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PUBLISHERDanny J. Salchert

OFFICE MANAGERAnita Salchert

NATIONAL SALES MANAGERJerry DiChiara

[email protected]

CREATIVE DIRECTOR Derek Gaylard

CONTRIBUTING WRITERSJohn Olobri • Michael DaishJoe Bono • John Gavilanes

CIRCULATION DIRECTORPam Fulmer

PRESIDENT Danny J. Salchert

Executive and Advertising Offices3591 Cahaba Beach Road

Birmingham, AL 35242toll free: 800.981.4541 phone: 205.981.4541

fax: 205.981.4544www.epsmag.net • [email protected]

Electrical Products & Solutions™ is publishedtwelve times a year on a monthly basis by ABDCommunications, Inc., 3591 Cahaba Beach Road,Birmingham, Alabama, 35242, USA. ElectricalProducts & Solutions™ is distributed free to qualifiedsubscribers. Non-qualified subscription rates are$57.00 per year in the U.S. and Canada and $84.00per year for foreign subscribers (surface mail). U.S.Postage paid at Birmingham, Alabama and addi-tional mailing offices.

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P R I N T E D I N T H E U S A

FEATURES6 Understanding Soil Resistivity Testing (part 2)

By John Olobri

18 Hot Stuff! Power Monitoring on Live Circuits Can Be Done SafelyBy Michael Daish

26 How Zero-Down Leasing is Changing the Solar LandscapeBy Joe Bono

WHITE PAPER12 The Importance of Oil Resistant Cables

By John Gavilanes

DEPARTMENTS

2 Electrical Products & Solutions • August 2011

CONTENTS

18

30 Industry News

36 Product Focus

48 Ad Index

ON THE COVERPhoto courtesy of Summit Technology, Inc.

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FEATURE • AEMC® Instruments

Last month we discussed theprocess of taking soil resistivitymeasurements. We chose the Wen-

ner method as it is easiest to employ whenmeasurements are taken at one or twodepths. We took readings in 5 different di-rections in the area of interest (north,south, east, west and the diagonal insidethe area. Then we took the average of thefive measurements to calculate Rho (ρ)expressed in ohm centimeters or ohm me-ters. In our test example we arrived at anaverage of 6.408 ohm-meters. Convertingthis to ohm-centimeters we get a value of6,408. It should be noted that this valueof soil resistivity assumes a homogenoussoil condition which may or may not betrue. In either case the results will assistus in the next phase of our work. Knowingthe soil resistivity can benefit you in twoways: First and the most often used ofthese values is to calculate the depth nec-essary to drive your ground rod or groupof rods to achieve the desired systemgrounding resistance for the site being de-veloped. Second, this value can also beused to determine the depth of an existingground rod in order to properly test its’effective resistance to earth.Let’s look at the process of calculating

the depth needed for a new ground rod in-stallation. For this we will use a calculat-ing tool called a nomograph (See sidebaron page 8).To begin with we need to make a few de-

cisions. First what is the desired groundingelectrode resistance needed? Second whatis the diameter of the ground rods we will

Using the nomograph (available on theTech Info section of the AEMC website)we first put a dot at 10 ohms on the R scaleas it is our desires resistance.Next we put a dot at 6,408 on the p scale

representing our soil resistivity measure-ment. We will have to do our best to ap-proximate the location of this point betweenthe 5000 and 10000 hash marks.Next we take a straightedge and draw a

line between the dots we placed on the Rand P scales and let the line intersect withthe K scale and place a dot on the intersect-ing point.Now we again take a straightedge and

draw a line from the 5/8 hash mark on theDIA scale representing our rod diameterthrough the dot on the K scale and continuethrough to intersect with the D scale andplace a dot on the D scale at this intersectingpoint.

UnderstandingSoil Resistivity Testing

By John Olobri, Director of Sales and Marketing, AEMC® Instruments

be using? With these two answers plus themeasured soil resistivity we can use thenomograph to calculate the depth requiredto achieve our objective. Let’s say we needa resistance from this grounding system tobe no more than 10 ohms and that we choseground rods that have a 5/8 inch diameter.Looking at our nomograph, we have five

scales to work with: The R scale representsthe desired resistance needed, for our work(10 ohms). The p scale represents soil re-sistivity. Our average value is 6408 ohm-centimeters obtained using a 4 pole groundresistance tester employing theWenner testmethod. The D scale represents depth and iswhat we will use to find our answer. The Kscale contains constants that will assist usin finding the depth. Lastly the DIA repre-sents the diameter of the rods used. We willcomplete several simple steps to get ourdepth answer.


Continued on page 8

PART 2 OF A

2 PART ARTIC

LE

Figure 1

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can be used. There are several companiesthat specialize in solving these types ofproblems that can be consulted.

Taking soil resistivity measurementsprior to installing a grounding electrodesystem can save a lot of time and effort inplanning the system properly. Using a fewsimple tools and procedures can give youquality results with less than one hour’seffort. Bear in mind that these results arebased on homogeneous conditions thatwon’t necessarily exist at the site.

Further simplifying the task today isthe fact that newer testers now have theability to calculate soil resistivity inter-nally computing Rho saving further timeand effort. �

John Olobri is Director of Sales &Marketing for AEMC Instruments.

He can be reached by calling508-698-2115; Fax 508-698-2118 or

email [email protected]


The value at this point is the depthneeded to drive a 5/8 inch diameter rodto achieve 10 ohms of grounding elec-trode resistance given the soil resistivitymeasured.

Looking at the completed nomograph infigure 1 we see that a single rod wouldneed to be driven 30 feet deep to meet our10 ohm objective. The completed nomo-graph is shown in the sidebar article.

In many cases this is not practical todrive deep rods. The alternative is to drivetwo or more rods to get the desired results.

There are a few important points to con-sider when driving multiple rods. First isthat driving additional rods will notachieve linear results. For example three10 foot rods will not yield the same resultsas a 30 foot rod. We need to apply an ad-justing factor. Secondly to achieve the besteffect of additional rods they should bespaced at least equal to the depth andpreferably at twice the depth. For example

FEATURE • AEMC® Instruments Continued from page 6

multiple 10 foot rods should be spaced 20feet apart to avoid being in the sphere ofinfluence of each other (See figure 2).

