ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS MANAGEMENT: TRENDS

AND POLICIESAND POLICIES

Dr. Kazi F. JalalDr. Kazi F. Jalal

Faculty, Harvard Extension SchoolFaculty, Harvard Extension School

ENVR-E115ENVR-E11511/20/0711/20/07

Outline of Lecture

a. Global milestones in EM

b. Development and environment trends

c. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

d. Role of private sector in EM

e. EM policies

- water, energy & forestry sectors

f. International cooperation on EM

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A New Framework for Environmental Management

“The World we have created today as a result of our thinking thus far

has problems that can not be solved by thinking the way we

thought when we created them”

-Albert Einstein

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a. GLOBAL MILESTONESa. GLOBAL MILESTONES

GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• The Concept of Environment Emerging1960s1960s

• United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm (1972)

• United Nations Environment Program (1975)

• National environmental committees/agencies/ministries

• Environment legislation & standards

1970s1970s

• UNEP’s first high-level meeting (1982)

• World Commission on Environment & Development (WCED) (1984-87)

• Bruntland Commission report, “Our Common Future” is released introducing the concept of sustainable development (1987)

• Issue of “environment” brought to political agenda and expanded to include more than pollution and conservation issues

1980s1980s

GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1990s1990s• 1991 Children’s Summit• United Nations conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (1992)• WCED Report approved and Agenda 21 adopted• Population summit (1992, Cairo)• Social Summit (1995, Copenhagen) • Women’s Summit (1995, Beijing)• World Trade Organization established (1995)• Human Settlement, HABITAT (1996, Istanbul) • World Food Summit (1996, Rome)• “Rio + 5” conference convened to review the progress of implementing UNCED ( 1997, NY)

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GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• Millennium Summit (2000, New York)Millennium Summit (2000, New York)

• World Food Summit (2001, Rome)World Food Summit (2001, Rome)

• International Conference on Freshwater (2001, Bonn)International Conference on Freshwater (2001, Bonn)

• Financing for Development, high-level conference (2002, Financing for Development, high-level conference (2002, Monterrey, Mexico)Monterrey, Mexico)

• World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD 2002, World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD 2002, Johannesburg, South Africa)Johannesburg, South Africa)

• World Summit on MDGs (2005), New YorkWorld Summit on MDGs (2005), New York

• WSSD Follow-up (2007) ?WSSD Follow-up (2007) ?

2000s2000s

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b. DEVELOPMENT AND b. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT TRENDSENVIRONMENT TRENDS

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World GDP Growth

Source: The Economics (2002): How many planets? A survey of the Global Source: The Economics (2002): How many planets? A survey of the Global Environment, July 6, 2002. Environment, July 6, 2002.

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Access to Water & Sanitation in the Third World

Source: Bjorn Lomborg(2001)Source: Bjorn Lomborg(2001)

Broken lines are different estimates. Solid lines are best fit.Broken lines are different estimates. Solid lines are best fit.

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Infectious Disease Death Rates

Source: Bulatao (1993), Murray and Lopez (1996)Source: Bulatao (1993), Murray and Lopez (1996)

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Infant MortalityIn

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Source: Bjorn Lomborg(2001)Source: Bjorn Lomborg(2001)

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Better Lives-Past 30 Years

Source: UNEP, GEO3 (2002)Source: UNEP, GEO3 (2002)

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c.Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

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Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)*• Goal 1: Reduce poverty & hunger• Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education• Goal 3: Promote gender equality• Goal 4: Reduce child mortality• Goal 5: Improve maternal health• Goal 6: Combat major diseases• Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability• Goal 8: Develop global partnership

*www.unmillenniumproject.org (2005)

Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)

POVERTYGoal: The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing countries

should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

Website: www.developmentgoals.orgWebsite: www.developmentgoals.org

MDGsENVIRONMENTGoal: The proportion of the population without access to an improved water

source should be reduced by at least on-half between 1990 and 2015.

