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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS ENCYCLOPEDIA

MINERAL SPIRITS ENTRY

July 1, 1997

COMPILERS/EDITORS:

ROY J. IRWIN, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

WITH ASSISTANCE FROM COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

STUDENT ASSISTANT CONTAMINANTS SPECIALISTS:

MARK VAN MOUWERIK

LYNETTE STEVENS

MARION DUBLER SEESE

WENDY BASHAM

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

WATER RESOURCES DIVISIONS, WATER OPERATIONS BRANCH

1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 250

FORT COLLINS, COLORADO 80525

WARNING/DISCLAIMERS:

Where specific products, books, or laboratories arementioned, no official U.S. government endorsement isintended or implied.

Digital format users: No software was independentlydeveloped for this project. Technical questions relatedto software should be directed to the manufacturer ofwhatever software is being used to read the files. AdobeAcrobat PDF files are supplied to allow use of thisproduct with a wide variety of software, hardware, andoperating systems (DOS, Windows, MAC, and UNIX).

This document was put together by human beings, mostly bycompiling or summarizing what other human beings havewritten. Therefore, it most likely contains somemistakes and/or potential misinterpretations and shouldbe used primarily as a way to search quickly for basicinformation and information sources. It should not beviewed as an exhaustive, "last-word" source for criticalapplications (such as those requiring legally defensibleinformation). For critical applications (such aslitigation applications), it is best to use this documentto find sources, and then to obtain the originaldocuments and/or talk to the authors before depending tooheavily on a particular piece of information.

Like a library or many large databases (such as EPA'snational STORET water quality database), this documentcontains information of variable quality from verydiverse sources. In compiling this document, mistakeswere found in peer reviewed journal articles, as well asin databases with relatively elaborate quality controlmechanisms [366,649,940]. A few of these were caughtand marked with a "[sic]" notation, but undoubtedlyothers slipped through. The [sic] notation was insertedby the editors to indicate information or spelling thatseemed wrong or misleading, but which was neverthelesscited verbatim rather than arbitrarily changing what theauthor said.

Most likely additional transcription errors and typoshave been added in some of our efforts. Furthermore,with such complex subject matter, it is not always easyto determine what is correct and what is incorrect,especially with the "experts" often disagreeing. It isnot uncommon in scientific research for two differentresearchers to come up with different results which leadthem to different conclusions. In compiling theEncyclopedia, the editors did not try to resolve suchconflicts, but rather simply reported it all.

It should be kept in mind that data comparability is amajor problem in environmental toxicology sincelaboratory and field methods are constantly changing andsince there are so many different "standard methods"published by EPA, other federal agencies, state agencies,and various private groups. What some laboratory andfield investigators actually do for standard operatingpractice is often a unique combination of variousstandard protocols and impromptu "improvements." Infact, the interagency task force on water methodsconcluded that [1014]:

It is the exception rather than the rule thatwater-quality monitoring data from differentprograms or time periods can be compared on ascientifically sound basis, and that...

No nationally accepted standard definitions existfor water quality parameters. The differentorganizations may collect data using identical orstandard methods, but identify them by differentnames, or use the same names for data collected bydifferent methods [1014].

Differences in field and laboratory methods are alsomajor issues related to (the lack of) data comparabilityfrom media other than water: soil, sediments, tissues,and air.

In spite of numerous problems and complexities, knowledgeis often power in decisions related to chemicalcontamination. It is therefore often helpful to be awareof a broad universe of conflicting results or conflictingexpert opinions rather than having a portion of thisinformation arbitrarily censored by someone else.Frequently one wants to know of the existence ofinformation, even if one later decides not to use it fora particular application. Many would like to see a highpercentage of the information available and decide forthemselves what to throw out, partly because they don'twant to seem uniformed or be caught by surprise bypotentially important information. They are in a betterposition if they can say: "I knew about that data,assessed it based on the following quality assurancecriteria, and decided not to use it for thisapplication." This is especially true for users near theend of long decision processes, such as hazardous sitecleanups, lengthy ecological risk assessments, or complexnatural resource damage assessments.

For some categories, the editors found no information andinserted the phrase "no information found." This doesnot necessarily mean that no information exists; it

simply means that during our efforts, the editors foundnone. For many topics, there is probably information"out there" that is not in the Encyclopedia. The moretime that passes without encyclopedia updates (none areplanned at the moment), the more true this statement willbecome. Still, the Encyclopedia is unique in that itcontains broad ecotoxicology information from moresources than many other reference documents. No updatesof this document are currently planned. However, it ishoped that most of the information in the encyclopediawill be useful for some time to come even withoutupdates, just as one can still find information in the1972 EPA Blue Book [12] that does not seem wellsummarized anywhere else.

Although the editors of this document have done theirbest in the limited time available to insure accuracy ofquotes or summaries as being "what the original authorsaid," the proposed interagency funding of a biggerproject with more elaborate peer review and qualitycontrol steps never materialized.

The bottom line: The editors hope users find thisdocument useful, but don't expect or depend onperfection herein. Neither the U.S. Government northe National Park Service make any claims that thisdocument is free of mistakes.