The adjustment factor required for mul-tiple rods is shown in figure 3. If we wereto use three 10 foot rods in parallel insteadof one 30 foot rod we would expect eachrod to contribute 1.29 times the theoreticalvalue. Stating it another way, if we di-vide the 10 ohms needed by 3 to find theexpected value of each rod we get 3.33ohms. Applying the adjustment factorfrom the table for 3 rods in parallel we get3.3 x 1.29 or 4.25 ohms contributed byeach rod for a total of 12.75 ohms. In thiscase we would need to drive a fourth rodto get below our desired 10 ohms.

Sometimes the final results cannot beobtained by adding additional rods. Theresimply may not be enough real estate toaccomplish it or the area is too rocky etc.In these cases soil enhancement tech-niques can be employed or chemical rods

Figure 3

Figure 2

Step 1Select the required resistance on the R scale

Step 2Select the measured soil resistivity on the P scale

Step 3Take a straightedge and draw a line between the values placed on the Rand P scales and let the line intersect with the K scale.

Step 4Place a dot at the intersecting point on the K scale

Step 5Place a dot on the desired rod diameter hash mark on the DIA scale

Step 6Take a straightedge and draw a line from the dot in step 5 through the doton the K scale from step 4 and continue through to intersect with the Dscale and place a dot on the D scale at this intersecting point. This is theresultant depth needed.

Grounding NomographA nomograph is a mathematical tool consisting of several nonlinear scales on which known values can be plotted and the desired unknown value can be de-rived by simply connecting the points with a straightedge and finding the resultant by reading the intersecting point on the desired scale. In the case of ground-ing resistance, we will be dealing with known values for soil resistivity, rod diameter and desired system ground resistance. The unknown to solve for is the depthneeded to achieve the desired resistance. The grounding nomograph was developed in 1936 by H. B. Dwight. In six simple steps depth can be calculated whenthe soil resistivity, rod diameter and desired resistance is known.


WHITE PAPER • LAPP USA

IntroductionThe demands of the industrial environ-

ment are on going, with ever changingtrends. Cables, which were once able tosustain functional and operational in-tegrity a decade ago, would not be ade-quate to survive in the environment of apresent day manufacturing site. Every-where, from the Renewable Energy In-dustry, Automotive Assembly Plants, tothe factories that manufactures small of-fice machines and even in some commer-cial buildings, the oil resistance of cableshas become increasingly important. Oilsserve a dual-purpose role in industrial ap-plications, both as a coolant and lubricant,depending upon the requirements man-dated by the end use application. Sustain-ing trouble free cable operation underharsh chemical and environmental condi-tions reduces costly manufacturing downtime and helps to eliminate or minimizeperiodic maintenance and costly cable re-placement. All of these factors mentionedplay a major role that is critical to a con-sistent, smoothly run manufacturing op-eration, which in the end, results in higherprofit margins.

Regulatory and Code ChangesWith the changes to the National Elec-

trical Code (NEC) in the past 10 years,protective conduit or raceway is nolonger required when running an exposedrun (-ER) cable from the tray to theequipment or device. Previously, whenthe cable was extended from tray to ma-chine, conduit or raceway was used pri-marily as a protection mechanism inhelping to prevent cable damage. Origi-nally TC-ER cable (previously printed“open wiring”) had a length limitation of

Purpose and ApplicationWhy does oil cause such excessive

damage on certain types of insulations andjackets and how does this occur? All com-pounds are not the same, for example, cer-tain types of PVC have a higher degree offlame resistance, while others have betteroil resistance, and some demonstrate im-proved flexibility characteristics. PVC for-mulations vary greatly, depending on thedesired properties and applications. Theseproperties can be achieved by adjustingthe formulations of a particular PVC com-pound. The modification or addition offlame-retardants (iodine), stabilizers, andfillers allow the compound to exhibit thesetypes of enhanced characteristics. How-ever, when certain PVC characteristics areimproved, the enhancement sometimescomes at a cost, the cost being that otherperformance traits are affected or com-pletely lost.The specific application will determine

if oil is used as a lubricant and/or coolant.Acting as a lubricant, oil would be appliedto a gear system driven by motors to pre-vent premature wear down and insuresmooth operation. Acting as a coolant, oilis applied during the machine lathingprocess to keep metal from becoming toohot. In the field, cables can be exposed tooil in a Wind Turbine nacelle, (the nacelleis the area located on the top of the tur-bine) where oil is used in the gearbox. Ca-bles that lay in the floor of the nacelle aresubjected to oil that is unavoidably spilled.These cables are then exposed to oil forvery long periods of time, along withother extreme high and low temperaturescausing the lower quality jacket com-pounds of a cable to crack. There aremany factors involved

The Importance ofOil Resistant Cables

By John Gavilanes

50 ft. from the tray to the equipment. The50 Ft. allowances resolved a large “grey”area in the industrial environment andwas initially a well-received solution bythe industry. Due to the overwhelmingacceptance of the 50 ft. length allowance,the NEC committee enacted furtherchanges shortly thereafter, permitting un-limited length of TC-ER under Article336. With the advent of unlimitedlength, Article 336 also brought other is-sues, like a greater area of cable expo-sure and susceptibility to the surroundingindustrial environment. Under the typi-cal conditions of operation, considerationfor factors such as ambient temperature,a cables mechanical strength, unintendedmovement and constant exposure to in-dustrial lubricating and coolant oils mustbe taken into account. When exposed tothese conditions, the cable inevitably willbegin to deteriorate; the overall jacketmay swell and/or crack, creating a po-tentially hazardous condition, along withmachine and production down time.These possible problems are undesirableand necessitate the need to implement ca-ble protection measures. When referringto NFPA 79, the electrical standard forindustrial machinery, Machine Tool Wire(MTW) is one type of cable permitted.Under the standard for machine toolwire, UL 1063, passing the Oil Res I testis required and further severe testingsuch as the Oil Res II is optional. Envi-ronmental resistance tests, such as thoseper UL Standards were implemented inresponse to the globalization of industrywith the goal of standardizing the oil re-sistance requirements of cables used inmanufacturing industrial machinerythroughout the world.


