the same

way to get explanations for the functions of the tool bar.

Language You can change the language of the user interface and the print. A selection

of the available languages can be found in the menu Extras (see chap. 3.1).


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1.4 Data input

The required data is entered on several input windows shown in the upper part of the program user

interface. The titles of the different windows are listed in the opposite tree view. They are classified

according to the topics general information, cross-section, loads, flexural and shear strengthening.

Every input window shows a graphic to illustrate the essential data.

To show the different input windows click the related title in the tree view. If one heading includes

several subordinated windows, the first window will be displayed automatically. Input windows that

are not accessible yet are displayed in light grey.

Use the button on the right below the picture box of each input window to display the next

window. It is recommended to follow the sequence of the windows to make sure that no window is

left out. The button on the left below the picture box leads to the previous input window.

Enter the required data in the provided text boxes of each window. If necessary overwrite the

entry 0. Text boxes with a grey font are locked and cannot be modified. Disabled text boxes

having a dark background are not considered in the calculations.

The key buttonin the toolbar enables you to unlock input fields having a grey font and modify the

preselected values.

For some items you can choose from a list of different values.

After you have entered all required data you can start the calculation either by clicking the button

calculation below the graphic of the input window FRP cross-section or by clicking the

calculator symbolin the toolbar.

Start the proofs of anchorage and shear capacity by clicking thebutton proof below the graphic

of the corresponding input window. A click on the tick symbol in the toolbar will carry out all

proofs successively. This function is useful after reopening an existing input data file.


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1.5 Output of results

The results are displayed in additional windows located in the lower part of the program user interface.

The titles of the different windows are listed in the opposite tree view. They are classified according to

the topics general information, strengtheningand proofs.

To show the different output windows click the related title in the tree view. If one heading

includes several subordinated windows, the first window will be displayed automatically. Output

windows that are not accessible yet are displayed in light grey

The result values are displayed in text fieldshaving a light grey or coloured background. These

values cannot be modified.

Pay attention to the output fields highlighted in blue or red colour. They will show you if the proof

conditions are met and if special details of construction have to be followed.

The output windows of strains in ultimate limit stateand strains in service stateadditionally show agraphical representationof the strain distribution (s. chap. 2.14 and 2.15). You can change the

scale by clicking the picture.

The performed calculations can be printed on any printer installed under Windows operating systems.

You can modify the content of the heading line in the menu Extras >> company letterhead. It is

possible to print each page individually.

pages 1 4 design of flexural strengthening

page 5 design of shear strengthening


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2. Input and output windows

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2.1 Input window project

When you start the program the first window project opens. It offers the possibility to enter some

general project and structural element data. This information appears on each page of the printout and

will help you administrating your projects.

Enter the project numberand the project name.

For each structu ral element you can enter a numberand an appropriate description .

tip

Use the button on the right below the picture box to display the next window


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2.2 Input window code

In this window you can choose the underlying code and guideline for the design. Additionally you

determine the material properties as well as the unit measurement for the input and output. These

adjustments are saved on your computer so that they are reloaded at the next start of the software.

Choose the code according to which standard you want to perform the design of the

strengthening measure simply by clicking the related option button (not every version offers the

possibility to choose the code).

Afterwards choose the guidelineon which the design of FRP strengthening shall base. But only

certain combinations of concrete design code and FRP guideline are possible.

Select a country for the available steel and concrete grades as well as the FRP products. The

national material properties will then appear in the relevant input windows. The appropriate

national flag appears next to the selection box.

You have the choice from different unitsof measurement: the unit of lengths and forces as well as

the unit of strains.


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2.3 Input window geometry

FRP Lamella offers the possibility to strengthen the most frequent types of cross-section: slabs,

rectangular beams, T-beams and I-beams. According to your choice FRP Lamella will present the

appropriate illustrating graphic.

Click the geometry lis tand choose the type of cross-section.

Enter the dimensionsof the cross-section in the corresponding data fields.

note

After entering all data the graphic turns into a true to scale graphic to allow a visual control of the

values.