The following is one chemical topic entry (one file among118). Before utilizing this entry, the reader isstrongly encouraged to read the README file (in thissubdirectory) for an introduction, an explanation of howto use this document in general, an explanation of how tosearch for power key section headings, an explanation ofthe organization of each entry, an information qualitydiscussion, a discussion of copyright issues, and alisting of other entries (other topics) covered.

See the separate file entitled REFERENC for the identityof numbered references in brackets.

HOW TO CITE THIS DOCUMENT: As mentioned above, forcritical applications it is better to obtain and cite theoriginal publication after first verifying various dataquality assurance concerns. For more routineapplications, this document may be cited as:

Irwin, R.J., M. VanMouwerik, L. Stevens, M.D.Seese , and W. Basham. 1997. EnvironmentalContaminants Encyclopedia. National Park Service,Water Resources Division, Fort Collins, Colorado.Distributed within the Federal Government as anElectronic Document (Projected public availability

on the internet or NTIS: 1998).

Mineral Spirits (Mineral Oil Spirits, CAS number 64475-85-0)

Br ief Introduction:

Br.Class : General Introduction and Classification Information:

Mineral spirits is derived from the light distillatefractions during the crude oil refining process and arecomposed of the C6-C11 compounds, with the majority ofthe relative mass composed of C9-C11 [745]. Mineralspirits have been recommended as a substitute for puregum turpentine [821]. Pure gum turpentine is a goodthinner or diluent for oil colors, but mineral spirits isan excellent substitute [821].

There are many different substances referred to as"mineral spirits," with many different CAS numbers[617,620]. Thus, when considering mineral spirits, it isfirst necessary to determine "which one." This entrycovers only mineral oil Spirits, CAS number 64475-85-0.

According to the U.S. Coast Guard Emergency ResponseNotification System (ERNS), mineral spirits is one of themost commonly spilled petroleum products in the U.S.[635]. However, it is not clear exactly which mineralspirits are being frequently spilled, and there may beseveral substances called either mineral spirits ormineral oils at a spill site (see Mineral Oils entry).

For example. at a hardware store, several cans withmineral spirits as the primary label gave no CAS number,but one can with mineral spirits on the label gave theingredients as CAS 8052-41-3 (Roy Irwin, personalcommunication, 1996). CAS 8052-41-3 is actually assignedto Stoddard solvent. Stoddard solvent is one particularkind of mineral spirits [960]. Stoddard solvent is notcovered by this entry. The Agency for Toxic Substancesand Disease Registry (ATSDR) published a toxicologicalprofile for stoddard solvent in 1995, and that documentshould be consulted for information on Stoddard solvent,a particular kind of mineral spirits [960].

Br.Haz : General Hazard/Toxicity Summary:

Mineral spirits products are fairly volatile [363], andcontain a fairly high percentage of aromatics [560,747].Therefore, acute and chronic toxicity from the aromaticsis the greatest toxicological concern.

Due to a high percentage of aromatics (generally from 10to 30% [560,747]), mineral spirits are associated withsome potential environmental hazards, both short- and

long-term [747]:

Short-term (acute) hazards of some of the lighter, morevolatile and water soluble aromatic compounds (such asbenzenes, toluene, and xylenes) in light petroleumproducts such as mineral oil spirits include potentialacute toxicity to aquatic life in the water column(especially in relatively confined areas) as well aspotential inhalation hazards. In the short term, spilledoil will tend to float on the surface; water usesthreatened by spills include: recreation; fisheries;industrial; and irrigation [608].

Long-term (chronic) potential hazards of some of thelighter, more volatile and water soluble aromaticcompounds in mineral spirits include contamination ofgroundwater. Chronic effects associated with lightpetroleum products such as mineral spirits and gasolineare mainly due to exposure to aromatic compounds [661].

See the Gasoline, General and BTEX entries for moreinformation on toxicity of the light components ofpetroleum.

Persons who are allergic to turpentine frequently findthat they suffer no ill effects with mineral spirits[821].

Stoddard solvent, one particular kind of mineral spirits,has not studied for oral ingestion effects on humans oranimals: what little information is available is almostentirely concerns the inhalation pathway to mammals,which has been studied to gain insight into potentialeffects on humans [960].

Br.Car : Brief Summary of Carcinogenicity/Cancer Information:

No information was located on the carcinogenicity ofmineral spirits. Stoddard solvent, one particular kindof mineral spirits, has not been classified regardingcarcinogenicity [960]. However, certain carcinogeniceffects have been associated with benzene and (possibly)some of the other compounds found in mineral spirits[609,766,767] (see entries on individual compounds formore details).

The debates on which PAHs, alkyl PAHs, Benzenes, andother aromatics found in complex mixtures such as thisproduct to classify as carcinogens, and the details ofexactly how to perform both ecological and human riskassessments on the complex mixtures of PAHs typicallyfound at contaminated sites, are likely to continue.There are some clearly wrong ways to go about it, but

defining clearly right ways is more difficult. PAHsusually occur in complex mixtures rather than alone.Perhaps the most unambiguous thing that can be said aboutcomplex PAH mixtures is that such mixtures are oftencarcinogenic and possibly phototoxic. One way to approachsite specific risk assessments would be to collect thecomplex mixture of aromatics and other lipophiliccontaminants in a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD,also known as a fat bag) [894,895,896], retrieve thecontaminant mixture from the SPMD, then test the mixturefor carcinogenicity, toxicity, and phototoxicity (JamesHuckins, National Biological Service, and Roy Irwin,National Park Service, personal communication, 1996).

