Transcript

Foundations of Technology, Third Edition /Technology, Engineering, and Design

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology, Third Edition / Technology, Engineering, and Design

Presentation 3.2.1

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

What is a System?

OpenSystems

ClosedSystems

UniversalSystems

Model

ProperOperation Of Systems

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

What is a system?

• A system is a group of interrelated components designed collectively to achieve a desired goal.

• Systems are used in a number of ways in technology and appear in many aspects of daily life , such as solar systems, political systems and technological systems.

Example

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Information •Email Message

Tools/Machines

•Modem•Computer

People •Sender of message

Materials

•Data•Plastic for computer•Wiring for CPU/Monitor

Production

• Typing of message

• Sending of data

Management

• Server/modem access

• Privacy Issues

Expected Desired

• Person receives email

Unexpected Undesired

• Email is sent to wrong person

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUTEmail answered

Email not answered

Return email stating undeliverable

FEEDBACKExample of Email

System

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Open Systems

• An open-loop system has no feedback path and requires human intervention.

• An example of an open loop system is a microwave oven that requires the person to put in a time to cook the food. There is no feedback to say the food is actually cooked thoroughly when the microwave turns off, the person may have to put in more time or the food may be overcooked.

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Closed Systems

• A system that uses feedback from the output to control the input.

• An example of a closed-loop system is the heating system in a home, which has a thermostat to provide feedback when the heat needs to be turned on and off.

INPUTPROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Universal Systems Model

• Every system that exists can be broken down using the universal systems model.

INPUTPROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Input

• Inputs consist of the resources that flow into a technological system. Inputs include:

• People• Materials• Tools and/or Machines• Energy• Information• Capital• Time

INPUTPROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Inputs• People: determine the need, solutions to the

problems and how the inputs will be used to obtain the output

• Information: The people must have background knowledge of math and science to appropriately design solutions to problems and carry out the solutions.

• Materials: Natural or man made materials go into the creation of the output

• Machines and/or Tools: are needed to turn raw materials or industrial materials into final solutions

• Energy: allows work to be carried out throughout the system

• Capital: the money and land needed to create the output

• Time: needed to design, create and assess the solution

INPUT

PEOPLEINFORMATION

MATERIALSMACHINES/

TOOLSENERGYCAPITAL

TIME

INPUTPROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Process

• The process is the systematic sequence of actions that combines resources to produce an output.

• Processes can be categorized into:– Problem Solving: process which works through problem identification to

selecting a final solution– Production: process which involves the creation of the product or structure– Management: controlling and managing the inputs and other process

involved in the system.

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

PROCESS

PROBLEM SOLVINGPRODUCTION

MANAGEMENT

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Output

• The output is the end result, which can have either a positive or negative impact. Outputs can take the following forms:

• Unexpected Desired• Expected Desired• Unexpected Undesired• Expected Undesired

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

OUTPUT

UNEXPECTED DESIREDEXPECTED DESIRED

UNEXPECTED UNDESIREDEXPECTED UNDESIRED

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Feedback

• Feedback is information used to monitor or control a system. The feedback loop allows the system to make necessary adjustments during operation

• New and frequent users need to execute systems so that they function in the way they were designed to avoid malfunctions or safety issues.

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

The stability of a technological system is influenced by all of the components in the system, especially those in the feedback loop.

Equally important, is the proper use of systems.

INPUTPROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

New and frequent users need to operate systems so that they function in the way they were designed to avoid malfunctions or safety issues.

Consider the cell phone example from the engagement, have you witnessed or have you improperly operated a cell phone? What happened? How could a user error produce an unexpected output?

References

Text Needed

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology, Third Edition / Technology, Engineering, and Design


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