Continued on page 14

0811EPSp12,14,16.qxd:Company Spotlight 8/11/11 11:42 AM Page 12

is also the expense of reinstallation to betaken into account. To avoid these typesof unwanted scenarios, the customer mustreview the properties of


WHITE PAPER • LAPP USA Continued from page 12

The preceding pictures verify the dam-age caused by oil exposure is irreversibleand creates hazardous conditions. Now, inaddition to cable replacement costs, there Continued on page 16

Step 1: When process oils come incontact with PVC & Polyolefincompounds, the process oils areattracted to the plasticizers in the cable.

Step 2: The oils can be absorbed by aPolyolefin material resulting in swellingand weakening of the cable jacket.

Step 3: The oils can extract theplasticizers from PVC materials makingthe cable jacket hard and lead to failures.

regarding how oil will attack wire and ca-ble, such as, exposure, ambient tempera-ture and also possible continuedimmersion. In general, increases in theamount of exposure, the frequency and theambient temperature, the faster oil willstart the deterioration process. In short, oilattacks the insulating compound, where itwill become virtually ineffective in its pri-mary role as an effective insulator. Thisaction can create a possibly very hazardoussituation, not only to human life, but alsoto the overall function of the industrial ma-chinery to which it is connected. This re-sults in very expensive downtime, costlyrepair and in the worst-case scenario, en-tire replacement of the machine.

What HappensAll wire and cable insulations are not

created equal. Electrical, environmental,mechanical, and chemical attributes willvary depending upon the individual com-pound formulations. Insulating com-pounds contain a specific amount ofplasticizers in their individual formula-tions, which help promote flexibility andresistance to fatigue. When compoundsare exposed to lubricating and coolantprocessing oils the material either absorbsthe oil or the plasticizer will diffuse fromthe compound. When oil is absorbed, itcauses severe swelling and softening ofthe compound resulting in degradation oftensile properties. When the oil causes dif-fusion of the compound plasticizer, hard-ening will result and all flexibility andelongation properties are lost. The at-tached pictures will illustrate the effectsthat oil can inflict on cable jackets and in-sulation:

Cracking – Caused during exposure ofthe PVC to oil or other chemicals due thecomplete removal of plasticizers, resultingin hardening and eventual cracking of theinsulation and jacket.

Swelling – Caused during exposure ofthe PVC to oil or other chemicals due tomigration of the oils into the plasticizer,resulting in noticeable increases ininsulation and jacket diameter.

Melting – Caused during exposure of thePVC to oil or other chemicals due to theabsorption and combination with theplasticizer, resulting in softening and thehigh elasticity noted in the compound.

Discoloring – Caused during theexposure of the PVC to oil or otherchemicals due to the diffusion of theplasticizers along with colorant from theinsulation and jacket.


the cables they are about to consider fortheir application and determine suitabilityfor the oil environment. There are ULtests, which help determine how a cablewill react in the industrial oil environment.These tests are more commonly referredto as the Oil Res I and Oil Res II tests,which involve continuous immersion ofthe cable samples in IRM 902 at elevatedtemperatures for a specified period oftime. Passing results are determined bythe evaluation of mechanical propertiesand observations of physical damagecaused by the oil exposure. In 2000, Lappas an innovator and leader, approachedUL about creating tougher standardswhich resulted in the creation of AWMstyle 21098.The table below indicates theindustry standard tests that are used toevaluate wire and cable oil exposure per-formance:

Example of Tensile andElongation Test MethodsLet us assume, for example, that the ca-

ble jacket of your product is going to betested for compliance to UL Oil Res II.Tensile and Elongation tests must be per-formed both on the original (unaged) andoil immersed (aged) test samples and mustbe prepared as defined under UL Standard2556. Die cut dumbbell specimens aretaken from the jacket and are then testedfor tensile strength and elongation.As for sample preparation, two marks

are applied approximately 1.3 inches apartfrom each other and equidistant from thecenter of the dumbbell sample. (See dia-gram on next page). These marks are ap-plied at right angles to the direction of the

pull in the testing apparatus. The sample isthen clamped on the tester with one-inchmarks outside of and between the grips.The grips are then separated at the rate of20 inches per minute until the samplebreaks. Results are then recorded for elon-gation and pound force breakage; tensilestrength is calculated by dividing thepound force by the cross sectional area ofthe specimen.

Die-Cut Specimen

Untested die cut samples are aged un-der the UL Oil Res II requirement of 75°Cfor 60 days. After 60 days, the samplesare removed from the oil for a minimumof 16 hours. They are then tested for ten-sile and elongation, which must retain65% of the unaged values. The followingis an example for an Oil Res II test results:

ConclusionThe oil resistance of cables has now

become a critical performance parame-ter when electrical contractors, engi-neers, and installers specify cables forend use application designs. The con-tinued growing popularity of oil resis-tance requirements is due to changes instandard regulations and the increasedperformance characteristics that aremandated by certain industries: Renew-able Energy, Automotive AssemblyPlants and other production facilities. Astime moves forward, superior oil resis-tant cables will become standard, ratherthan the exception and the demand forthis type of operating performance willonly continue to grow.The Lapp Group is a family run com-

pany that provides cable products, notonly in North America, but also through-out the entire world. We have estab-lished a laboratory in the US that isdevoted entirely to the testing, researchand development of wire and cable.Brand new state of the art equipmentprovides the highest degree of accuracyand insures that all tests performed arecompliant with the rigid performance re-quirements mandated by UL Standards.The laboratory has attained acceptanceto the UL Client Test Data Program.This is a milestone that is unique in thewire and cable industry. The LappGroup’s laboratory is another distinctiveelement, which helps to exemplify ourcommitment to providing products thatare designed and tested to a higher stan-dard. All of these factors show whyLapp is known as the leader in the wireand cable industry. �

John Gavilanes is the Directorof Engineering at LAPP USA

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.He can be reached by emailing

[email protected]


WHITE PAPER • LAPP USA Continued from page 14

Name Method UL Requirement

UL 62Oil Immersion for7 Days @ 60°C

75% retention of unagedtensile and elongation

UL Oil Res IOil Immersion for4 Days @ 100°C


UL Oil Res IIOil Immersion for60 Days @ 75°C


UL AWM 21098Oil Immersion for60 Days @ 80°C


Industry Oil Exposure Tests

SampleTensile Strength

(PSI)Elongation (%)

Tensile Retention (%)Pass / Fail

Elongation Retention (%)Pass / Fail

Original 3698 167 ———— ————

Aged 3625 129 98 / Pass 77 / Pass


FEATURE • SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY, INC.