Br.Dev : Brief Summary of Developmental, Reproductive,Endocrine, and Genotoxicity Information:

The results are mixed, but some immunological,reproductive, fetotoxic, and genotoxic effects have beenassociated with a few of the compounds found in mineralspirits [609,764,765,766] (see entries on individualcompounds for more details).

Br.Fate : Brief Summary of Key Bioconcentration, Fate,Transport, Persistence, Pathway, and Chemical/PhysicalInformation:

Mineral spirits are composed of the following generalclasses of compounds, 20-65% paraffins (alkanes), 15-40%cycloparaffins (cyclic alkanes), and 10-30% aromatics[560,747]. These percentages vary for differentformulations of mineral spirits (such as Stoddardsolvents) [560,745,747].

Since there is relatively incomplete information on thedetailed chemical composition of mineral spirits ingeneral, no indicator chemical can be chosen for thisproduct and physicochemical information about the mixtureas a whole is used for modeling fate [745].

Mineral spirits are preferred as a general cleanerbecause it evaporates completely without the small stickyor gummy residue left by turpentine. Another advantageis that it stays fresh and does not go bad or oxidize instorage, as does turpentine [821].

Stoddard solvent, one particular kind of mineral spirits,is composed of many compounds; Stoddard solvent as awhole tends to [960]:

Evaporate into the air when spilled in water orsoils.

Be broken down by sunlight or other chemicals.

Some of the chemicals in Stoddard Solvent tend to [960]:

Attach to particles in soil.

Accumulate in the brain or other fatty tissues.While smaller alkanes do not tend to bioaccumulate,larger aromatics and alkanes (including somecycloalkanes) tend to bioaccumulate

Sink from water into sediment, and/or

Move through soil to groundwater.

Petroleum distillates in order of decreasing volatilityinclude [363]:

1. Petroleum ether or benzine 2. Gasoline 3. Naphtha 4. Mineral spirits 5. Kerosene 6. Fuel oil 7. Lubricating oils 8. Paraffin wax 9. Asphalt or tar.

Synonyms/Substance Identification:

Light Petrol [560]Petroleum Spirits [560,607]Shell Sol 140 [560]Stoddard Solvent [560]Varsol [560]White Spirits [560]AMSCO 140 [607]Soltrol [607]Soltrol 50 [607]Soltrol 100 [607]Soltrol 180 [607]

Associated Chemicals or Topics (Includes Transformation Products):

See also individual entries:

Gasoline, GeneralTurpentinePetroleum, GeneralBTEXAlkanes

Note: alkanes are a big component of mineral

spirits (see Chem.Detail section below).

Water Data Interpretation, Concentrations and Toxicity (All WaterData Subsections Start with "W."):

W.Low (Water Concentrations Considered Low):

No information found; see Chem.Detail section forcompounds in this product, then see individual compoundentries for summaries of information on individualcomponents of this mixture.

W.Hi gh (Water Concentrations Considered High):


W.Typ ical (Water Concentrations Considered Typical):


W.Concern Levels, Water Quality Criteria, LC50 Values, WaterQuality Standards, Screening Levels, Dose/Response Data, andOther Water Benchmarks:

W.General (General Water Quality Standards, Criteria, andBenchmarks Related to Protection of Aquatic Biota inGeneral; Includes Water Concentrations Versus Mixed orGeneral Aquatic Biota):

No information found; see Chem.Detail section forcompounds in this product, then see individualcompound entries for summaries of information onindividual components of this mixture.

W.Pl ants (Water Concentrations vs. Plants):


W.Inv ertebrates (Water Concentrations vs. Invertebrates):


W.Fi sh (Water Concentrations vs. Fish):


W.Wild life (Water Concentrations vs. Wildlife or DomesticAnimals):


W.Human (Drinking Water and Other Human Concern Levels):


W.Misc. (Other Non-concentration Water Information):


Sediment Data Interpretation, Concentrations and Toxicity (AllSediment Data Subsections Start with "Sed."):

Sed.Lo w (Sediment Concentrations Considered Low):


Sed.Hi gh (Sediment Concentrations Considered High):


Sed.Typ ical (Sediment Concentrations Considered Typical):


Sed.Con cern Levels, Sediment Quality Criteria, LC50 Values,Sediment Quality Standards, Screening Levels, Dose/ResponseData and Other Sediment Benchmarks:

Sed.Gen eral (General Sediment Quality Standards,Criteria, and Benchmarks Related to Protection of AquaticBiota in General; Includes Sediment Concentrations VersusMixed or General Aquatic Biota):


Sed.Pl ants (Sediment Concentrations vs. Plants):


Sed.Inv ertebrates (Sediment Concentrations vs.Invertebrates):


Sed.Fi sh (Sediment Concentrations vs. Fish):


Sed.Wild life (Sediment Concentrations vs. Wildlife orDomestic Animals):


Sed.Human (Sediment Concentrations vs. Human):


Sed.Misc. (Other Non-concentration Sediment Information):


Soil Data Interpretation, Concentrations and Toxicity (All SoilData Subsections Start with "Soil."):