Please indicate whether you want to strengthen an exterior or interior structural member.

According to ACI 440 the software will preselect the environmental reduction factor CEdepending

on the exposure condition.

For slabs please indicate the span or thecantilever length. This input data field will be displayed

when you select a slab. The length is required to calculate the maximum spacing of FRP strips.

(s. chap. 2.12).


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2.4 Output window cross-section

After entering the size of the structural member the cross-section values are calculated and shown in

the lower part of the user interface.

The upper field shows the gross cross-sectional areaAgof the structural member.

The gravity axis zcgof the cross-section is related to the top of the member.

Furthermore the moment of inertia Iyof the cross-section is given.

The section modulus Stopand Sbottomapply to the top and the button of the cross-section.

note

The cross-section values are related to the gross cross-section of the member.


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2.5 Input window concrete

The window concrete indicates the material properties of the concrete. You can select the concrete

classes according to the chosen code.

Define the characteristic compressive strengthfcof the existing concrete.

The concrete maximum strain cu is limited to 0.003 according to ACI 318 (see FRP Lamella

design basics).

The strain at the axis of the parabolic curve c2 is assumed to be 0.002 according to ACI 318

(see FRP Lamella design basics).

The modulus of elasticityof concrete Ecis necessary for the calculation of the uncracked state

of the structural member.

The tensile strength of the concrete fr defines the transition between the uncracked and the

cracked state of the cross-section.

The strength reduction factor flexure for the reinforced concrete member is preselected as

flexure= 0.9 according to ACI 318 (see FRP Lamella design basics).

note

If the steel strain in ultimate limit strain is less than 0.005, the software will calculate a modified

strength reduction factor flexure< 0.9 to compensate low ductility of the section and restart the

design calculation automatically (see FRP Lamella design basics).

note

You can modify the proposed values by using the key button in the tool bar.


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2.6 Input window steel

The material properties of the reinforcing steel are entered in the window steel. The software offers the

possibility to define 2 types of reinforcing steel as well as 2 types of prestressing steel. The graphic

shows both stress-strain diagrams.

Select the steel grade of the reinforcing steel and of the prestressing steel from the steel list. The

appropriate specified yield stress fy and the appropriate specified tensile strength fpuof the

prestressing steel will be displayed in the field next to the steel list. If the required steel grade is

not available in the list, select the entry other, which enables you to define the characteristic

strength.

note

The available steel grades in the list depend on the country selected in the window code.

For rebars select between plain and ribbed sections, for prestressing steel it is to distinguish

between strandsand wires. The choice has an effect on the bond of the rebars or the modulus of

elasticity of the prestressing steel, respectively.

The modulus of elasticity Es for reinforcing steel is preselected as Es = 29.000 [ksi] in

accordance to ACI 318. For prestressing steel the modulus of elasticity Ep is preselecteddepending on the chosen section in accordance to ACI 318.

The maximum steel strainsuand puis assumed as 0.03. It is only needed for the termination ofthe iteration. Before this strain limit will be reached, the design will be controlled by the strain limit

of the FRP material.

note

You can modify the proposed values by using the key button in the tool bar.


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2.7 Input window main flexural reinforcement

Details about the existing rebars of the concrete member at the position of the maximum bending

moment can be entered in the window main flexural reinforcement. FRP Lamella allows the input of

six reinforcement layers in the tension or compression zone. You must at least enter one layer of

internal reinforcement since the software does not design unreinforced members.

Enter the cross-sectional areaAsof the existing tension rebars.

tip

Click the number button at the beginning of each line and an additional window shows a table of

rebars diameters. You can select the number and the cross-section for groups of rebars and copy

the total sum of the cross-sectional area of reinforcement to the input window (s. chap. 2.8).

The position of the reinforcement is given by the depth zs measured from the top edge of the

structural member to the axis of the rebars.

Afterwards you choose the steel grade. The list shows the four grades defined in the previous

window steel. For unclassified steel grades the defined yield strength or tensile strength will be

displayed.

