Transcript
Page 1: Energy Psychology Journal - Is Acupoint Tapping an Active …energypsychologyjournal.org › wp-content › uploads › 2014 › 02 › ... · 2017-06-22 · Is Acupoint Tapping an

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo? (QHUJ\�3V\FKRORJ\�������1RYHPEHU����� ��

Is Acupoint Tapping an Active Ingredient or an Inert Placebo in Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)? A Randomized Controlled Dismantling StudyLouis Fox, Liverpool John Moores University

Abstract()7�RU�(PRWLRQDO�)UHHGRP�7HFKQLTXHV� LV� WKH�most widely used energy psychology method. ,W� FRPELQHV� SV\FKRORJLFDO� H[SRVXUH� ZLWK� WKH�VWLPXODWLRQ� RI� DFXSXQFWXUH� SRLQWV� �DFXSRLQWV���7KLV�VWXG\�XVHG���FRQGLWLRQV²()7�DQG�D�FRQ-trol group—to assess emotional self-report DQG� PLQGIXOQHVV�� 7KH� VDPSOH� FRQVLVWHG� RI���� XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�� �� VWXG\�UHODWHG� HPRWLRQV�and mindfulness were measured immediately EHIRUH�DQG���GD\V�DIWHU�HDFK����PLQ� LQWHUYHQ-WLRQ� ZLWK� WKH� $FKLHYHPHQW� (PRWLRQV� 4XHV-WLRQQDLUH� DQG�3KLODGHOSKLD�0LQGIXOQHVV� 6FDOH��0L[HG�DQDO\VLV�RI�YDULDQFH�ZLWK�SDLUHG�VDPSOH t WHVWV� VKRZHG� WKDW� ()7� SDUWLFLSDQWV� H[SHUL-HQFHG� VLJQL¿FDQWO\� JUHDWHU� LQFUHDVHV� LQ� HQMR\-PHQW��p ��������DQG�KRSH��p �������DQG�VLJQL¿-FDQWO\�JUHDWHU��GHFUHDVHV�LQ�DQJHU��p �������DQG�VKDPH� �p �� ����� WKDQ� GLG� WKH� FRQWURO� JURXS��

:KHQ� GDWD� IURP� DOO� HPRWLRQ�GHSHQGHQW� YDUL-DEOHV�ZHUH� JURXSHG� WRJHWKHU�� DQDO\VLV� VKRZHG�WKDW� ()7� SDUWLFLSDQWV� H[SHULHQFHG� D� VLJQL¿-FDQWO\� JUHDWHU� LQFUHDVH� LQ� ³SRVLWLYH� HPRWLRQV´��p �� ����� DQG� VLJQL¿FDQWO\�JUHDWHU�GHFUHDVH� LQ�³QHJDWLYH��HPRWLRQV´��p �������WKDQ�GLG�WKH�FRQ-WURO�JURXS��1R�VLJQL¿FDQW�FKDQJH�ZDV�IRXQG�IRU�PLQGIXOQHVV�� �7DSSLQJ� RQ� DFXSRLQWV�� FRPELQHG�ZLWK� WKH� YRFDOL]DWLRQ� RI� VHOI�DI¿UPLQJ� VWDWH-PHQWV��DSSHDUV�WR�EH�DQ�DFWLYH�LQJUHGLHQW�LQ�()7�UDWKHU� WKDQ� DQ� LQHUW� SODFHER��7KH� UHVXOWV�ZHUH�consistent with other published reports demon-VWUDWLQJ� ()7V� �HI¿FDF\� IRU� DGGUHVVLQJ� SV\FKR-logical conditions in students.

Keywords:� (PRWLRQDO� )UHHGRP� 7HFKQLTXHV��()7�� DFKLHYHPHQW� HPRWLRQV�� PLQGIXOQHVV���XQGHUJUDGXDWHV��VWXG\�DQ[LHW\��DFXSRLQW�WDSSLQJ

Louis Fox�� %6F�� LV� D� SV\FKRORJ\� DQG� ELRORJ\� JUDGXDWH� RI��/LYHUSRRO� -RKQ�0RRUHV�8QLYHUVLW\��8QLWHG�.LQJGRP��Corre-spondence:�/RXLV�)R[��6FKRRO�RI�1DWXUDO�6FLHQFHV�DQG�3V\FKRO-RJ\�� /LYHUSRRO� -RKQ�0RRUHV� 8QLYHUVLW\�� /LYHUSRRO�� (QJODQG��(PDLO��ORXLVIR[��#JPDLO�FRP��Acknowledgment:�7KH�DXWKRU�JUDWHIXOO\� DFNQRZOHGJHV� WKH� DVVLVWDQFH� DQG� FR�RSHUDWLRQ� RI�5XWK�)R[��DGYDQFHG�()7�SUDFWLWLRQHU�DQG�WUDLQHU��Disclosures: 7KH�DXWKRU�GHFODUHV�QR�FRQÀLFW�RI�LQWHUHVW��7KLV�SURMHFW�ZDV�DQ�XQGHUJUDGXDWH�GLVVHUWDWLRQ�FRPSOHWHG�LQ�SDUWLDO�IXO¿OOPHQW�RI�D�%DFKHORU�RI�6FLHQFH�GHJUHH�LQ��SV\FKRORJ\�DQG�ELRORJ\�

,Q� UHFHQW� \HDUV� WHFKQLTXHV� KDYH� HPHUJHG�aimed at effecting therapeutic psychologi-cal change in individuals by combining the

VWLPXODWLRQ� RI� DFXSXQFWXUH� SRLQWV� �DFXSRLQWV��ZLWK�SV\FKRORJLFDO�H[SRVXUH��7KH�RULJLQ�RI�VXFK�WHFKQLTXHV� WUDFHV� EDFN� WR� SV\FKRORJLVW� 5RJHU��&DOODKDQ¶V�IRUPXODWLRQ�RI�7KRXJKW�)LHOG�7KHUDS\��7)7���&DOODKDQ��&DOODKDQ���������7)7�SURWRFRO�LQYROYHV� UHSHDWHG� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� SUHVVXUH� �³WDS-SLQJ´��WR�D�VHW�RI�DFXSXQFWXUH�SRLQWV�VSHFL¿F�WR�D�condition while the relevant psychological issue is simultaneously mentally activated. A variation

RI� &DOODKDQ¶V� �WHFKQLTXH� KDV�PRUH� UHFHQWO\� EHHQ�GHYHORSHG�FDOOHG�(PRWLRQDO�)UHHGRP�7HFKQLTXHV��()7���*DU\�&UDLJ��������IRUPXODWHG�()7�RQ�WKH�theory that tapping one universal set of acupoints GXULQJ� PHQWDO� DFWLYDWLRQ� FRXOG� \LHOG� HTXDOO\�SRVLWLYH�HIIHFWV�ZLWK�DQ\�JLYHQ�LVVXH��7HFKQLTXHV�such as these have since been referred to under the umbrella term energy psychology��(3��*DOOR�������²D� UHIHUHQFH� WR� WKH� VSHFXODWLRQ� RQ� WKH�mechanisms of EP that has commonly been put IRUZDUG� E\� (3� SUDFWLWLRQHUV�� JLYHQ� WKH� DEVHQFH�of a complete empirically based model of true PHFKDQLVP��VHH�)HLQVWHLQ��������IRU�D�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�WKLV�WRSLF��

$� OLWHUDWXUH� UHYLHZ�RI� UHVHDUFK� LQWR� WKH� HI¿-FDF\� RI� DFXSRLQW� WDSSLQJ� WHFKQLTXHV� �()7� DQG�7)7��LQ�WUHDWLQJ�SV\FKRORJLFDO�GLVRUGHUV�IRXQG����SHHU�UHYLHZHG�VWXGLHV��)HLQVWHLQ������D���2I�WKHVH����� ZHUH� UDQGRPL]HG� FRQWUROOHG� WULDOV� �5&7¶V���7KHVH�5&7¶V�KDYH�SURYLGHG�VXSSRUWLQJ�HYLGHQFH�IRU�WKH�HI¿FDF\�RI�WKHVH�WHFKQLTXHV�LQ�WUHDWLQJ�SV\-FKRORJLFDO��SK\VLRORJLFDO��DQG��SK\VLFDO�V\PSWRPV�

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Energy Psychology ������1RYHPEHU����� Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo?��

DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK��¿EURP\DOJLD��GHSUHVVLRQ��VSHFL¿F�SKRELDV�� SRVWWUDXPDWLF� VWUHVV� GLVRUGHU� �376'���JHQHUDOL]HG� VWUHVV�� SXEOLF� VSHDNLQJ� DQ[LHW\���JHQHUDOL]HG� DQ[LHW\�� DWKOHWLF� SHUIRUPDQFH�� IRRG�FUDYLQJV��DQG�WHVW�DQ[LHW\��:KHUH�IROORZ�XS�REVHU-YDWLRQV� KDYH� EHHQ� FRQGXFWHG�� UHVHDUFKHUV� KDYH�found that gains from these interventions often SHUVLVW�IRU�WLPH�SHULRGV�UDQJLQJ�IURP���PRQWK�WR����PRQWKV��6RPH�RI�WKH�VWXGLHV�KDYH�UHSRUWHG�SDU-ticipants receiving substantial amounts of gain in YHU\�IHZ�WUHDWPHQW�VHVVLRQV��VRPHWLPHV�LQ�D�VLQJOH�VHVVLRQ� �H�J���&KXUFK��3LxD��5HDWHJXL���%URRNV��������6DNDL��&RQQROO\���2DV���������7KH�DFFX-PXODWLQJ�TXDQWLW\�RI�VWDWLVWLFDOO\�VLJQL¿FDQW�UHVXOWV�RQ�WKH�HI¿FDF\�RI�DFXSRLQW�WDSSLQJ²LQFOXGLQJ�LWV�VHHPLQJO\� SRWHQW� HIIHFW� RQ� 376'� LQ� SDUWLFXODU��&KXUFK�HW�DO���������)HLQVWHLQ�������²KDV�GUDZQ�the attention of many psychological research-HUV�RYHU� WKH�SDVW�GHFDGH��DQG� LW�DSSHDUV� WKDW� WKLV�area of research is just beginning to mature. Vari-ous universities and research institutions have QRZ�IXQGHG�PDQ\�VWXGLHV�RQ�WKLV�WRSLF��DQG�()7�has for several psychological conditions met the FULWHULD� UHTXLUHG� E\� WKH�$PHULFDQ� 3V\FKRORJLFDO��$VVRFLDWLRQ¶V�'LYLVLRQ����7DVN�)RUFH�RQ�(PSLUL-FDOO\�9DOLGDWHG�7KHUDSLHV�IRU�DQ�³HYLGHQFH�EDVHG´�SUDFWLFH� �&KXUFK�� �������0RVW� VWXGLHV�� KRZHYHU��are still being performed by proponents of EP WHFKQLTXHV��DQG� WKXV�GR�QRW�DOOHYLDWH� WKH�FRQWHQ-WLRQ� DQG� VXEVHTXHQW� UHVLVWDQFH� IURP� WKH� PDLQ-VWUHDP�VFLHQWL¿F�FRPPXQLW\� WKDW�KDV� VXUURXQGHG�EP since its conception.

7KH� FRQWURYHUV\� VXUURXQGLQJ� (3� WHFKQLTXHV�appears to be due mainly to an incomplete theo-UHWLFDO�PRGHO�RI�WKHLU�PHFKDQLVP��FRPELQHG�ZLWK�UHSRUWV�RI� VHHPLQJO\� LPSODXVLEOH� VSHHG� DQG�HI¿-FDF\�RI� WUHDWPHQW�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� FODLPHG� WKDW� FRQ-WURYHUV\�KDV�EHHQ�H[DFHUEDWHG�E\�D�SDUDGLJPDWLF�FODVK� ZLWKLQ� WKH� :HVWHUQ� VFLHQWL¿F� FRPPXQLW\��)HLQVWHLQ���������7KHUH�KDYH�DOVR�EHHQ�DUJXPHQWV�FRQWHVWLQJ� WKH� UHDOLW\� RI� WKH� SKHQRPHQRQ�� PRVW�QRWDEO\��FLWLQJ�SDUDOOHOV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�WHFKQLTXHV�ZLWK�established cognitive and behavioral treatments �0F&DVOLQ�� ������ DQG� UHVHDUFKHU� ELDV� �3LJQRWWL��7K\HU�� �������$OWKRXJK� WKHVH� DUJXPHQWV� KDYH�DSSHDUHG� LQFUHDVLQJO\� OHVV� VLJQL¿FDQW� LQ� UHFHQW�\HDUV��JLYHQ�WKH�VKHHU�ZHLJKW�RI�HYLGHQFH�VXSSRUW-LQJ�WKH�HI¿FDF\�RI�WKH�WUHDWPHQW��WKH\�DUH�SHUWLQHQW�and are addressed by the present study.

Although the mechanisms by which acupoint WDSSLQJ�WHFKQLTXHV�H[HUW�D�WKHUDSHXWLF�HIIHFW�SV\-FKRORJLFDOO\�KDYH�QRW�EHHQ�FRPSOHWHO\��GHOLQHDWHG��

there have been reports of direct empirical evidence of effects on the brain and autonomic QHUYRXV� V\VWHP�� 6ZLQJOH�� 3XORV�� DQG� 6ZLQJOH��������XWLOL]HG�T((*�PHDVXUHV�WR�UHSRUW�WKDW�SDU-ticipants self-reporting improvement following ()7�WUHDWPHQWV�IRU�376'�V\PSWRPV�DOVR�VKRZHG�increased amplitude of theta brainwaves in the RFFLSXW� DQG� VHQVRU\�PRWRU� FRUWH[�� DV�ZHOO� DV� DQ�DOWHUHG�UDWLR�RI�WKHWD�EHWD�EUDLQZDYHV�LQ�WKH�IURQ-WDO�FRUWH[��LQGLFDWLQJ�PRUH�IURQWDO�OREH�V\PPHWU\��7KHVH� SURFHVVHV� GHVFULEHG� KDYH� EHHQ� DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�UHOLHI�RI�GHSUHVVHG�PRRG�VWDWHV��+HQULTXHV�� 'DYLGVRQ�� ������ DQG� HIIHFWLYH� WUHDWPHQWV� IRU�VWUHVV�UHODWHG� FRQGLWLRQV� �*UHHQ��*UHHQ�� ������DQG� HSLOHSV\� �6WHUPDQ�� ������ 6ZLQJOH�� �������/DPEURX�� 3UDWW�� DQG� &KHYDOLHU� ������� UHSRUWHG�VLPLODU�((*�GDWD�DQG�DOVR�IRXQG�()7�WR�LQFUHDVH�WKHWD� EUDLQ� ZDYH� DFWLYLW\�� )XUWKHUPRUH�� 'LHSROG�DQG�*ROGVWHLQ� ������� FRQGXFWHG� D� VLQJOH�VXEMHFW�FDVH�VWXG\²DOVR�XVLQJ�T((*²RQ�D�ZRPDQ�VXI-IHULQJ�ÀDVKEDFNV�RI�SULRU�DEXVH��$IWHU�VKH�SDUWLFL-SDWHG�LQ�D�VLQJOH�VHVVLRQ�RI�7)7��KHU�EUDLQ�ZDYHV��which had shown statistical abnormality before WKH�VHVVLRQ�ZKLOH�VKH�UHFDOOHG�WUDXPDWLF�PHPRULHV��appeared to be statistically normal during recall. A posttreatment trend toward an increase in delta DQG�WKHWD�EUDLQ�ZDYHV��DQG�GHFUHDVH�LQ�DOSKD�DQG�EHWD��ZDV� DOVR�REVHUYHG��7KLV� WUHQG� UHYHUVHG� WKH�SUHWUHDWPHQW� UHSRUW�� ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� WKH� VXEMHFW�ZDV�REVHUYHG� WR� EH� PRUH� UHOD[HG� GXULQJ� WUDXPDWLF�PHPRU\�UHFDOO��DQG�DW����PRQWK�IROORZ�XS�LQTXLU\�UHSRUWHG�KDYLQJ�EHHQ�HQWLUHO\�IUHH�RI�ÀDVKEDFNV�RU�emotional distress relating to her abuse since her WUHDWPHQW��5HJDUGLQJ�WKH�SK\VLRORJLFDO�HIIHFWV�RI�()7�� DQ�5&7� FRQGXFWHG� E\�&KXUFK��<RXQW�� DQG�%URRNV� ������� IRXQG� D� VLQJOH� KRXU�ORQJ� VHVVLRQ�()7�WR�UHGXFH�VDOLYDU\�FRUWLVRO�PHDVXUHV�VLJQL¿-cantly more than did supportive interviews or a no WUHDWPHQW�JURXS��7KH� HIIHFW� RI�(3� WHFKQLTXHV�RQ�RWKHU�NQRZQ�SK\VLRORJLFDO�FRUUHODWHV�RI�WKHVH�SUR-cesses has yet to be investigated.

2WKHU� VWXGLHV� KDYH� SURYLGHG� PRUH� LQGLUHFW�insights into potential mechanisms. A series of I05,�VWXGLHV�DW�+DUYDUG�KDYH�VKRZQ�DFXSXQFWXUH�QHHGOLQJ�WR�SURGXFH�H[WHQVLYH�GHDFWLYDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�amygdala and other areas of the limbic system �'KRQG��.HWWQHU���1DSDGRZ��������)DQJ�HW�DO��������� +XL� HW� DO��� ������ ������� $� GRXEOH�EOLQG�crossover study has also shown needling to be no more effective than tapping in promoting analge-VLD� �7DNDNXUD��<DMLPD�� ������� VLPLODU� ¿QGLQJV�ZHUH�SURGXFHG�E\�&KHUNLQ�HW�DO����������KRZHYHU��

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Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo? (QHUJ\�3V\FKRORJ\�������1RYHPEHU����� ��

in this study it was unclear whether results were indicative of a placebo effect.