Soil.Lo w (Soil Concentrations Considered Low):


Soil.Hi gh (Soil Concentrations Considered High):


Soil.Typ ical (Soil Concentrations Considered Typical)


Soil.Con cern Levels, Soil Quality Criteria, LC50 Values, SoilQuality Standards, Screening Levels, Dose/Response Data andOther Soil Benchmarks:

Soil.Gen eral (General Soil Quality Standards, Criteria,and Benchmarks Related to Protection of Soil-dwellingBiota in General; Includes Soil Concentrations VersusMixed or General Soil-dwelling Biota):


Soil.Pl ants (Soil Concentrations vs. Plants):


Soil.Inv ertebrates (Soil Concentrations vs.Invertebrates):


Soil.Wild life (Soil Concentrations vs. Wildlife orDomestic Animals):


Soil.Hum an (Soil Concentrations vs. Human):

No information found on this complex and variablemixture. See Chem.Detail section for chemicalsfound in this product, then look up information oneach hazardous compound. Some individual compoundsfound in petroleum products have low-concentrationhuman health benchmarks for soil (see individualentries).

Soil.Misc. (Other Non-concentration Soil Information):


Tis sue and Food Concentrations (All Tissue Data InterpretationSubsections Start with "Tis."):

Tis.Pl ants:

A) As Food: Concentrations or Doses of Concern to LivingThings Which Eat Plants:


B) Body Burden Residues in Plants: Typical, Elevated, orof Concern Related to the Well-being of the OrganismItself:


Tis.Inv ertebrates:

A) As Food: Concentrations or Doses of Concern to LivingThings Which Eat Invertebrates:


B) Concentrations or Doses of Concern in Food ItemsEaten by Invertebrates:


C) Body Burden Residues in Invertebrates: Typical,Elevated, or of Concern Related to the Well-being of theOrganism Itself:


Tis.Fish :

A) As Food: Concentrations or Doses of Concern to LivingThings Which Eat Fish (Includes FDA Action Levels forFish and Similar Benchmark Levels From Other Countries):


B) Concentrations or Doses of Concern in Food ItemsEaten by Fish:


C) Body Burden Residues in Fish: Typical, Elevated, or ofConcern Related to the Well-being of the Organism Itself:


Tis.Wild life: Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife, Domestic

Animals and all Birds Whether Aquatic or not:

A) As Food: Concentrations or Doses of Concern to LivingThings Which Eat Wildlife, Domestic Animals, or Birds:


B) Concentrations or Doses of Concern in Food ItemsEaten by Wildlife, Birds, or Domestic Animals (IncludesLD50 Values Which do not Fit Well into Other Categories,Includes Oral Doses Administered in LaboratoryExperiments):


C) Body Burden Residues in Wildlife, Birds, or DomesticAnimals: Typical, Elevated, or of Concern Related to theWell-being of the Organism Itself:

Information from RTECS [607]:

LDLO/LCLO - Lowest published lethal dose/concRAT: LDLo; ROUTE: Intraperitoneal; DOSE: 8560mg/kg; REFERENCE: Toxicology and AppliedPharmacology 1:156, 1959.

LD50/LC50 - LETHAL DOSE/CONC 50% KILL

RAT: LD50; ROUTE: Oral; DOSE: >34600 mg/kg;REFERENCE: JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology10:135, 1990.

RAT: LC50; ROUTE: Inhalation; DOSE: >21400mg/m3/4H; REFERENCE: JAT, Journal of AppliedToxicology 10:135, 1990.

RABBIT: LD50; ROUTE: Skin; DOSE: 15400 mg/kg;REFERENCE: JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology10:135, 1990.

Tis.Hum an:

A) Typical Concentrations in Human Food Survey Items:


B) Concentrations or Doses of Concern in Food ItemsEaten by Humans (Includes Allowable Tolerances in HumanFood, FDA, State and Standards of Other Countries):


C) Body Burden Residues in Humans: Typical, Elevated, orof Concern Related to the Well-being of Humans:


Tis.Misc. (Other Tissue Information):


Bio.Detail : Detailed Information on Bioconcentration,Biomagnification, or Bioavailability:

Certain alkanes and other hydrocarbons found in Stoddardsolvent, a particular kind of mineral spirits, can accumulatein the brain or other fatty tissues [960]. While smalleralkanes do not tend to bioaccumulate, larger aromatics andalkanes (including some cycloalkanes) tend to bioaccumulate infatty tissues [960].

No other information found; see Chem.Detail section forcompounds in this product, then see individual compoundentries for summaries of information on individual componentsof this mixture.

Int eractions:

No information found; see Chem.Detail section for compounds inthis product, then see individual compound entries forsummaries of information on individual components of thismixture.

Uses/Sources:

Turpentine has been obsolete in the industrial paint field fordecades, being entirely supplanted by a petroleum substitute knownas mineral spirits [821]. It is a perfectly safe and usefulmaterial for thinning oil colors and for cleaning and costs one-fourth or less than turpentine. About the only studio purpose for

which mineral spirits cannot substitute for turpentine is fordissolving damar or for thinning damar varnish [821].