For prestressed steel you have to enter the effective prestress fpeafter all losses (t = ). The

resulting prestressing force is shown in the input window loads in unstrengthened state

(s. chap. 2.9).

The option bondedis only enabled for prestressing steel. You can define if the tendon is fixed to

the surrounding concrete or if it slides without bond through a sheath. Rebars are always bonded

to the concrete.


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2.8 Rebar tables for the selection of reinforcement cross-sectional area

The cross-sectional area of reinforcement can be copied from a table which offers a wide selection of

rebar diameters. The cross-sectional area is depending on the number of rebars in a beam or the

spacing of rebars in a slab. To open the rebar table just click the number button in the input window

main flexural reinforcement.

Choose a cross-sectional area by clicking a white field in the table. The background of a selected

field turns into blue. For beams, a multiple choice is possible. The sum of the cross-sectional

areaAsof the selected rebars is displayed below the table.

You cancel a selection by clicking the blue field again.

You copy the selection to the reinforcementwindow by clicking the button copy . The rebar table

will be closed.

Close the table without copying the value by clicking the button cancel .


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2.9 Input window loads in unstrengthened state

The window loads in unstrengthened statedefines the imposed actions just before strengthening with

FRP. The resulting strains in the concrete member are taken into consideration for the strengthening

design. The graphic schematically presents the initial state as a bridge girder, which is closed for

traffic during application of the FRP strengthening and only loaded by the dead load of the structure.

Choose the design for a positive (moment of span)or negative moment (moment at support).

note

This choice is linked with the type of moment in the window loads in strengthened state. It is not

possible to choose different types of moments in both windows.

Enter the unfactored bending moment Mip which is imposed to the structure during the

application of the FRP strengthening. Commonly this will be the dead load moment. This value

defines the initial state of strain in the cross-section. For statically indeterminated systems you

may have to add the secondary moment from prestressing Mp'.

If the member is subjected to an external axial force, e.g. the dead load of an inclined beam, you

have to choose between compressiveand tensile force.

Enter the unfactored axial forceNipresulting from the imposed load. Compressive forces have a

positive effect and can be ignored.

For prestressed members the program displays the prestressing force NP as well as the

prestressing moment Mp0' that are considered in the design. The values result from the cross-

sectional area, prestress and position of the prestressing steel entered in the window main flexural

reinforcement(s. chap. 2.7).

note

The software considers only the statically determinated prestressing moment. If the support

conditions of the prestressed member are statically indeterminated, add the secondary moment

Mp'to Mip, Muand Ms.


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To define the transition between the uncracked and the cracked state of the cross-section, decide

if the bending tension zone of the cross-section is already cracked under service loads.

Reinforced concrete members are usually always cracked, for prestressing members it depends

on the degree of prestress and the history of loading. As a rule the cross-section is uncracked for

maximum prestress (no tensile forces in service state).

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2.10 Input window loads in strengthened state

The window loads in strengthened state defines the future actions. You have to enter the bending

moments which are imposed to the concrete member after strengthening with FRP (see FRP Lamella

design basics). The graphic schematically presents the strengthened state as a bridge girder, which is

loaded by dead load of the structure and an additional high live load.

Choose the design for a positive (moment of span)or negative moment (moment at support).

note

This choice is linked with the type of moment in the window loads in strengthened state. It is notpossible to choose different types of moments in both windows.

If the member is subjected to an external axial force, e.g. the dead load of an inclined beam, you

have to choose between compressiveand tensile force.

Enter the factored momentMufor the expected loads considering the load factorsfor dead and

live loads. For statically indeterminated systems you may have to add the secondary moment

from prestressing Mp'. (s. chap. 2.9).

Proceed in the same way for the factored axial forceNSdf. Take also into consideration the load

factorsfor dead and live loads.

You can either enter the exactvalues of imposed actions in service state or choose the optionapproximate. In this case the characteristic values of the bending moment and axial force are

calculated from the given factored values as follows:


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m,M

us

MM

= m,N

us

NN

=

note

The use of the option approximate is especially recommended if the design actions are

determined by a complicated structural analysis (e.g. finite elements). Using the average load

factors you can avoid another analysis applying unfactored loads.

