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Human Geography

Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis

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Human Geography

Chapter 3

Spatial Interaction&

Spatial Behavior

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Photo by Mark Bjelland

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Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction• A Summarizing Model

– Complementarity– Transferability– Intervening Opportunity

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Bases for Interaction• A Summarizing

Model– Complementarity

• For two places to interact, one place must have what another place wants and can secure

• Effective supply and demand are important considerations for exchange

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Bases for Interaction• A Summarizing Model

– Transferability• Acceptable costs of an exchange • An expression of the mobility of a commodity

and is a function of three interrelated conditions:

1. The characteristics of the product2. The distance measured in time and money

penalties, over which it must be moved3. The ability of the commodity to bear the cost

of movement– If the time and money costs of traversing a

distance are too great, exchange does not occur.

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Bases for Interaction• A Summarizing Model

– Intervening Opportunity• Complementarity can be effective only in the

absence of more attractive alternative sources of supply or demand closer at hand or cheaper

• Intervening opportunities serve to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas

• For reasons of cost and convenience, a purchaser is unlikely to buy identical commodities at a distance when a suitable nearby supply is available

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Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction (cont.)

• Measuring Interaction– Distance Decay– The Gravity Concept– Interaction Potential– Movement Biases

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Bases for Interaction (cont.)

• Measuring Interaction– Friction of Distance

• Distance has a retarding effect on human interaction because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distance, more expensive interchanges

– Distance Decay• The decline of an activity or function with

increasing distance from its point of origin

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Bases for Interaction (cont.)

• Measuring Interaction– The Gravity Concept

• The physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) are applicable to aggregate actions of humans

• A large city is more likely to attract an individual than is a small hamlet

– Movement Bias• Predictable flows making some centers more

attractive to merchants and customers

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Human Geography 11e

Human Spatial Behavior

• Mobility vs. Migration• Individual Activity

Space– Territoriality

• The Tyranny of Time– Space-Time Prism

• Distance and Human Interaction– Critical Distance

• Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information– Information Flows

• Information and Perception– Perception of

Environment– Perception of Natural

Hazards

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Human Geography 11e

Migration

• Principal Migration Patterns– Intercontinental

• A reflection of massive intercontinental flows– Intracontinental

• Movements between countries– Interregional

• Movements within countries– Rural-to-Urban

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Human Geography 11e

Migration

• Principal Migration Patterns– Rural-to-Urban

• Movements of peoples from agricultural areas to cities; prominent during the industrial revolution

• Rapid increase in impoverished rural populations put increasing and unsustainable pressures on land, fuel, and water in the countryside

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Types of Migration• Forced

– The relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants themselves

• Slaves were forcibly transferred to the Americas

• Convicts transported to other continents

• Communist relocations (USSR)

• Immigrants expelled (Uganda)

• Forced repatriation of foreign nationals

• Reluctant– Less than fully voluntary

• Aggressive governmental relocation campaigns (Indonesia)

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Human Geography 11e

Types of Migration

• Voluntary– The great majority of migratory movements

are voluntary– Migrants believe that their opportunities and

life circumstances will be better at their destination than they are at their present location.

• Involuntary

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Controls on Migration

Push & Pull Factors• Push factors are negative home conditions that

impel the decision to migrate– They might include loss of job, lack of professional

opportunity, overcrowding or slum clearance, or a variety of other influences

• Pull factors are the presumed positive attractions of the migration destination – All the attractive attributes perceived to exist at the

new location: safety, and food, perhaps, or job opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more room, and so forth

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Controls on Migration• Place Utility

– The measure of an individual’s satisfaction with a given residential location

• Step Migration– Place transition– Rural to central city– A series of less extreme

locational changes– From farm to small town to

suburb, and finally to the major central city itself

• Chain Migration– The mover is part of an

established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination

– An advance group of migrants is followed by second and subsequent migrations originating in the same home district and frequently united by kinship or friendship ties

• Counter Migration– Not all immigrants stay

permanently at their first destination

– Return migration

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Controls on Migration

• Channelized Migration– Areas that are in some way tied to one another

by past migrations, by economic trade considerations, or some other affinity

• Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration– Most migrants go only a short distance– Longer-distance migration favors big cities– Most migration proceeds step-by-step– Most migration is rural to urban– Most migrants are adults and males

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Globalization

• Economic Patterns• Political Patterns• Cultural Patterns


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