Forms/Preparations/Formulations:


Chem.Detail : Detailed Information on Chemical/Physical Properties:

Since polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardouscomponents of this product, risk assessment should include analysesof PAHs and alkyl PAHs utilizing the NOAA protocol expanded scan[828] or other rigorous GC/MS/SIM methods.

Stoddard solvent, one specific type of mineral spirits (CAS8052-41-3) contains the following percentages of hydrocarbons[960]:

Alkanes: 30-62%Cycloalkanes (cycloparrafins): 27-40%Alkylbenzenes: 0.3 to 20%Other benzenes: 0.007 to 0.1%

PAHs:

Naphthalenes 0.2% Acenaphthalenes: 0.3%.

Mineral spirits are composed of the following general classesof compounds, 20-65% paraffins (alkanes), 15-40% cycloparaffins(cyclic alkanes), and 10-30% aromatics [560,747]. Thesepercentages vary for different formulations of mineral spirits(such as Stoddard solvents) [560,745,747]. As mentioned above(Br.Fate section), since there is relatively incomplete informationon the detailed chemical composition of mineral spirits in general,physicochemical information about the mixture as a whole is usedfor modeling fate [745]. The following information is aboutmineral spirits in general:

Aqueous Solubility [745]: 45.88 mg/L

Vapor Pressure [745]: 2.53 mmHg

Henry's Law Constant: 1.03E-02 atm-m3/mol

Physicochemical information from Environment Canada [560]:

NOTE: In this section, for properties with more than onevalue, each value came from its own source; in other words, ifAPI Gravity at 60 F was measured several times and severaldifferent answers were obtained, all of the answers are

provided.

API GRAVITY (60/60 degrees F)

NOTE: Created by the American Petroleum Institute (API), APIgravity is an arbitrary scale expressing the gravity ordensity of liquid petroleum products [637]. This scale wascreated in order to compare the densities of various oils.APIgravity = (141.5/specific gravity [60/60 degrees F]) - 131.5,where specific gravity [60/60 degrees F] is the oil density at60 degrees F divided by the density of water at 60 degrees F.

48.8 to 50.6

DENSITY (g/mL)

For temperatures of oil (T) between 0 and 30 C:Density = 0.97871 - 0.000710 T

NOTE: The densities of crude oils and oil productsare dependent on the temperature and degree ofweathering. The following density values are at"0% Weathering Volume" - in other words, mineralspirits.

Temp( C) Density (at 0% Weathering Volume) 0 0.8040 15 0.7930 20 0.7786

HYDROCARBON GROUP

NOTE: The main constituents of oil are generally grouped intothe below categories. Asphaltene content increases withincreasing weathering, as does wax content.

Hydrocarbon Group Analysis (Weight %):

Mineral Spirits Stoddard Solvent Paraffins 20 to 65 30 to 50 Naphthenes 15 to 55 30 to 40 Aromatics 10 to 30 10 to 20

VISCOSITY

NOTE: The viscosities of crude oils and oil products aredependent on the temperature and degree of weathering. Thefollowing viscosity values are at "0% Weathering Volume" - inother words, fresh mineral spirits.

Dynamic Viscosity (mPa.s or cP):

Temp( C) Dynamic Viscosity (at 0% Weathering Volume) 0 1.4

15 1.1 25 0.85 to 1.165

Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/sec or cSt):

Temp( C) Kinematic Viscosity (at 0% Weathering Volume) 0 1.78 15 1.43

INTERFACIAL TENSIONS

NOTE: Interfacial tension is the force of attraction betweenmolecules at the interface of a liquid. These tensions areessential for calculating the spreading rates and the likelyextent to which the oil will form oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. The interfacial tensions of crude oils and oilproducts are dependent on the temperature and degree ofweathering. The following tension values are at "0%Weathering Volume" - in other words, fresh mineral spirits.

Air-Oil (mN/M or dynes/cm):

Temp( C) Air-Oil Tension (at 0% Weathering Volume) 0 26.2 15 24.7

Oil-Seawater (mN/M or dynes/cm):

Temp( C) Oil-Seawater Tension (at 0% Weathering Volume) 0 43.2 15 43.1

Oil-Water (mN/M or dynes/cm):

Temp( C) Oil-Water (at 0% Weathering Volume) 0 44.4 15 43.9

EMULSION

NOTE: Water-in-oil emulsions are stable emulsions of smalldroplets of water incorporated in oil. Termed "chocolatemousse," these stable water-in-oil emulsions can havedifferent characteristics than the parent crude oil. Emulsioncharacteristics of crude oils and oil products are dependenton the temperature and degree of weathering. The followingtypical values are at "0% Weathering Volume" - in other words,fresh mineral spirits. In general, mineral spirits is notlikely to form emulsions.