If you have chosen the option exact, enter the service moment of strengthened state Ms. For

statically indeterminated systems you may have to add the secondary moment from

prestressing Mp'(s. chap. 2.9).

If the member is subjected to an external axial force, enter the unfactored axial force Ns.

If you have chosen the option approximate, enter an average load factor M,m for bending

moments. The service momentMs is then calculated with above-mentioned equation from the

factored moment Mu. The valid range for the average load factors is 0 to 1.0.

Is the member loaded with an axial force, also enter the average load facto r N,m.

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2.11 Input window FRP system

The window FRP system shows the material properties of the CFRP laminates and sheets. The

displayed safety and reduction factors as well as the limited design strain are preselected according to

the guideline you have chosen in the window code.

Select theFRP productfrom the list. There is one type of prefabricated S&P FRP laminates and

different types of hand lay-up carbon sheets available.

For prefabricated laminates choose the type of bonding. While externally bonded laminates

provide a larger cross-sectional area, near surface mounted (slot-in) laminates show a higher

bond resistance (see FRP Lamella design basics).

Below the FRP material list the appropriateadhesive is mentioned. For some systems a selection

of different adhesives is available. S&P Resin 50 is used for pouring slots in negative moment

regions of slabs.

Depending on the chosen type of FRP the modulus of elasticity Ef, the tensile strengthffu*and

the ultimate strain fu* of the material will be displayed (see FRP Lamella design basics). ForFRP linear-elastic material behaviour is assumed.

The environmental reduction factorCEis preselected for interior or exterior members according

to ACI 440.

The additional FRP strength reduction factor fis applied to the flexural contribution of the FRPstrengthening according to ACI 440.

The design rupture strain fu of the fibres is calculated from the ultimate strain fu* and theenvironmental reduction factor CEaccording to ACI 440.

note

You cannot modify the material properties of FRP. But you can change the preselected reductionfactors by using the key button in the tool bar.


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2.12 Input window FRP cross-section

In the window FRP cross-sectionyou are asked to choose the number and arrangement of the FRP

strips. Check the minimum and maximum spacing respectively. You can choose up to three layers

with different cross-sectional areas as well as different effective depths.

Before selecting the FRP cross-section, start the iteration either by clicking the button

calculation on the bottom right of the window or by clicking the calculator symbol in the toolbar.

The required FRP cross-sectional area will be calculated and displayed in the output window

designbelow.

note

To carry out the design calculation, in this window only the depth zf1of the FRP layer 1 from the

top edge of the concrete member has to be given. As the design iteration can only determine the

cross-sectional area of one FRP layer (one unknown), FRP layers 2 and 3 are initially locked, but

they are enabled after the design calculation.

For each layer choose an FRP cross-section. The available selection depends on the chosen

FRP product in the window FRP System.For sheets the theoretical fibre thickness tf is given

and you can choose the width wfof the sheet. The delivery width of the sheet is preselected.

Enter the number of FRP plies nf lying on top of each other. One single ply is preselected. The

maximum is two plies of laminates or five plies of sheets.

For beams enter the number mf of FRP strips lying next to each other. The spacing sf of the

strips is calculated.

note

The software checks if the arrangement of FRP strips fits to the tension face of the member. A

message will appear if the strengthening does not fit.

For slabswith a standard width (1 [m] or 12 [in]), enter the spacingsfof the strips. The number

mfof FRP strips lying next to each other is calculated. The limit spacing sf,maxor sf,minrespectively,is calculated according to the German guidelines with following conditions (see FRP Lamella

design basics):


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sf,max = 0.2 times span

sf,max = 5 times slab thickness

sf,max = 0.4 times cantilevering length

sf,min = maximum size of aggregate 32 mm (near surface mounted laminates)

For each layer the cross-sectional areaAfis calculated. The total sum of FRP strips in one layeris calculated from the number of plies nfmultiplied by the number of strips mf.