IntroductionOur modern technological world de-

pends on systems and processes thatrequire 24 x 7 x 365 operation. When theirelectrical infrastructures need mainte-nance it must inevitably be performed onlive circuits. This article discusses a pro-cedure to keep workers safe when per-forming “hot work”. NFPA 70E Article130 FPN.2 discusses the justification forlive work on “continuous processes” for“performing diagnostics”. Examples in-clude start-up tests and trouble-shooting,verifying voltage quality, measuring cir-cuit current loading capacity, and energyconsumption studies. Here’s how to bestto deal with the practical implications ofcomplying with CSA and NFPA safetyregulations to ensure success:

Document the TestingAn Electrical Hot Work Approval

Form (EHWAF) must be completed first.It is a work plan with a step by step jobdescription for installing and removing

indicating arc flash hazard severity andthe required protective equipment shouldbe present at the testing location. If no la-bel exists a qualified engineer must assesswhat workers need to wear until a com-plete Arc Flash study is arranged. The fol-lowing table is a guide:

test equipment. The EHWAFmust declare safety boundaries;the Restricted Approach Bound-ary, and the Prohibited Ap-proach Boundary. No workershall cross the Prohibited Ap-proach Boundary – meaning nolive work can be done beyond thisboundary. The region between theRestricted Approach Boundary and theProhibited Approach Boundary is wherePPE (Personal Protective Equipment) ismandatory. The form requires approval,usually by the facility owner (or manager)who approves and grants permission toperform live work, and authorizes desig-nated workers. The form keeps safetyawareness uppermost in workers minds,and warns others of the proposed work.

Equip For SafetyCSA Z462 and NFPA 70E require-

ments are in force for the protection ofelectrical workers. Arc flash hazard labels


Hot Stuff!Power Monitoring on Live Circuits

Can Be Done SafelyBy Michael Daish, Summit Technology, Inc, Walnut Creek, CA

[1] Layering generally gives more protection than the sum total of the ATPV values of the individual garments being layered. However, this needs tested for each specificgarment being layered and thus is never explicitly included in layered calculations, Nomex fabric and layering FR clothing grants you some extra protection.

[2] Hard hat w/arc rated face shield + hearing protection + safety glasses (UV rated) + insulating gloves w/leather protectors + leather shoes.[3] Sock Balaclava[4] Arc rated (25 cal) arc flash hood and 25 cal flash suit.[5] Arc rated (40 cal) arc flash hood and 40 cal flash suit.

Incident EnergyFrom (cal/cm2)

Incident EnergyTo (cal/cm2)

Hazard RiskCategory (HRC)

ClothingDescription

ClothingLayers [1]

Required Minimum ArcRating of PPE (cal/cm2)

0.0 1.2 0 Untreated Cotton [2] 1 N/A

1.2 4.0 1 FR Shirt & Pants [2] 1 4

4.0 8.0 2 Cotton Underwear + FR Shirts & Pant [2] [3] 1 or 2 8

8.0 25.0 3Cotton Underwear + FR Shirts & Pant +

FR Coverall [2] [3] [4]2 or 3 25

25.0 40.0 4Cotton Underwear + FR Shirts & Pant +

Multi Layer Flash Suit [2] [3] [4] [5]3 or more 40


0811EPSp18,20,22,24.qxd:Company Spotlight 8/11/11 11:45 AM Page 18


FEATURE • SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY, INC. Continued from page 18

Best practices endorse the “buddy sys-tem” i.e. having another worker to assist,confirm the steps being taken, and beclose by in case of a mishap. In additionto the PPE above hard hats are requiredwith amber-tinted face shields that willprotect against blasts and radiation thatcan damage corneas. Hearing protectionshould not be overlooked either as blastsgenerate high pressures that can ruptureeardrums. Safety boots need to be chosencarefully for electrical insulation, and us-ing rubber floor mats is a prudent precau-tion. PPE also applies to the selection oftools so the meter or test instrument mustbe chosen with the appropriate CATsafety rating.

Hot TestingThe following procedure from the

EHWAF describes the steps to be fol-lowed when installing and removing apower monitor.


DETAILED JOB DESCRIPTION PROCEDURE TO BE USED FOR INSTALLATIONOF POWER MONITORING EQUIPMENT:

1.1 Complete Electrical Hot Work Approval Form (attached).1.2 Inspect electrical equipment room to ensure it is free of potential fire hazards and

flammable substances.1.3 Stage safety equipment and have non qualified personnel leave the immediate work area.1.4 Stage monitoring equipment.1.5 PPE suit-up.1.6 Remove electrical panel covers. Inspect for debris and obstacles to conductors.

Determine whether clamp-on probes are suitable or if flexible probes are need for tightand confined conductor access.

1.7 Perform IR scan to verity integrity of electrical connections.1.8 Install test meter or monitor in the panel or enclosure where it can be safely left and remain

undisturbed during testing and monitoring. Connect to voltage conductors using fused voltageprobes, and place current probes around phase conductors. Insure that wires will not betrapped or disturbed when panel covers are replaced.

1.9 Connect monitor to a notebook PC or Netbook. (Preferably with a wireless-capable instrument.)Verify correct monitoring configuration and voltage/current readings. Perform appropriate setup and programming. Initiate monitoring. Verify recording has begun before disconnecting PC.

1.10 Replace electrical panel covers. (Note: If the monitoring equipment can not be placedentirely inside the electrical enclosure then the leads to the monitoring equipment will bebrought out in a safe and protected manner and monitor should be secured.)

1.11 Install appropriate hazard/warning tape and signs indicating monitoring activity beingperformed and emergency contact information.Continued on page 22


Before connecting the test meter, aninitial inspection should note the condi-tion of the panel, conductors, debris, andobstacles that would interfere with

safety. A thermographic scan with an IRcamera will indicate hot spots due toloose or deteriorated connections thatmay cause flash-overs if disturbed. The

presence of ozone odor may warrant anultrasound test to locate corona dis-charges. Before any testing an assess-ment needs to be made





DETAILED JOB DESCRIPTION PROCEDURE TO BE USED FOR REMOVALOF POWER MONITORING EQUIPMENT:

2.1 Inspect electrical equipment room/work area to ensure it is free of potential fire hazards andflammable substances.

2.2 Stage safety equipment and have non-qualified personnel leave the immediate work area.2.3 Station Safety Attendant and install Barrier Tape as required.2.4 If using a wireless capable monitor connect monitor to laptop computer. Download and

transfer monitoring data.OR if transfer of data is via a cable or memory card steps 2.5 to 2.7 must be done before

2.4 and before handling the testing monitor, connecting communications cable, or removingmemory card.