Emulsion Formation Tendency (in the NOT LIKELY range):

Temp( C) Fraction of oil that forms an emulsion (f initial) 0 0

15 0

Emulsion Stability (in the UNSTABLE range):

Fraction of oil in the emulsion Temp( C) that remains after settling (f final)

0 0 15 0

Water Content of Emulsion (volume %):

Temp( C) Water Content (at 0% Weathering Volume) 0 N/A 15 N/A

FIRE AND REACTIVITY

Flash Point ( C): 41 to 57 41 to 138

Flammability Limits (Volume %): in air: 0.8 to 5.0

DISTILLATION

Boiling Range ( C):

Mineral Spirits 150 to 200 154 to 202

Stoddard Solvent 160 to 210 NON-METAL CONTENT

Sulphur (weight %) 1 ppm

OTHER

Reid Vapor Pressure (kPa) 0.896 at 37.8 degrees C

Fate.Detail : Detailed Information on Fate, Transport, Persistence,and/or Pathways:


Laboratory and/or Field Analyses:

This product is slightly heavier than gasoline (see Gasoline,General entry) and slightly lighter than kerosene. Thus it will be

somewhat similar to both. The following decision tree key forkerosene may be used for mineral spirits, but it should be kept inmind that mineral spirits have a different chemical compositionthan kerosene, and that PAHs would be expected to be less common inmineral spirits than in kerosene (see Chem.Detail section above andKerosene entry).

Decision Tree (dichotomous key) for selection of lab methodsfor measuring contamination from light crude oils and middledistillate petroleum products (all diesels, jet fuels, kerosene,Fuel oil 2, Heating Oil 2):

1a. Your main concern is biological effects of petroleumproducts....................................................2

1b. Your main concern is cleanup or remediation but no ecological or human resources are at risk............3

2a. The resource at risk is primarily humans via a drinking waterpathway, either the contamination of groundwater used fordrinking water, or the fresh* or continuing contamination ofsurface waters used as drinking water, or the risk isprimarily to aquatic species in confined** surface waters froma fresh* spill, or the risk is to surface waters re-emergingfrom contaminated groundwater resources whether the spill isfresh* or not; the medium and/or pathway of concern is waterrather than sediments, soil, or tissues ....................4

2b. The resource at risk is something else......................5

3a. The spilled substance is a fresh* oil product of knowncomposition: If required to do so by a regulatory authority,perform whichever Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) analysisspecified by the regulator. However, keep in mind that due toits numerous limitations, the use of the common EPA method418.1 for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons is not recommended asa stand-alone method unless the results can first beconsistently correlated (over time, as the oil ages) with thebetter NOAA protocol expanded scan*** for polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl PAHs. If not required toperform an EPA method 418.1-based analysis for TPH, insteadperform a Gas Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detection(GC/FID) analysis for TPH using the spilled substance as acalibration standard. GC/FID methods can be sufficient forscreening purposes when the oil contamination is fresh*,unweathered oil and when one is fairly sure of the source[657]. If diesel 1D was spilled, perform TPH-D (1D) usingCalifornia LUFT manual methods (typically a modified EPAmethod 8015) [465] or a locally available GC/FID method ofequal utility for the product spilled. However, no matterwhich TPH method is used, whether based on various GC/FID orEPA method 418.1 protocols, the investigator should keep inmind that the effectiveness of the method typically changes asoil ages, that false positives or false negatives are

possible, and that the better Gas Chromatography-MassSpectrometry-Selected Ion Mode (GC/MS/SIM) scans (such as theNOAA expanded scan***) should probably be performed at the endof remediation to be sure that the contamination has trulybeen cleaned up.

3b. The spilled product is not fresh* or the contamination is of unknown or mixed composition........................6

4. Analyze for Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Toluene(BTEX) compounds in water as part of a broader scan ofvolatiles using EPA GC/MS method 8240. The standard EPA GC/MSmethod 8240 protocol will be sufficient for some applications,but the standard EPA method 8240 (and especially the lessrigorous EPA BTEX methods such as method 8020 for soil andmethod 602 for water) are all inadequate for generatingscientifically defensible information for Natural ResourceDamage Assessments [468]. The standard EPA methods are alsoinadequate for risk assessment purposes. Thus, whencollecting information for possible use in a Natural ResourceDamage Assessment or risk assessment, it is best to ask thelab to analyze for BTEX compounds and other volatile oilcompounds using a modified EPA GC/MS method 8240 method usingthe lowest possible Selected Ion Mode detection limits andincreasing the analyte list to include as many alkyl BTEXcompounds as possible. Also analyze surface or (ifapplicable) ground water samples for polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl PAHs using the NOAA protocolexpanded scan*** modified for water samples using methylenechloride extraction. If the contaminated water isgroundwater, before the groundwater is determined to beremediated, also analyze some contaminated sub-surface soilsin contact with the groundwater for BTEX compounds (EPA GC/MSmethod 8240), and PAHs (NOAA protocol expanded scan***). Themagnitude of any residual soil contamination will provideinsight about the likelihood of recontamination of groundwaterresources through equilibria partitioning mechanisms movingcontamination from soil to water.

5a. The medium of concern is sediments or soils..................6

5b. The medium of concern is biological tissues..................7

6. Perform the NOAA protocol expanded scan*** for polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl PAHs. If there is anyreason to suspect fresh* or continuing contamination of soilsor sediments with lighter volatile compounds, also perform EPAGC/MS method 8240 using the lowest possible Selected Ion Mode(SIM) detection limits and increasing the analyte list toinclude as many alkyl Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, andXylene (BTEX) compounds as possible.