For each layer determine the depthzfof the FRP reinforcement from the top edge of the concrete

member. To guarantee the position of the bonded FRP system in the tension zone, keep the limit

zf,minand zf,maxrespectively. The depth of the tension zone corresponds approximately to a fifth of

the member height.

The strain limitfe,maxfor FRP depends on the stiffness (modulus of elasticity, thickness, numberof plies, ultimate strain) of the material. The reduction factorm is determined according to theequations given in ACI 440. The strain limit is taken into consideration for the design calculation

and can be checked in the result window strains in ultimate limit state. (s. chap. 2.14).

note

After the determination of the required FRP cross-section the outstanding information can be given to

ensure the sufficient moment capacity of the strengthened member (s. chap. 2.13). All 3 FRP layers

are taken into account for the determination of the resisting moment in strengthened state.


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2.13 Output window design

After the design calculation the result window designwill appear in the lower part of the user interface.

The chosen cross-sectional area of the FRP system can be compared to the required cross-sectional

area and the flexural capacity of the strengthened member is checked.

The required cross-sectional area A f,req is calculated based on the previously entered data. It

considers the imposed bending moment Mu of the strengthened state and the depth zf of FRP

layer 1 from the top edge of the member.

The provided cross-sectional area A f,prov is displayed. The total cross-sectional area results

from the sum of all three layers entered on the window FRP cross-section.

noteIf you have entered several FRP layers with different depths zf, the bending moment proof can fail

in spite of sufficient cross-sectional area of FRP, because the required cross-sectional area only

considers the depth of FRP layer 1.

The design capacity of the strengthened section Mnis determined by an additional iterationtaking into account the chosen cross-sectional area of FRP strengthening.

In the proof linethe flexural capacity Mnis compared to the imposed bending moment Mu.

tip

If the proof condition is met, the result fields will be highlighted in blue and you can access the

results of the service limit state and all additional proofs.

On the right side of the window Mn0 describes the design capacity of the unstrengthenedmember, taking into account the given strength reduction factor. The determination of the moment

capacity considers the design value of the axial force Nu.

Below the characteristic capacity Mn0 of the unstrengthened member is given. The

determination of the moment capacity considers the characteristic value of the axial force Ns.

The degree of strengthening indicates the ratio between the applied factored moment Muofthe strengthened state and the design resistance Mn0of the unstrengthened section. According

to the German guidelines the degree of strengthening should not exceed 2.0 for externally bonded

FRP strips (see FRP Lamella design basics).


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The program indicates the remaining global safety factor in case of loss of FRPstrengthening. The nominal capacity of the unstrengthened section Mn0is compared to the

imposed unfactored service moment Ms(see FRP Lamella design basics).

tipThe strengthening design is limited by a maximum FRP cross-section. If the required cross-section

exceeds this limit, an error message indicates that FRP strengthening is technically not possible.

Usually in this case the design is limited by failure of the compression zone and flexural strengthening

with FRP is not reasonable. To check this option, decrease the imposed moment Muuntil the software

gives a design result. Then compare the concrete strain in the result window strains in ultimate limit

stateto the ultimate concrete strain cu.

2.14 Output window strains in ultimate limit state

The output window strains in ultimate limit state(ULS) shows the strain diagram as superposition of

the initial strain and an additional strain (see FRP Lamella design basics). The strain diagram is

displayed true to scale.

The left part of the window shows the strain distribution of the initial stateresulting from the initial

bending moment M0 .

tip

Click the graphic and the strain diagram will be scaled up.

The right part of the window shows the strain profile at the ultimate limit state (ULS)considering

the required cross-sectional area of FRP strengtheningAf,req .

The strain of the extreme compressive fibrecand the height of the compression zone caredisplayed.

tip

If the concrete strain equals the limit cu, the design is governed by failure of the compressionzone. In this case flexural strengthening with FRP is often not reasonable. (see FRP Lamella

design basics).