Website: www.developmentgoals.orgWebsite: www.developmentgoals.org

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“And the greatest obstacles to achieve these goals are the tariffs and subsidies and barriers that

isolate people of developing nations from the great opportunities of the 21st century”

“The United States is ready to eliminate all tariffs, subsidies and other barriers to free flow of goods and services as other nations do the same. This is key to overcoming poverty in the world’s poorest

nations. It is essential that we promoteprosperity and opportunity for all nations”

- President Bush

World Summit 2005, NY

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“We can not stand here five years from now, only to promise again to redouble our efforts. It is time to deliver. This calls for developing countries to improve performance and developed countries to

fulfill their promise to increase aid. It calls for dismantling trade barriers and eliminating subsidies, that hurt the farmers and small

businesses. And it calls for strengthening the private sector and encouraging a vibrant civil

society in developing countries”-President, The World Bank

World Summit 2005, NY

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World Summit,2005: Recommendations**UN(2005):Investing in development: A practical plan to achieve the MDGs

• Develop MDG-Based poverty strategies by 2006• Scale-up pro-poor public investments, domestic resource mobilization

and ODA• Implement strategies in transparent and exclusive manner• Identify a dozen”fast-track countries for increase in ODA• Jointly launch “quick win” actions to save lives• Increase donor support for regional initiatives• Increase ODA from 0.25% of GNP(1993) to 0.44%(2006) to

0.54%(2015) to support MDGs• Open markets to developing countries export by 2006• Mobilize support for for global scientific research($7b/yr by 2015)• Strengthen coordination within the UN system__________________________________________________*www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/recommendations.htm

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d. Role of Private Sector **Brian Nattrass & Mary Altomare (1999) : The Natural Step

for Business, New Society Publishers*Chris Laszlo (2003): The Sustainable Company; Island

Publishers* WBCSD (2005): Business solution in support of MDGs

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Sustainability program for industries**Ref: The Natural Step for Business (1999),p-16

Time horizon Corporate response

Industry goals

< 1970 Era of no action No goal

1970-80 Reactive/compliance

Follow regulatory stds.

1980-90 Anticipatory Cost avoidance/

Impact reductn.

1990-2000 Proactive Profit approach

ecoefficiency

2000-2010 High integration Peo/planet/profit

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Private Sectors & SD*

• Establishment of WBCSD (1992) < wbcsd.com>

• Triple bottom line (1998) <greenbusiness.net/triple-bottom-line.html>

• Dow Jones Sustainabilty Index (1999) <sustainability-index.com>

• The Equator Principles (2002) <equator-principles.com>

• Eco- labelling (2004)

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DJSI Criteria

• Criteria for indexing are:• Economic: code of conduct, corruption/bribery,

corporate governance,risk/crisis management• Environmental: eco-efficiency,

env.reporting,materials used• Social: labor practice,occupational health, corp.

responsibility,talent attraction, social reporting

e. EM POLICIESe. EM POLICIES

A.A. WATER WATER

B.B. ENERGYENERGY

C.C. FORESTRYFORESTRY

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Regional Water Trends• Water has made immense contribution to economic &

human development • Water has contributed to growth & sustenance of

ancient civilizations• Per capita availability is low and is sharply decreasing• Water stress (withdrawal against available water) is

high and increasing• Excessive water during monsoon cause flood &

contaminate water distribution systems and open bodies of water

• Reservoir capacity (as p.c. of annual water flow) is very small

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Overall Policy Objective

To foster an integrated approach to water service delivery and to water

resources management in and among the countries of the region

Core Elements of a Water Policy

• Promoting effective national water policies and Promoting effective national water policies and action programsaction programs

• Investing in water resource management in Investing in water resource management in priority river basins. priority river basins.

• Improving water services throughImproving water services through autonomous autonomous and accountable providersand accountable providers

Source: ADB, 2001Source: ADB, 2001

Core Elements of a Water Policy

• Fostering the efficient and sustainable use and Fostering the efficient and sustainable use and conservation of water in societyconservation of water in society

• Increasing the mutually beneficial use of Increasing the mutually beneficial use of shared water resources within and between shared water resources within and between countries. countries.