7a. The problem is direct coating (oiling) of wildlife or plantswith spilled oil product.....................................8

7b. The problem is something else................................9

8. Perform NOAA protocol expanded scan*** for polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl PAHs and/or GC/FIDfingerprinting of the coating oil only if necessary toidentify the source or exact oil. If the source is known andno confirmation lab studies are necessary: dispense withadditional chemical laboratory analyses and instead documentdirect effects of coating: lethality, blinding, decreasedreproduction from eggshell coating, etc., and begin cleaningactivities if deemed potentially productive after consolationswith the Fish and Wildlife Agencies.

9a. The concern is for impacts on water column organisms (such asfish or plankton)...........................................10

9b. The concern is for something else (including benthicorganisms)..................................................11

10. If exposure to fish is suspected, an HPLC/Fluorescence scanfor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bilemay be performed to confirm exposure [844]. For bottom-dwelling fish such as flounders or catfish, also analyze thebottom sediments (see Step 6 above). Fish which spend most oftheir time free-swimming above the bottom in the water columncan often avoid toxicity from toxic petroleum compounds in thewater column, but if fish are expiring in a confined** habitat(small pond, etc.), EPA GC/MS method 8240 and the NOAAprotocol expanded scan*** for PAHs could be performed to seeif Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylene (BTEX),naphthalene, and other potentially toxic compounds are aboveknown acute toxicity benchmark concentrations. Zooplanktonpopulations impacted by oil usually recover fairly quicklyunless they are impacted in very confined** or shallowenvironments [835] and the above BTEX and PAH water methodsare often recommended rather than direct analyses ofzooplankton tissues.

11a. The concern is for benthic invertebrates: analyze invertebratewhole-body tissue samples and surrounding sediment samples forpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl PAHs usingthe NOAA protocol expanded scan***. If the spill is fresh* orthe source continuous, risk assessment needs may also requirethat the sediments which form the habitat for benthicinvertebrates be analyzed for Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene,and Xylene (BTEX) and other volatile compounds using EPA GC/MSmethod 8240 or modified EPA method 8240 in the Selected IonMode (SIM). Bivalve invertebrates such as clams and musselsdo not break down PAHs as well or as quickly as do fish ormany wildlife species. They are also less mobile. Thus,bivalve tissues are more often directly analyzed for PAHresidues than are the tissues of fish or wildlife.

11b. The concern is for plants or for vertebrate wildlife including

birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians: polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and other petroleum hydrocarbons breakdown fairly rapidly in many wildlife groups and tissues arenot usually analyzed directly. Instead direct effects areinvestigated and water, soil, sediment, and food itemsencountered by wildlife are usually analyzed for PAHs andalkyl PAHs using the NOAA protocol expanded scan***. If thespill is fresh* or the source continuous, risk assessmentneeds may also require that these habitat media also beanalyzed for Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylene(BTEX) and other volatile compounds using EPA GC/MS method8240 or modified EPA method 8240 in the Selected Ion Mode(SIM). Less is known about plant effects. However, the samemethods recommended above for the analyses of water (Step 4above) and for sediments or soils (Step 6 above) are usuallyalso recommended for these same media in plant or wildlifehabitats. If wildlife or plants are covered with oil, seealso Step 8 (above) regarding oiling issues.

* Discussion of the significance of the word "fresh": The word"fresh" cannot be universally defined because oil breaks downfaster in some environments than in others. In a hot, windy,sunny, oil-microbe-rich, environment in the tropics, some of thelighter and more volatile compounds (such as the Benzene, Toluene,Ethyl Benzene, and Xylene compounds) would be expected to disappearfaster by evaporation into the environment and by biodegradationthan in a cold, no-wind, cloudy, oil-microbe-poor environment inthe arctic. In certain habitats, BTEX and other relatively watersoluble compounds will tend to move to groundwater and/orsubsurface soils (where degradation rates are typically slower thanin a sunny well aerated surface environment). Thus, the judgementabout whether or not oil contamination would be considered "fresh"is a professional judgement based on a continuum of possiblescenarios. The closer in time to the original spill of non-degraded petroleum product, the greater degree the source iscontinuous rather than the result of a one-time event, and the morefactors are present which would retard oil evaporation or breakdown(cold, no-wind, cloudy, oil-microbe-poor conditions, etc.) the morelikely it would be that in the professional judgement experts theoil would be considered "fresh." In other words, the degree offreshness is a continuum which depends on the specific productspilled and the specific habitat impacted. Except for groundwaterresources (where the breakdown can be much slower), the fresher themiddle distillate oil contamination is, the more one has to beconcerned about potential impacts of BTEX compounds, and otherlighter and more volatile petroleum compounds.

To assist the reader in making decisions based on the continuum ofpossible degrees of freshness, the following generalizations areprovided: Some of the lightest middle distillates (such as JetFuels, Diesel, No. 2 Fuel Oil) are moderately volatile and solubleand up to two-thirds of the spill amount could disappear fromsurface waters after a few days [771,835]. Even heavier petroleum

substances, such as medium oils and most crude oils will evaporateabout one third of the product spilled within 24 hours [771].Typically the volatile fractions disappear mostly by evaporatinginto the atmosphere. However, in some cases, certain water solublefractions of oil including Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, andXylene (BTEX) compounds move down into groundwater. BTEX compoundsare included in the more volatile and water soluble fractions, andBTEX compounds as well as the lighter alkanes are broken down morequickly by microbes than heavier semi-volatiles such as alkyl PAHsand some of the heavier and more complex aliphatic compounds. Thusafter a week, or in some cases, after a few days, there is lessreason to analyze surface waters for BTEX or other volatilecompounds, and such analyses should be reserved more forpotentially contaminated groundwaters. In the same manner, as theproduct ages, there is typically less reason to analyze for alkanesusing GC/FID techniques or TPH using EPA 418.1 methods, and morereason to analyze for the more persistent alkyl PAHs using the NOAAprotocol expanded scan***.