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pis the total strain of the prestressing steelincluding the initial strain due to prestressing. The strains of the reinforcing steelsare given. If the steel strain in ultimate limit strain is less

than 0.005, the software will calculate a modified strength reduction factor flexure to compensate

low ductility of the section and restart the design calculation automatically (see FRP Lamella

design basics).

The notation of the effective strain of the FRP materialis fe.note

Positive values describe expansion of the material, negative values indicate compression.

Control the design with a hand calculation

The compressive force of the concrete as well as the forces of the steel reinforcement and the CFRP

strengthening can be determined using the corresponding strain of each material given by the

software. For the cross-sectional area of CFRP you should apply the required cross-sectional area

provided by the software in the designwindow. Then establish the sum of horizontal forces and the

sum of bending moments taking into account the imposed factored moment Muin strengthened state

(see FRP Lamella design basics).

2.15 Output window strains / stresses in service state

The output window strain / stresses in service state (SLS) shows the strain diagram and the maximum

stresses of the different materials at service state. The strain diagram is displayed true to scale

The left part of the window presents the strain distributionat service limit state (SLS) as a result

of the characteristic load considering the provided cross-section of FRP Af,prov. The output of the

strain distribution at service state serves particularly to control steel strains, which should not

exceed the yielding point. Otherwise the program will give a warning and the selected FRP cross-

section must be increased until no yielding of the reinforcement occurs at service state (see FRP

Lamella design basics).

tipThe strain profile is displayed in the same scale as the strains in ultimate limit state. Click the

graphic and the strain diagram will be scaled up.

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The strain of the extreme compressive fibrecand the height of the compression zone caredisplayed.

pis the total strain of the prestressing steelincluding the initial strain due to prestressing. The strains of the reinforcing steel and the strains of the FRP materialare displayed as s

and frespectively. The right part of the window shows the corresponding maximum stresses f of the different

materials at service state.

The maximum stresses are compared with the limit stresses Fgiven in ACI 318 and ACI 440

respectively.

note

If it is not necessary to check the stress limits (see FRP Lamella design basics), you can delete

them by deselecting the option consider stress limits.

note

Positive values describe expansion of the material, negative values indicate compression.


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2.16 Input window FRP system for shear strengthening

In the window FRP systemthe material properties of the shear strengthening material are defined.

Select the shear strengthening material from the list. According to your choice the material

parameters will be filled in.

Below the FRP material list the appropriateadhesive is mentioned.

Choose the wrapping scheme of the external FRP shear strengthening. The corresponding

graphic will be displayed in the following window shear reinforcement.

Depending on the chosen type of FRP the modulus of elasticity Ef, the tensile strengthffu*and

the ultimate strain fu*of the material will be displayed (see FRP Lamella design basics). The environmental reduction factorCEis preselected for interior or exterior members according

to ACI 440.

The additional FRP strength reduction factor fis applied to the shear contribution of the FRPstrengthening according to ACI 440.

The design rupture strain fu of the fibres is calculated from the ultimate strain fu* and the

environmental reduction factor CEaccording to ACI 440.

The strength reduction factor shear for the reinforced concrete member is preselected asshear= 0.85 according to ACI 318.

note

You cannot modify the material properties of FRP. But you can change the preselected partial safety

and reduction factors by using the key button in the tool bar.


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2.17 Input window shear reinforcement

In the window shear reinforcementyou enter the existing internal shear reinforcement as well as the

dimensions of the FRP shear strengthening.

For beams and T-beams enter the cross-sectional area of the internal stirrups aswper foot.

tip

Click the button table and an additional window will appear. Here you can select from a table ofrebar diameters and spacings the cross-sectional area of double-shear stirrups and take over the

selected value.

Choose the steel gradeof the existing shear reinforcement from the list. The list shows the two

grades of reinforcing steel defined in the window steel. For unclassified steel grades the defined

yield strength will be displayed.

The nominal thickness tfof one ply of the FRP reinforcement is preselected depending on the

type of FRP selected in the previous window FRP system.

Choose the number of FRP plies n f.

Enter the width wfof the FRP shear strips.