2.5 PPE suit-up.2.6 Remove electrical panel covers.2.7 Perform IR scan to verity integrity of electrical connections.2.8 Remove voltage probes, current clamps and power monitor as needed.2.9 Replace electrical panel covers.2.10 Remove hazard warning signs and barrier tape.2.11 Repack monitoring equipment in carrying cases.

Safely perform testing via wireless froma laptop or an inexpensive Netbook PC.


to rectify potentially unsafe conditions.

Distance is SafetyFact: Workers dislike wearing claus-

trophobic PPE. Vision is restricted byface shields, while thick gloves limit tac-tile feel and manipulation of tools. Plus,

it gets hot inside those suits - workerswant relief! Thankfully, wireless tech-nology has come to their aid. A newgeneration of monitoring instrumentsnow incorporate wireless technology(Wi-Fi or Bluetooth) to allow testing re-motely, up to 25 feet, from a notebook

PC, Netbook, PDA etc. Hoods, visors,and gloves can be removed allowingmeasurements and testing to be per-formed from a safe distance.

Verify the DataVerify the data integrity before leaving

the site and make sure useful data hasbeen captured by the monitor. If it has-n’t, it may be due to incorrect set-up, in-correct connections, or the monitor gotdisturbed and lost its connections duringthe test. To avoid wasted studies double-check the connections before monitoringby viewing a phasor diagram; errors be-come apparent immediately. The more in-telligent meters automatically checkconnection errors and inform the user ofmissing signals or incorrect phase rotationerrors.To verify the data it may not be neces-

sary to always remove the panel covers.Sometimes enough RF leakage occurs atgaps in panels, so data transfer is possiblewith panel covers closed. If the panel istightly sealed no wireless signal escapes,covers must be removed requiring PPE.Before leaving the site view the data on

the notebook PC to make sure the down-loaded data is good. A report can be gen-erated on the PC to display log graphs andevents. If the data looks good then the de-installation of the meter can proceed andthe tech can rest assured sufficient usefuldata has been captured for subsequentanalysis.

Conclusion: A Safer, Better,User-ExperienceElectrical testing on live circuits must

comply with CSA and NFPA safety re-quirements. By establishing a process, viaa set of properly planned procedures assuggested above, testing can be performedon live circuits in complete safety.

Working on live circuits in PPE isdaunting and uncomfortable. Using testinstruments with wireless communica-tions for remote control provides workerswith welcome relief from wearing safetygear for long periods. With wireless-en-abled test tools, workers are safer, morecomfortable, and thus more productive.

Thanks to PowerCET Corporationfor assistance with this article(www.powercet.com). �





FEATURE • SOLAR UNIVERSE

Consumer demand for energyefficient products and serviceshas become mainstream. Federal

and state-level tax incentives for busi-nesses and homeowners have perpetuateddemand, opening up a new market forelectrical contractors wanting to transfertheir skillset into the fastest growingenergy sector in the United States – thesolar industry.The trade and skillsets of electrical con-

tractors greatly overlap with the skillsetsrequired for photovoltaic solar installation.Once the fundamentals of solar installa-tion are understood, contractors can capi-talize on a greater, more diverse clienteleand increase revenue. However, the intro-duction of zero down leasing by large solarcompanies is making it increasingly diffi-cult for independent contractors to com-

markets. This is the problem created forcontractors and small businesses whensomething like zero down leasing becomesso popular.Most solar integrators will not be capa-

ble of creating their own solar lease pro-gram. It’s complicated, requires months oflegal work, lots of capital, and a certainfund size to make it all worthwhile. How-ever, there some solar lease companies thatexist to help contractors and small busi-nesses stay competitive with financing.

Contractors can refer their customers tothe separate solar lease company. The leasecompany provides the financing and the in-tegrator gets paid a one time fee for EPCwork (engineering, procurement, construc-tion). Leasing companies are a good optionfor contractors who qualify to be part ofthe their programs.

pete for sales in the solar market.

What is zero down leasing?Zero down leasing eliminates the

$30,000 to $40,000 upfront price tag theaverage homeowner has to pay for a so-lar photovoltaic installation. The solar sys-tem is owned by a third party, which looksafter the system’s maintenance, guaran-tees its performance, and insures it fromtheft or damage. There are no upfrontcosts for the homeowner and the cost ofthe solar lease is typically 10 – 30 percentless then what they are already paying forelectricity.

How can contractors staycompetitive?

Having access to certain financial prod-ucts has become mission critical in many



How Zero-Down Leasing isChanging the Solar LandscapeBy Joe Bono, CEO of Solar Universe



FEATURE • SOLAR UNIVERSE Continued from page 26

Usually this entails possessing a certainamount of liquid assets, annual revenue,and license and insurance requirements.They will also look at your history of in-stalling solar projects.Keep in mind, the lease proposal, credit

approvals, and equipment specificationsall come from the solar lease company, notyour own. Some contractors and small


businesses feel this dilutes their own brandvalue.Alternatively, contractors may want to

consider joining a franchise network. Solarfranchise networks have pre-arranged fi-nancing options, which are extended to alltheir partners. Support teams work with thefranchise partners to ensure they’re offer-ing the most competitive financing options

available in each marketplace.Franchise networks also allow contrac-

tors more purchasing power and integratedsales and marketing training, opening themup to the most competitive rates and bestpractices in the solar industry.Since its inception into the US market-

place a few years ago, zero down leasinghas become one of the greatest sales dri-vers for solar systems. Leasing makes pur-chasing a solar system much moreeconomical for the average homeowner.Solar experts forecast 60 to 70 percent ofhomeowners will opt for zero down leas-ing over the next five years.Contractors wanting to capitalize on the

growing demand for solar installationsshould keep apprised of their financing op-tions. Financing, like the solar lease, willallow you to fully capture the demand inyour market and compete with the largercompetitors in the solar space. �

About Joe Bono, President and CEO

Joe Bono started Solar Universe Net-work in 2008 because he saw renewableenergy as one of the greatest opportuni-ties for businesses and consumers to ben-efit from. With electricity rates risingfaster than the rate of inflation, it wasBono’s vision to create a scalable solarpanel company that could be grown intoa nation-wide service brand. Now operat-ing 24 franchises in seven states, SolarUniverse is poised to expand across NorthAmerica as the industry continues to growat a rate of 50 % each year.