** Discussion of the significance of the word "confined": Like theword "fresh" the word "confined" is difficult to define preciselyas there is a continuum of various degrees to which a habitat wouldbe considered "confined" versus "open." However, if one isconcerned about the well-being of ecological resources such as fishwhich spend most of their time swimming freely above the bottom, itmakes more sense to spend a smaller proportion of analyticalfunding for water column and surface water analyses of Benzene,Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylene (BTEX) and other volatile oracutely toxic compounds if the spill is in open and/or deep watersrather than shallow or "confined" waters. This is because much ofthe oil tends to stay with a surface slick or becomes tied up insubsurface tar balls. The petroleum compounds which do passthrough the water column often tend to do so in smallconcentrations and/or for short periods of time, and fish and otherpelagic or generally mobile species can often swim away to avoidimpacts from spilled oil in "open waters." Thus in many large oilspills in open or deep waters, it has often been difficult orimpossible to attribute significant impacts to fish or otherpelagic or strong swimming mobile species in open waters.Lethality has most often been associated with heavy exposure ofjuvenile fish to large amounts of oil products moving rapidly intoshallow or confined waters [835]. Different fish species vary intheir sensitivity to oil [835]. However, the bottom line is thatin past ecological assessments of spills, often too much money hasbeen spent on water column analyses in open water settings, whenthe majority of significant impacts tended to be concentrated inother habitats, such as benthic, shoreline, and surface microlayerhabitats.

*** The lab protocols for the expanded scan of polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl PAHs have been published by NOAA[828].

End of Key.

See also: Benzene and BTEX entries, PAHs as a group entry.

Contaminants data from different labs, different states, anddifferent agencies, collected by different people, are often notvery comparable (see also, discussion in the disclaimer section atthe top of this entry).

As of 1997, the problem of lack of data comparability (notonly for water methods but also for soil, sediment, and tissuemethods) between different "standard methods" recommended bydifferent agencies seemed to be getting worse, if anything, ratherthan better. The trend in quality assurance seemed to be forvarious agencies, including the EPA and others, to insist onquality assurance plans for each project. In addition to qualitycontrol steps (blanks, duplicates, spikes, etc.), these qualityassurance plans call for a step of insuring data comparability[1015,1017]. However, the data comparability step is often notgiven sufficient consideration. The tendency of agency guidance(such as EPA SW-846 methods and some other new EPA methods for bio-concentratable substances) to allow more and more flexibility toselect options at various points along the way, makes it harder ininsure data comparability or method validity. Even volunteermonitoring programs are now strongly encouraged to develop and usequality assurance project plans [1015,1017].

At minimum, before using contaminants data from diversesources, one should determine that field collection methods,detection limits, and lab quality control techniques wereacceptable and comparable. The goal is that the analysis in theconcentration range of the comparison benchmark concentrationshould be very precise and accurate.

It should be kept in mind that quality control field and labblanks and duplicates will not help in the data quality assurancegoal as well as intended if one is using a method prone to falsenegatives. Methods may be prone to quality assurance problems dueto the use of detection limits that are too high, the loss oraddition of contaminants through inappropriate handling, the lackof inclusion of the proper constituent compounds, or the use ofinappropriate methods.

Information from ATSDR on methods for stoddard solvent, onekind of mineral spirits [960] (see ATSDR for details on embeddedreferences) [960]:

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS: Stoddard solvent is a mixture ofaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons [940]. The primary methodused to detect hydrocarbons in biological materials is gaschromatography (GC) either alone or in combination with amass spectrometer (MS) [940]. GC has been used to detect whitespirits (99% C8 to C12 aliphatics) in expiratory air from thelungs, blood, and human adipose tissue [940]. GC/MS can alsoidentify aromatics or cycloalkanes, if present...In general,hydrocarbon components, whether of Stoddard solvent or otherhydrocarbon mixtures such as fuel oils, have relativelysimple sample preparation procedures, which consist ofadsorption of the volatile hydrocarbons to an adsorptioncolumn or charcoal, followed by elution and injection into

the gas chromatograph [940]. Capillary columns that have beensuccessfully used include charcoal (Pedersen et al. 1984),Chromosorb G (Astrand et al [940]. 1975), and Porapak orChempiak (Kimura et al. 1988) [940]. The error associatedwith detecting white spirits by these methods is between 4%for adipose tissue (Pedersen et al. 1984) and 8.3% for air andblood (Astrand et al. 1975) [940]. Wide-bore capillarycolumns have also been used (Hara et al [940]. 1988) for GC/MSanalysis combined with flame ionization detectors (FID). Thismethod determined levels of several volatile organic compoundsin the blood, urine, and stomach contents [940]. Thesensitivity and precision of this method was generally good(93-100% recovery) [940].

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