The cross-sectional areaAfvof one external FRP stirrup will be calculated.

Enter the spacing sfof the external FRP stirrups. The maximum spacing is displayed below.

Input the depth dfof the FRP shear reinforcement as shown in the graphic.

The angle of inclination of the external FRP stirrups is preselected to 90. Modify this value if

necessary.

The strain limitfefor FRP depends on the stiffness (modulus of elasticity, thickness, number ofplies, ultimate strain) of the material. The reduction factor v is determined according to theequations given in ACI 440. The strain limit is taken into consideration for the design.

After you have entered all required data, you can start the shear check either by clicking the

button proof on the bottom right of the window or by clicking the tick symbol in the tool bar.


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2.18 Output window shear strengthening

The calculation of the shear capacity is derived from the equations of ACI 318 and ACI 440

respectively. In the left part of the result window shear strengthening, the shear resistance of the

unstrengthened cross-section is given. The right part of the window shows the contribution of the FRP

shear strengthening.

The shear resistance provided just by concreteVc is calculated in accordance to ACI 318. In

case the imposed shear force is inferior to this value, shear strengthening is not necessary (see

FRP Lamella design basics).

The shear capacity of the internal shear reinforcement Vsis indicated below.

The design shear resistance of the unstrengthened cross-section Vn0 indicates whetherexternal shear strengthening is required or not to cover the whole imposed shear force. If the

factored imposed shear force Vudoes not exceed the shear capacityVn0of the unstrengthened

cross-section, additional shear reinforcement is only needed to link the FRP strips of the flexural

strengthening with the internal stirrups (see FRP Lamella design basics).

On the left of the window the contribution of the selected FRP shear strengthening fVf isdisplayed.

Below the design shear resistance of the st rengthened cross-sectionVn0 is indicated. Thisvalue should exceed the factored imposed shear force Vu.

The total shear reinforcement should be limited based on the criteria given for steel alone in

ACI 318. The shear contribution of the FRP shear reinforcement and the internal steel shear

reinforcement is compared to the admissible value. The fields will be highlighted in blue, if the limit

is kept, otherwise they change to red.


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3.1

3. Program menu and tool bar

Menu bar items

Menu File

open

Open an existing data file or search for a file. The windows dialogue openis displayed. Select the

folder where the required data file is located.

save

Save the opened data file using the existing file name. If no file is opened the menu save aswill

be called.

save as

Save entered data by indicating a file name, the folder and the drive.

printPrint the currently displayed input data and results. If no calculation has been carried out yet, only

the pages containing the input data will be printed. The windows dialogue printis called. You have

the possibility to select and print each page individually.

end

Terminate the program FRP Lamellaand close the program window. If you made changes in the

opened data file, a corresponding inquiry appears which enables you to save those changes.

last files

A list of the last 4 files you have been working on is displayed in the lower part of the menu

window. It is possible to call one of these files by a simple mouse click.

Menu Calculation

dimensioning

Starts the FRP design, after you have entered all relevant values required for the calculation or

after opening an input data file.

strains

After you have selected the required FRP cross-section, you can control the strain distributions at

ultimate limit state and at service state.

shear

Once you carried out a flexural strengthening design, you can move to the shear checkwith this

menu level. When all required data is entered, you can start the calculation using the submenu

proof.

Menu Extras

company letterhead

Displays a window where you can enter and save the name and address of your company. This

information will appear in the head line of the program printout. It will still be available at the next

program start. The default name and address is S&P Clever Reinforcement Company.


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always on top

If you are working on several windows at the same time, you can predefine that FRP Lamella

should always appear in the foreground. A tick symbol next to this menu level indicates the current

state of this option.

languageA submenu shows the available languages. A tick symbol indicates the selected language. Click

another entry to change the language of the user interface and the print. When you exit the

program, the selected language while be saved and reloaded at the next start of the program.

Menu Info

info

Indicates the number of the software version as well as the name of the program authors and

information about your computer and your operating system.

contact

Showsthe address of the manufacturer S&P Clever Reinforcement or its national sales partner.