CoreSite Realty Corporation has chosen Mitsubishi ElectricPower Products, Inc. to provide Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)units for their 101,000 square-foot data center in Santa Clara,Calif.CoreSite cited Mitsubishi Electric’s 9900B UPS series’ overall

energy- and cost-efficiencies and flexibility as reasons for its se-lection. The data center was completed on July 21, 2011 and is thesixth CoreSite data center and colocation facility to feature Mit-subishi Electric UPS products.CoreSite’s newest data center is the second of four planned

data centers at the company’s Santa Clara campus. The first on-campus data center has posted an annualized Power Usage Ef-fectiveness (PUE) of 1.4 since it opened in early 2010, andMitsubishi Electric UPS products have contributed to its LEED Goldcertification and Silicon Valley Power’s Energy Innovator Award.The 9900B units’ 97 percent efficiency rating is expected to con-tribute to a projected PUE of 1.27 at the new data center.“CoreSite considers the energy efficiency of its data centers to

be of the utmost importance,” said Billie Haggard, senior vice pres-ident of data centers at CoreSite, a national provider of powerful,network-rich data centers. “Our Santa Clara data center campuswill be one of the nation’s most energy efficient and MitsubishiElectric’s 9900B UPS units are an important component in achiev-ing our energy efficiency goals.“Mitsubishi Electric Power Products worked closely with Core-

Site to provide custom UPS solutions that deliver optimal reliability,efficiency, and capacity management to our data centers.”“Mitsubishi Electric’s 9900B UPS offers the most efficient,

on-line double conversion in the industry at all load levels, withup to 97 percent efficiency at unity power factor,” said DeanDatre, general manager, Mitsubishi Electric Power Products UPSdivision. “We are happy to help CoreSite realize maximum returnon its investment, and look forward to being its UPS provider ofchoice.”

CoreSite had many UPS options from which to choose and afterextensive research the Mitsubishi Electric 9900 Series proved to bethe best fit for the project. In addition to its energy efficiency, de-sign and price, Mitsubishi Electric’s reputation for responsive, per-sonal and easily accessible service factored into CoreSite’sdecision.

About Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc.Headquartered in Warrendale, Penn., Mitsubishi Electric Power

Products, Inc. is the US subsidiary of Mitsubishi Electric Corpora-tion, responsible for serving the North American power systems,rail transportation and water treatment industries with electricaland electronic products, systems and services. To learn more visitwww.MEPPI.com. Within Mitsubishi Electric Power Products Dia-mond Vision division markets large-scale video displays for stadi-ums and arenas, including the Guinness World Record-holdingdisplay at Cowboys Stadium. To learn more, visit www.diamond-vision.com.

About CoreSiteCoreSite Realty Corporation (NYSE: COR) delivers powerful, net-

work-rich data centers that optimize, secure and interconnect themission-critical IT assets of the world's top organizations. Morethan 600 customers, including Global 1000 enterprises, cloudproviders, financial firms, and Government agencies, choose Core-Site for reliability, service and expertise in delivering customized,flexible data center solutions. CoreSite offers private data centersand suites, cage-to-cabinet colocation, and interconnection ser-vices, such as Any2, CoreSite's Internet exchange.The company's portfolio comprises more than two million

square feet, including space held for redevelopment and devel-opment, and provides access to over 200+ network serviceproviders via 12 data centers in seven key U.S. economic centers.For more information visit www.coresite.com. �

Industry NEWS


Bridgeport Fittings, aleading supplier of qual-

ity fittings to the industrial, commercialand residential channels of the electricalindustry, has named Larry Beach Jr. Tech-nical Sales Manager.In his new position, Larry will be re-

sponsible for training and coordinatingwith contractors, engineers, architects andend-users to gain specification position onpresent and future projects. Previously, hewas a field sales engineer with the elec-

trical manufacturers representative,Hozack Inc. in Seattle, Washington.“Larry is extremely well known and

respected by all levels of the electricalindustry in Washington State and Alaskawhere he’s been an outstanding salesprofessional,” said Rick Taylor, directorof marketing, who made the announce-ment. “Bridgeport’s customers and part-ners will now benefit from this expertiseand the added value he will bring to theirprojects. We are very pleased to have

Larry on the Bridgeport team.”An industry veteran since 1980, Larry

has held many positions in the electricalindustry including electrician, operationsmanager, estimator and outside sales. Helives in the Seattle area with his wife andtwo daughters.For more information, contact: Bridge-

port Fittings, Inc., 705 Lordship Blvd.,Stratford, CT 06615; Tel: (203) 377-5944;Fax: (203) 381-3488; or visitwww.bptfittings.com. �

CoreSite ChoosesMitsubishi Electric Power Products’Uninterruptible Power Supplies for Data Center

Bridgeport Fittings Names Larry BeachNewestMember of Technical Sales Team


Industry NEWS

FOR FREE INFO, CIRCLE 44 ON READER SERVICE CARD FOR FREE INFO, CIRCLE 45 ON READER SERVICE CARD


exceptional value. The robust design witha classic aesthetic is versatile, makingVTLED ideal for office, retail, educationand healthcare environments.VTLED smart luminaries are embedded

with nLight™ technology. This plug-n-playfunctionality can be configured to achieveenergy savings virtually immediately.Smooth continuous dimming functions arestandard.

VTLED is available in 2’x2’ and a 2’x4’configurations. For more information, visitwww.lithonia.com/VTLED. �

For more information aboutAcuity Brands high-quality LED

lighting and controls, please visitwww.acuitybrands.com. You can also

become a fan of Acuity Brands(www.facebook.com/acuitybrands)

and Lithonia Lighting(www.facebook.com/lithonia) onFacebook® and follow Lithonia

Lighting on Twitter® athttp://twitter.com/lithoniaLED.

ronmental footprint. It is also an economicalsolution for any project’s budget.“The VTLED is the perfect complement

to the Lithonia Lighting indoor ambientLED product line, giving customers an evengreater selection and flexibility when spec-ifying high-quality LED lighting,” saidDave Ranieri, Acuity Brands Vice Presi-dent and General Manager, Lithonia Light-ing Commercial Indoor Products.