• Facilitating stakeholder consultation, Facilitating stakeholder consultation, participation, and partnershipsparticipation, and partnerships

• Improve governance through capacity building, Improve governance through capacity building, monitoring, and evaluationmonitoring, and evaluation

Source: ADB, 2001Source: ADB, 2001

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E N E R G Y

P O L I C Y

Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy

• Tackle environmental issues before (not after) Tackle environmental issues before (not after) they occurthey occur

• Utilize high-grade (low sulfur) coal for energy Utilize high-grade (low sulfur) coal for energy supply supply

• Practice coal washing at the minesPractice coal washing at the mines

• Undertake large-scale afforestation programs to Undertake large-scale afforestation programs to create carbon sinks as well as to enhance create carbon sinks as well as to enhance fuelwood supplyfuelwood supply

Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy

• Develop non-conventional sources of energy Develop non-conventional sources of energy (solar, biomass, wind, etc.)(solar, biomass, wind, etc.)

• Practice demand side management by energy Practice demand side management by energy conservation in industries, commercial & conservation in industries, commercial & residential installations residential installations

• Put energy pricing right and withdraw energy Put energy pricing right and withdraw energy subsidysubsidy

• Take all safety measures in energy installationsTake all safety measures in energy installations

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FORESTRYPOLICY

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR

• Excessive and destructive logging Excessive and destructive logging • Crop and livestock expansionCrop and livestock expansion • Mangrove forests depletionMangrove forests depletion

• Construction of roads through forest landsConstruction of roads through forest lands • Growing rural population migrating onto Growing rural population migrating onto

forest landforest land• Governments tenure, taxation, and pricing Governments tenure, taxation, and pricing

policiespolicies

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR

• Reluctance of communities around forests to Reluctance of communities around forests to invest in forest managementinvest in forest management

• Forest fires and pestsForest fires and pests

• Increasing Intensity of floodsIncreasing Intensity of floods • Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity

and wild-life habitatand wild-life habitat

Core Elements of a Forest Policy

• Promoting forest zoning regulations that Promoting forest zoning regulations that differentiate between differentiate between “protection forests” & “protection forests” & “production forests”“production forests”

• Recognizing the impact of intersectoral development Recognizing the impact of intersectoral development on the forestry sector on the forestry sector

• Restrict terms of access to timber resourcesRestrict terms of access to timber resources

• Encourage growth of high yielding species of Encourage growth of high yielding species of industrial and fuel wood plantations in selected industrial and fuel wood plantations in selected degraded forest and grasslandsdegraded forest and grasslands

Core Elements of a Forest Policy

• Public consultations on forestry development Public consultations on forestry development especially with NGOs and local communitiesespecially with NGOs and local communities

• Reorient forest agencies to play an active role Reorient forest agencies to play an active role in the planning and management of forests. in the planning and management of forests.

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f. International Cooperation on EM

• Many organizations and agencies are involved- both UN and non-UN

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Organizations and Entities Involved

1. UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)

2. UNDP (United Nations Development Program)

3. FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization)

4. ILO (International Labor Organization)

5. UNESCO (United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organization)

6. WHO (World Health Organization)

7. WMO (World Meteorological Organization)

8. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

9. WB (World Bank)

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Organizations and Entities

10. WTO (World Trade Organization)

11. UN/DESA (United Nations Department of Economic & Social Affairs)

12. UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)

13. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

14. WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)

15. UNCSD (United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development)

16. IACSD (Interagency Committee on Sustainable Development)

17. Others: RDBs / IFAD / Bilaterals / NGPs / Private Foundations

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Sustainable Development:

Concept, Operation, Capacity Building,

Coordination, Monitoring, Financing, Advocacy

BILATERALSRDBsWORLD

BANKIFAD

Global Sustainable Development Activities

GLOBALCONFERENCES

IACSD

UNCSD

WTO

WHO

RCs

UNEPUNDP FAO

= UN SYSTEM = COMMITTEES= FINANCING

INSTITUTIONS

DIESA

5

= CONFERENCES =OTHER

NGOs

PRIVATEORGs

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Reform & Revitalization of Global Organizations

1.1. UN Charter ChangeUN Charter Change2.2. Use Trusteeship CouncilUse Trusteeship Council3.3. Use Security CouncilUse Security Council4.4. Create World Environment Organization Create World Environment Organization

(WEO)(WEO)5.5. Revitalize World Trade Organization (WTO)Revitalize World Trade Organization (WTO)6.6. Reform International Financing Institutions Reform International Financing Institutions

(IFI)(IFI)7.7. Strengthen Coordination of existing Strengthen Coordination of existing

organizationsorganizations43