?

Opens the path to the FRP Lamella user manuals (pdf documents).


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3.2 Tool bar symbols

new: Delete the results and clear the input data fields. The program automatically switches to

the first window.

open : Open an existing data file or search for a file. The windows dialogue openis displayed.

Select the folder where the required data file is located.

save : Save the open data file using the existing file name. If no file is opened the menu save as

will be called.

print: Print the currently displayed input data and results. If no calculation has been carried out

yet, only the first page with the input data will be printed. The windows dialogue printis called.

You have the possibility to select and print each page individually.

unlock: Modify the preselected values.Attention: when you change the preselected values,

the calculation is no longer based on the chosen design code and guideline.

calculate: Start the FRP design, after you have entered all relevant values required for the

calculation or after opening an input data file.

stop iteration: Stop the running iteration. A dialog box opens to ask again if you really want to

stop the calculation.

checkings: Carry out the checkings for anchorage and shear. This button is only enabled after

the design of the flexural strengthening.

info: Indicates the number of the software version as well as the name of the program authors

and information about your computer and your operating system.

contact: Shows the address of the manufacturer S&P Clever Reinforcement or its national

sales partner.

help: Opens the path to the FRP Lamella user manuals (pdf documents).


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4. Installation instructions

Make sure that you are provided with administrative rights under Windows NT or Windows 2000 and

close all current applications. Uninstall older versions of FRP Lamella(Start >> Settings >> Operating

system >> Software >> FRP Lamella >> Delete)

1. Insert the CD in your CD-ROM drive. Click Start, then select Execute.

2. Enter the following under Open: D:\SETUP\SETUP.EXE

(when the letter D corresponds to your CD-ROM drive)

3. Welcome to the Setup Wizard: Click Next.

4. Select Installation Folder: Click Next to install FRP Lamella in the indicated folder or

Browseto choose or create another folder.

5. ConfirmInstallation: Click Nextto start the installation.

6. License Agreement: Read the entire text, then select I Agreeto continue.

7. Installation complete: Click Closeto finalize the installation.

Installation of the required components

FRP Lamella requires specific Microsoft components to be perfectly installed on your Windows

operating system. The FRP Lamellainstallation routine searches for those components in your system

and tries to install them automatically. In case these components do not exist you will get an error

message and the FRP Lamellainstallation will abort.

Components:

Microsoft Data Access Component 2.5: mdac_typ.exe

Database Communication: dcom95.exe for Windows 95

dcom98.exe for Windows 98

.NET Framework 2.0 dotnetfx.exe

The required data can be found in the componentsfolder of the CD-Rom. It is also possible for you to

download the Data Access Components SDK Version 2.5 (mdac_typ.exe) file in any language fromhttp://www.microsoft.com/downloads.

To install the required files manually:

1. Insert the FRP LamellaCD in your CD-ROM drive. Double click Windows-Explorer.

2. Double click your CD-ROM drive.

3. Double click the FRP Lamelladirectory, then the componentsfolder.

You will see three files: dcom98.exe, dotnetfx.exe and mdac_typ.exe.

4. Double click the required file to execute it.

Once the required components have been installed on your operating system, restart the FRP Lamella

installation.
http://www.microsoft.com/downloadshttp://www.microsoft.com/downloads


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Appendix


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experts forstrengtheningdesign

bow engineers are leading consultants

for the application of FRP systems for

strengthening and rehabiliation.

Based on long time and intensive

cooperation with universities and

material testing institutes bowengineers are able to provide special

know-how and scientific background

for the use of FRP.

bow engineers have developed design

software for strengthening of

reinforced concrete members using

sprayed concrete or FRP.

bow engineers will assist you in theassessment and development of

strengthening concepts for structures

and will ensure proper design

procedures and effective detailing of

special FRP applications.

bow engineers have been engaged as

expert consultants for strengthening

with FRP systems in a large numberof projects worldwide.

Please ask for further information.

Download - FRP Lamella ACI User Manual

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