VTLEDVTLED is a high quality, high perfor-

mance LED fixture for ambient applicationsand general-purpose illumination. It featuresintelligent controls and flexible design at an

Acuity Brands (NYSE: AYI), a marketleader in innovative energy efficient light-ing and control solutions, is expanding itsindoor ambient LED lighting offering withthe launch of the Lithonia Lighting VTLEDvolumetric luminaire. VTLED is a high-quality, volumetric LED fixture designedfor general purpose applications. They jointhe RTLED, ACLED and TLED recessedLED luminaires that launched last year.Factory-enabled with Acuity Brands

nLight™ intelligent controls interface,VTLED delivers high-quality ambientwhite light for general illumination appli-cations while reducing energy consumption,maintenance costs and a building’s envi-

Acuity Brands Expands Indoor AmbientLED Lighting Portfolio with Lithonia

Lighting VTLED LuminairesVTLED luminaries are embedded with Acuity Brands nLight™ intelligent

controls, enabling end users to significantly reduce energy savingsand increase return on investment.

0811EPSp30,32.qxd:Company Spotlight 8/11/11 3:17 PM Page 32


0811EPSpFullPages.qxd:Company Spotlight 8/11/11 3:23 PM Page 34

Product FOCUS


Compact Limit Switches Availablefrom AutomationDirectAutomationDirect has expanded its limit switch line to include

the AEM2G series compact limit switches. The switches feature35 mm wide die-cast housings and are equipped with one nor-mally-open and one normally-closed contact; all units include athree-meter cable. The IP67-rated series utilizes standard 25mm hole spacing and a wide variety of head actuators is avail-able. Almost all actuator styles are available in both snap-ac-tion and slow-make/slow-break contact versions. Prices forAEM2G series compact limit switches start at $24.

For more information, visitwww.automationdirect.com/limit-switch

Legrand/Pass & Seymour Plugtail™ Sensors Combine Energy Savings and SpeedyInstallation for Optimal Productivity

Legrand/Pass & Seymour (P&S), a leading provider of electrical wiring devices and home systems, announces its latest in-novation in PlugTail™ wiring devices – the P&S PlugTail Sensor. These devices help contractors be more competitive onprojects while offering facilities a safer, energy-efficient solution.P&S PlugTail Sensors offer an energy-saving solution that meets today’s efficiency standards, with the same speed and con-

sistency as any P&S PlugTail device. Simply connect the pre-stripped P&S PlugTail Sensor connector leads. It’s easier thantraditional pigtailing, doesn’t require a wire caddy, and thepolybag keeps the connector free of dirt, dust and jointcompound until trim-out.At device installation just click in the connector, and

tighten the mounting screws. It takes less than a minute– three times faster than a conventional device installa-tion – and with consistent connections every time. Thissaves time at the end of the project, when every minutecounts.“P&S takes pride in offering the most complete line

of factory-terminated wiring devices, including specand hospital grade receptacles, G-F-C-Is and tamper-re-sistant receptacles,” said Steve Rood, Marketing Manager – Com-mercial and Industrial Products. “Now we’re offering the benefit ofenergy-saving devices, to meet growing efficiency needs and makeit an easy upgrade to any facility.”The P&S PlugTail wiring device family provides the fastest, most

consistent, most reliable installation solutions for hospitals, colleges anduniversities, offices, retail and entertainment venues, and hospitality andmulti-dwelling facilities. All P&S PlugTail devices meet Federal Specificationrequirements and are trade agreement compliant.P&S PlugTail™ is a patent approved product by Legrand/Pass & Seymour.

For more information, visitwww.legrand.us

0811EPSp36-48.qxd:Company Spotlight 8/11/11 12:07 PM Page 36

RSK-185 Roto-Skinner from Seatek Company

Seatek Company, which pioneered the labor saving Roto-Split to cut armored cables has introduced a new model in itsRoto-Skinner line. The Patent Pending rotary cutting RSK-185 was designed especially for armored umbilical cables used onunderwater Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs). The same tool can also have applications for cables subject to great stress,such as oceanography research or mining operations.These cables usually are constructed with outer steel strands made of high strength steel wires. To make an electrical or

fiber optic connection several feet of these multiple strands must be removed. This operation canbe performed with hand tools, however because of the

large number of wires to be cut it is extremelytime-consuming and great caution must betaken to prevent damage to the cable core.

This cordless cutting tool is powered by18V lithium-ion batteries. Clamp the RSK-185 over the cable and rotate it aroundthe cable make perfect ring-cuts. A spe-

cially designed pre-set concen-tric stop, coupled with theabrasive wheel penetratingmechanism allows the operator

to safely reach the proper depth of cutstop thus preventing core damage.The Roto-Skinner is a great labor saving

product simplifying armored cable preparation andpreventing possible injuries while using manual tools.

For more information, visitwww.seatekco.com/rsk-185.htm

Product FOCUS


T&B® Fittings Stainless Steel Form 8 ConduitOutlet Bodies Provide Superior CorrosionProtection Safeguards Electrical Systemsin Harsh EnvironmentsT&B® Fittings Stainless Steel Form 8 Conduit Outlet Bodies

from Thomas & Betts are constructed of polished, marine-grade Type 316 stainless steel, providing protection for elec-trical systems in harsh environments. Type 316 stainless steelprovides high resistance to corrosion, chemicals and high temper-atures, while delivering strength and durability for a long service lifewith low maintenance.“When coupled with the rugged Form 8 design, the use of Type 316 stain-

less steel allows these conduit outlet bodies to provide superior performance intough, corrosive environments,” said Bogdan Diaconescu, product manager forThomas & Betts. “T&B Fittings Stainless Steel Form 8 Conduit Outlet Bodies provide anexcellent solution for protecting electrical systems in food and beverage, pharmaceutical,petrochemical and pulp and paper processing operations, as well as wastewater treatment facil-ities.”T&B Fittings Stainless Steel Form 8 Conduit Outlet Bodies are available in body shapes LB, T, TB and the recently introduced

LU® Universal Conduit Elbow, with hub sizes ranging from one-half inch to two inches. Tapered NPT threads and integralbushings protect wire insulation. Neoprene gaskets are rated to a maximum temperature of 105 degrees Celsius (221 degreesFahrenheit). T&B Fittings Stainless Steel Form 8 Conduit Outlet Bodies are shipped complete with covers, gaskets and screwsincluded.

For more information, visitwww.tnb.com


Product FOCUS


The KBT Wire Basket

Tray Clip is an easy-to-install, time-saving so-lution for securely attaching wire basket tray tostrut. Simply place the basket tray on top of thestrut, position the KBT clip over the tray at the de-sired position, squeeze the KBT and slide it inplace to finish the connection - it’s that simple!The installation is completed without the need

for tools or additional hardware. The clip fits traywires from 4 mm to 8 mm (3/16” to 5/16”).The KBT Wire Basket Tray Clip is another time-

saving solution designed to help the constructionindustry complete projects faster, easier and moreefficiently.

For more information, visitwww.erico.com

ERICO is a leading global designer, manufacturer and marketer of precision-engineered specialty metal products serving nichemarkets in a diverse range of electrical, construction, utility and rail applications. The company is headquartered in Solon, Ohio,USA with a network of sales locations serving more than 25 countries and with manufacturing and distribution facilities world-wide. ERICO’s well-known brand names include: CADDYR electrical and mechanical fixings, fasteners andsupports; CADWELDR welded electrical connections; CRITECR surge protection devices; ERICOR rail and industrial products;ERIFLEXR low voltage power distribution; ERITECHR facility electrical protection; and LENTONR concrete products.



Product FOCUS


Greenlee’s New FishFinder™Plus Vision SystemOffers Industry-First CAT-IV Rated 4-foot Optical Cable

Greenlee, a Textron Inc. (NYSE: TXT) now offers a new FishFinder™ Plus Vision Systemoffers the electrical marketplace’s first patent-pending CAT-IV 600V / CAT-III 1000V 4-foot (1.2m) long obedient optical cable as part of its new optical inspection camera system.The new FishFinder™ Plus Vision System is designed for use around energized circuits inobscure spaces to speed installation, inspection and troubleshooting work for electrical andcommunications wiring professionals.“The new FishFinder™ Plus Vision System is the first of its kind on the market for elec-

trical and communications wiring professionals who need to do their work in energizedenvironments,” said Ryan Berg, Greenlee Senior Product Manager. “We designed thiscamera system with the safety of the end-user in mind, as no one else in the market to-day has a patent pending CAT-IV rated, which is the highest safety rating, optical cable forinspections around energized circuits.”

The FishFinder™ Plus Vision System is designed for checking production equipment, switch gear, junction boxes andother devices that are not de-energized, as well as looking in spaces too small for direct access.The cable’s double layer cable coating provides an orange outer layer and yellow under layer to provide easy visual indi-

cation of dielectric performance. The cable cannot be used around energized circuits when the outer layer is worn away. Theoptical cable can be fully submerged under water for troubleshooting when needed. The optical cable head is also resistantto water vapor, abrasion, common chemicals and has good impact resistance.The product operates on four AA alkaline batteries and the operating time at half LED intensity is three hours.

For more information, visitwww.greenlee.com



Product FOCUS



Appleton Introduces Versatile Tray Cable ConnectorsConnectors add value by accepting wider range of cable sizes,Certified for use in IEC and NEC applicationsAppleton, one of the world's largest manufacturers of products for hazardous lo-

cation electrical systems, recently introduced a versatile line of tray cable connectorsengineered for use with TC, ITC, PLTC and other commonly-used types of tray cable.Key to the success of the new connectors is a compensating displacement seal

that provides ingress protection to NEMA 4X and IP68 standards, allowing use inhighly caustic or harsh environments such as food processing, petrochemical,wastewater treatment, pulp and paper or chemical manufacturing facilities. Theconnectors also feature a seal insert that lets each gland terminate the broadest cable range available in a single hub size.Manufacturered in aluminum, stainless steel and nickel-plated brass, the new connectors offer a wide continuous operating

temperature range of -60°C/-76°F to 110°C/230°F and come in trade sizes ranging from 1/2-inch to 4-inches. NPT threads arestandard, while metric is available as an option. Other options include an adaptor/reducer and earth tags.

Ratings & Classifications:• cCSAus; IECEx; ATEX Certified• Class I, Div 2, Groups A, B, C & D• Class I, Zone 1 AEx e and Ex e, where permitted by code• Class II, Div 2, Groups E, F, & G• Class III, Div 1 & 2• NEMA: 4X• IP66/67/68 For more information, visit

www.appletonelec.com



Company PG# RS# Company PG# RS#

AEE SOLAR 11 11AEMC INSTRUMENTS IBC 2AMERICAN TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS 28 43ARPI OF USA 44 48BYTE BROTHERS 24 42CALIFORNIA TURBO 45 30CONDUIT REPAIR SYSTEMS 4 6CONTINENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS, LLC 42 47COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 29 20DH SOLAR 32 45ERICSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY 41 28EXTECH INSTRUMENTS/FLIR SYSTEMS 3, 9 5, 9E-Z METER 44 49GARVIN INDUSTRIES 39 26GENERATOR INTERLOCK TECHNOLOGIES 7 8GENSCO 22 41HERCULES INDUSTRIES, INC. 48 52HIOKI USA 15 13ICC 17, 21 14, 16KRENZ & COMPANY 46 50LAPP USA 10 10MEGGER 1 4

MH RHODES/CRAMER COMPANY 32 44MINUTEMAN UPS 25 18NABCEP 34 23NORTHWEST LIGHTING SYSTEMS 31 21PG LIFELINK IFC 1PHASE-A-MATIC 46 51QUICK MOUNT PV 40 27SCHNEIDER RENEWABLES 13 12SCHOTT SOLAR 19 15SOKKIA 5 7SOLAR UNIVERSE 35 24SOUTHWIRE COMPANY 33 22STEELMAN INDUSTRIES 42 46STRIP-TEC 20 40SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY, INC. 23 17SUNWIZE TECHNOLOGIES 37 25TASK LIGHTING 48 53UNDERGROUND DEVICES 27 19UTILITY METALS 47 31VERVE LIVING SYSTEMS BC 3YOKOGAWA CORPORATION 43 29

This advertisers index is compiled as a courtesy to our readers. While every effort is made to provide a complete and accurate listing of companies, page numbers andreader service numbers, the publisher is not responsible for errors.

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