$V�QRWHG�DERYH��SDUDOOHOV�RI�()7�ZLWK�HVWDE-lished therapies have been cited as a possible H[SODQDWLRQ�IRU�LWV�HIIHFWV��6WXGLHV�KDYH�DWWHPSWHG�to determine the effect of treatment ingredients VSHFL¿F� WR�()7�RQ�DQ� LQGLYLGXDO¶V�SV\FKRORJLFDO�ZHOOEHLQJ��:HOOV��3ROJODVH��$QGUHZV��&DUULQJWRQ��DQG�%DNHU� ������� FRQGXFWHG� WKH�¿UVW� VXFK� VWXG\�DQG� IRXQG� VLJQL¿FDQWO\� ODUJHU� LPSURYHPHQWV� LQ�VSHFL¿F� SKRELD� IHDU� ZLWKLQ� DQ� ()7� JURXS� FRP-SDUHG�ZLWK�D�JURXS�XWLOL]LQJ�GLDSKUDJPDWLF�EUHDWK-LQJ��7KHUH�ZHUH�RQO\�WZR�NH\�GLIIHUHQFHV�EHWZHHQ�JURXSV��7KH�()7�JURXS�XWLOL]HG��D��DFXSRLQW�WDS-SLQJ�DQG��E��D�YRFDOL]HG�VHOI�DFFHSWDQFH�VWDWHPHQW��³(YHQ�WKRXJK�,�KDYH�WKLV�IHDU�RI�>SKRELD@��,�GHHSO\�DQG�FRPSOHWHO\�DFFHSW�P\VHOI´��VHH�$SSHQGL[�IRU�WKH�()7�SURWRFRO���,Q�WKHLU�DUWLFOH��WKH�UHVHDUFKHUV�suggested that future research into mechanisms RI�()7� VKRXOG� DWWHPSW� WR� ³GLVPDQWOH´� WKHVH� WZR�SURSHUWLHV�LQ�VHSDUDWH�FRQGLWLRQV��7KH�RQO\�DWWHPSW�that has been made to isolate the acupoint tap-SLQJ�FRPSRQHQW�ZDV�D�VWXG\�E\�:DLWH�DQG�+ROGHU��������� 7KH\� XWLOL]HG� IRXU� FRQGLWLRQV�� ()7�� WDS-SLQJ�RQ�³VKDP´�DFXSRLQWV��WDSSLQJ�RQ�D�GROO��DQG�D�QR�WUHDWPHQW�FRQWURO��$OO�FRQGLWLRQV�H[FHSW� WKH�control condition yielded similar improvement LQ� VXEMHFWLYH� VHOI�UHSRUWHG� IHDU�� 7KH� UHVHDUFKHUV¶�FRQFOXVLRQV� DFNQRZOHGJHG� WKH� SRVVLELOLW\� WKDW�V\VWHPDWLF�GHVHQVLWL]DWLRQ�DQG�GLVWUDFWLRQ�DUH�SUL-mary mediators in the apparent effectiveness of ()7��$�OLPLWDWLRQ�RI�WKLV�PHWKRGRORJ\��DUJXHG�E\�)HLQVWHLQ���������ZDV�WKDW�DFXSRLQWV�PD\�VWLOO�KDYH�EHHQ� VWLPXODWHG� XQGHU� WKH� WZR� ³SODFHER´� FRQGL-WLRQV��)XUWKHUPRUH��WKH�REMHFW�RI�SDUWLFLSDQWV¶�IHDU�ZDV�QRW�SUHVHQW��DV�LQ�:HOOV�HW�DO����������,�DUJXH�WKDW�ZLWKRXW�WKH�REMHFW�RI�IHDU�EHLQJ�SUHVHQW��D�VXE-jective self-report measure of phobia fear is not a SDUWLFXODUO\�YDOLG�PHDVXUH�DQG�ULVNV�VHQVLWLYLW\�WR�demand characteristics effects.

%DNHU�DQG�6LHJHO� �������FRQGXFWHG�D�SDUWLDO�UHSOLFDWLRQ� RI�:HOOV� HW� DO�� �������� \LHOGLQJ� VLPL-ODU� ¿QGLQJV� WR�:HOOV� ZKHQ� FRPSDULQJ� ()7� WR� D�VXSSRUWLYH�LQWHUYLHZ��7KH\�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�IXUWKHU�UHVHDUFK� VKRXOG� H[DPLQH� WKH� EUHDGWK� RI� SV\FKR-ORJLFDO� LVVXHV� WKDW� ()7� LV� HIIHFWLYH� DW� WUHDWLQJ�DQG� WKH� PHFKDQLVPV� E\� ZKLFK� ()7� SURPRWHV�SV\FKRORJLFDO�ZHOOEHLQJ��7KH�SUHVHQW�VWXG\�DLPV�WR� DGGUHVV� WKHVH� VXJJHVWLRQV�� ,Q� FRQVWUXFWLQJ� LWV�GHVLJQ�� ,� FRQVLGHUHG� D� ³GLVPDQWOLQJ´� GHVLJQ� WKDW�separated the self-acceptance statement and acu-SRLQW�WDSSLQJ��DV�VXJJHVWHG�E\�ERWK�:HOOV�HW�DO��DQG�

0F&DVOLQ���������+RZHYHU�� WKH�()7�SUDFWLWLRQHU�involved with this research was uncomfortable with such methodology because of concerns about the emotional wellbeing of control participants. 7KLV��FRPELQHG�ZLWK�SUDFWLFDO�LVVXHV�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH�construction of a structured and coherent control FRQGLWLRQ�WR�PLUURU�WKH�()7�FRQGLWLRQ��PHDQW�WKDW�WKLV� VWXG\�XVHG� D�GHVLJQ� VLPLODU� WR�:HOOV� HW� DO�¶V�in the sense that acupoint tapping and the self-acceptance statements were isolated together ZLWKLQ�D�VLQJOH�FRQGLWLRQ��2EVHUYDWLRQV�VSDQQLQJ�long periods of time were beyond the scope of this GLVVHUWDWLRQ�SURMHFW��VR�,�PHDVXUHG�GHSHQGHQW�YDUL-DEOHV� ��ZHHN� DIWHU� WKH� LQWHUYHQWLRQ� WR� HPXODWH� D�IROORZ�XS� REVHUYDWLRQ� DQG� WR� PLQLPL]H� GHPDQG�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� DQG� H[SHFWDQF\� HIIHFWV� WKDW�PLJKW�EH�H[SHFWHG�LPPHGLDWHO\�SRVWWUHDWPHQW�

7R�LQYHVWLJDWH�IXUWKHU�DVSHFWV�RI�SV\FKRORJL-FDO�IXQFWLRQLQJ�WKDW�PD\�UHDS�EHQH¿WV�IURP�()7��,�H[DPLQHG�WKH�HIIHFWV�RI�()7�RQ�HLJKW�HPRWLRQV�ZLWK� UHJDUG� WR� LQGHSHQGHQW� VWXG\� DW� XQLYHUVLW\��HQMR\PHQW�� KRSH�� SULGH�� DQJHU�� DQ[LHW\�� VKDPH��KRSHOHVVQHVV��DQG�ERUHGRP��3HNUXQ��*RHW]��7LW]��DQG� 3HUU\� ������� HODERUDWHG� WKH� VWXG\� RI� DIIHFW�ZLWKLQ�HGXFDWLRQDO�SV\FKRORJ\�LQ�D�VHULHV�RI�TXDO-LWDWLYH�DQG�TXDQWLWDWLYH�VWXGLHV�WKDW�XVHG�VHFRQG-DU\�VFKRRO�DQG�XQLYHUVLW\�VWXGHQWV��GHPRQVWUDWLQJ�WKDW�DQ[LHW\��WKH�SULPDU\�IRFXV�RI�DIIHFWLYH�VWXG-LHV� LQ� HGXFDWLRQDO� SV\FKRORJ\� XS� WR� WKDW� SRLQW��ZDV�E\�QR�PHDQV�WKH�RQO\�HPRWLRQ�WKDW�LQÀXHQFHG�VWXG\� DWWLWXGHV�� EHKDYLRUV�� DQG� DFKLHYHPHQWV��$OWKRXJK�DQ[LHW\�GLG�DSSHDU� WR�EH� WKH�PRVW� IUH-TXHQWO\�FLWHG��RWKHU�HPRWLRQV�VXFK�DV�HQMR\PHQW��KRSH��DQG�DQJHU�DOVR�DURVH��DQG�SRVLWLYH�HPRWLRQV�ZHUH� FLWHG� MXVW� DV� IUHTXHQWO\� DV� QHJDWLYH� RQHV��'UDZLQJ�XSRQ�WKLV�UHVHDUFK��3HNUXQ��*RHW]��)UHQ-]HO�� %DUFKIHOG�� DQG� 3HUU\� ������� GHYHORSHG� WKH�$FKLHYHPHQW� �(PRWLRQV� 4XHVWLRQQDLUH� �$(4���XVHG�LQ�WKH� �SUHVHQW�VWXG\��ZLWK�WKH�DLP�RI�PHDV-XULQJ� D� EURDG� PL[WXUH� RI� SRVLWLYH� DQG� QHJDWLYH�HPRWLRQV�� ,WV� DSSOLFDWLRQ� KDV� \LHOGHG� VLJQL¿FDQW�relationships between the emotions it claims to PHDVXUH�DQG�PRWLYDWLRQ��OHDUQLQJ�VWUDWHJLHV��FRJ-QLWLYH� UHVRXUFHV�� VHOI�UHJXODWLRQ�� DQG� DFDGHPLF�DFKLHYHPHQW��7KH�UHODWLRQVKLSV�RI�PDQ\�RI�WKHVH�HPRWLRQV�KDYH�EHHQ�VWURQJHU�WKDQ�WKDW�RI�DQ[LHW\��3HNUXQ�HW�DO����������7HVWLQJ�D�WKHRUHWLFDO�PRGHO�of the relationship of achievement goals and achievement emotions with performance attain-PHQW��3HNUXQ��(OOLRW��DQG�0DLHU��������IRXQG�WKHLU�PRGHO�WR�EH�VXSSRUWHG�E\�WKHLU�¿QGLQJV��$FKLHYH-ment goals were found to predict achievement

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Energy Psychology ������1RYHPEHU����� Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo?��

HPRWLRQV��DQG��DFKLHYHPHQW��HPRWLRQV�ZHUH�IRXQG�WR� SUHGLFW� �SHUIRUPDQFH� DWWDLQPHQW��6HYHQ�RI� WKH�HLJKW� DFKLHYHPHQW� HPRWLRQV� VWXGLHG� �H[FOXG-LQJ� HQMR\PHQW�� ZHUH� IRXQG� WR� PHGLDWH� WKH� relationship between achievement goals and per-IRUPDQFH� DWWDLQPHQW�� 7KHVH� ¿QGLQJV� KDYH� EHHQ�FRUURERUDWHG� E\� UHVHDUFKHUV� VXFK� DV� 'HWWPHUV�HW�DO����������ZKR�IRXQG�XQSOHDVDQW�HPRWLRQV�GXU-LQJ� KRPHZRUN� �PHDVXUHG� XVLQJ� WKH�$(4�� WR� EH�QHJDWLYHO\� UHODWHG� WR� KRPHZRUN� HIIRUW� DQG� DOVR�to negatively predict later achievement. As noted E\� 2S¶W� (\QGH� DQG� 7XUQHU� �������� HPRWLRQV� LQ� general would appear to be “an integral part of learning in close interaction with conative and FRJQLWLYH�SURFHVVHV´��S�������

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UDQJH�� 2WKHU� UHVHDUFK� KDV� GRFXPHQWHG� SRVLWLYH��ORQJ�WHUP�HIIHFWV�RI�()7�RQ�JHQHUDO�DQ[LHW\�DQG�depression—negative emotional states that could reasonably be associated with the stress of uni-YHUVLW\� VWXG\� �&KXUFK�� %URRNV�� ������ 3DOPHU�+RIIPDQ��%URRNV��������5RZH��������7HPSOH��0ROORQ���������6RPH�RI� WKHVH� VWXGLHV�KDYH�EHHQ�UHODWLYHO\�XQFRQWUROOHG��KRZHYHU��1RQHWKHOHVV��WKH�HPSLULFDO� OLWHUDWXUH� GHVFULEHG� VXJJHVWV� WKDW� ()7�may be effective in reducing the intensity of nega-tive emotions over a long-term basis.

Mindfulness is a construct that is steeped in WUDGLWLRQDO�%XGGKLVW�SUDFWLFH��EXW�LW�KDV�EHHQ�VXE-MHFW�WR�LQFUHDVLQJ�SRSXODULW\�LQ�ERWK�:HVWHUQ�SV\-chology and mainstream society in recent years. 0LQGIXOQHVV�EDVHG�LQWHUYHQWLRQV��RIWHQ�LQYROYLQJ�PHGLWDWLRQ�� KDYH� EHHQ� VKRZQ� WR� EH� HI¿FDFLRXV�in promoting positive psychological well-being and providing relief from negative psychologi-FDO�VWDWHV�VXFK�DV�GHSUHVVLRQ�DQG�DQ[LHW\��.HQJ��6PRVNL�� � 5RELQV�� ������ .ODLQLQ�<REDV�� &KR���&UHHG\�� ������9¡OOHVWDG��1LHOVHQ���1LHOVHQ���������7ZR� NH\� FRPSRQHQWV� RI�PLQGIXOQHVV� DUH�awareness�RI�RQH¶V�RZQ�WKRXJKWV��HPRWLRQV��DQG�bodily feeling and acceptance�RU��LQ�RWKHU�ZRUGV��being nonjudgmental or nonanalytical of such H[SHULHQFHV� DQG�PHUHO\� REVHUYLQJ� WKHP� DV� WKH\�DUH��%URZQ��5\DQ���&UHVZHOO��������.DEDW�=LQQ��������� ()7� SURWRFRO� �VHH�$SSHQGL[�� DSSHDUV� WR�XWLOL]H�VXFK�DVSHFWV�RI�PLQGIXOQHVV��)RU�H[DPSOH��GXULQJ� ()7� WKH� LQGLYLGXDO� LV� LQYLWHG� WR� EHFRPH�aware of the emotions or bodily sensations that he or she feels with regard to the issue being addressed. Acceptance of such feelings is also HQFRXUDJHG��H�J���VD\LQJ�WKH�SKUDVH�³,�GHHSO\�ORYH�DQG� DFFHSW� P\VHOI´��� ,W� LV� UHDVRQDEOH� WKHUHIRUH�WR� VXSSRVH� WKDW� WKH� XWLOL]DWLRQ�� RU� FXOWLYDWLRQ�� RI�PLQGIXOQHVV�VNLOOV�FRXOG�SOD\�D�UROH� LQ�DQ\�VDOX-WDU\�HIIHFWV�RI�()7�

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Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo? (QHUJ\�3V\FKRORJ\�������1RYHPEHU����� ��

WKH��SRWHQWLDO�UROH�RI�PLQGIXOQHVV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�()7�SURFHVV��$IWHU��HYDOXDWLQJ�WKH��OLWHUDWXUH��,�K\SRWK-HVL]HG�WKDW�()7�JURXS�SDUWLFLSDQWV�ZRXOG�H[SH-ULHQFH�VLJQL¿FDQWO\�JUHDWHU�GHFUHDVH�LQ�QHJDWLYH�HPRWLRQV�UHODWHG�WR�VWXG\LQJ�WKDQ�FRQWUROV��+����()7� JURXS� SDUWLFLSDQWV� ZRXOG� H[SHULHQFH� VLJ-QL¿FDQWO\� JUHDWHU� LQFUHDVH� LQ� SRVLWLYH� HPRWLRQV�UHODWHG�WR�VWXG\LQJ�WKDQ�FRQWUROV��+����DQG�PLQG-fulness would moderate or mediate any observed HIIHFWV�RI�()7��+���

MethodParticipants

7KH� VWXG\� XWLOL]HG� DQ� RSSRUWXQLW\� VDPSOH�of second- or third-year undergraduate students �n �������PHQ�����ZRPHQ��PHDQ�M� �������\HDUV��DW�/LYHUSRRO�-RKQ�0RRUHV�8QLYHUVLW\��3DUWLFLSDQWV�ZHUH� DSSURDFKHG� YLD� H�PDLO�� WH[W� PHVVDJLQJ�� RU�ZRUG�RI�PRXWK��6RPH�SDUWLFLSDQWV�ZHUH�NQRZQ�WR�the researcher.

Measures7KH� EHWZHHQ�SDUWLFLSDQWV� YDULDEOH� FRQVLVWHG�

RI� WZR� FRQGLWLRQV�� ()7� JURXS� �n � ���� �� PHQ���� ZRPHQ�� M� � ����� \HDUV�� DQG� FRQWURO� JURXS��n �������PHQ����ZRPHQ��M� ������\HDUV���3DU-ticipants were randomly assigned to groups via FRLQ� WRVV²RQFH� RQH� JURXS� TXRWD� RI� ��� SDUWLFL-SDQWV�KDG�EHHQ�¿OOHG��UHPDLQLQJ�SDUWLFLSDQWV�ZHUH�DVVLJQHG�WR�WKH�RWKHU�JURXS��'HSHQGHQW�YDULDEOHV�were measured immediately before the interven-WLRQ��7���DQG���GD\V�DIWHU�WKH�LQWHUYHQWLRQ��7����7R�PLQLPL]H� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� LQÀXHQFH� RI� H[SHFWDQF\�RU�GHPDQG�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�HIIHFWV�RQ�SDUWLFLSDQWV¶�XOWLPDWH�RXWFRPHV��,�GLG�QRW�WDNH�PHDVXUHV�LPPH-GLDWHO\�IROORZLQJ�WKH�LQWHUYHQWLRQ��7KHUH�ZHUH�QLQH�GHSHQGHQW� YDULDEOHV²VWXG\�UHODWHG� HQMR\PHQW��KRSH��SULGH��DQJHU��DQ[LHW\��VKDPH��KRSHOHVVQHVV��DQG�ERUHGRP��DV�ZHOO�DV�PLQGIXOQHVV�

Emotions related to studying were measured XVLQJ� WKH� $FKLHYHPHQW� (PRWLRQV� 4XHVWLRQQDLUH��$(4�� 3HNUXQ� HW� DO��� ������� )RU� WKLV� VWXG\�� WKH�&ODVV�5HODWHG� DQG� ([DP�5HODWHG� (PRWLRQV� VHF-WLRQV� ZHUH� GLVFDUGHG�� 7KH� 6WXG\�5HODWHG� (PR-WLRQV� VHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� VFDOH� ���� LWHPV�� PHDVXUHV�HQMR\PHQW�� KRSH�� SULGH�� DQJHU�� DQ[LHW\�� VKDPH��KRSHOHVVQHVV�� DQG� ERUHGRP�� 7KH� VXEVFDOHV� DUH�LQWHUQDOO\� FRQVLVWHQW� �ĮV� � ���±������ FRQ¿UPD-WRU\� IDFWRU� DQDO\VLV� VKRZV� WKHP� LQWHUQDOO\�YDOLG��DQG�WKHLU�H[WHUQDO�YDOLGLW\�KDV�EHHQ�GHPRQVWUDWHG�

in terms of relationships with student control-YDOXH� DSSUDLVDOV� �3HNUXQ�� ������� OHDUQLQJ�� DQG��SHUIRUPDQFH��3HNUXQ�HW�DO����������7KLV�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�TXHVWLRQQDLUH�LV�GLYLGHG�LQWR�WKUHH��VXEVHFWLRQV��KRZ�RQH�W\SLFDOO\�IHHOV�EHIRUH�VWXG\��GXULQJ�VWXG\��DQG� DIWHU� VWXG\��:LWKLQ� WKHVH� VHFWLRQV�� DOO� LWHPV�ZHUH� VKXIÀHG� VR� WKDW� LWHPV�DERXW�GLIIHUHQW� HPR-WLRQV� ZHUH� PL[HG� WRJHWKHU�� 5HVSRQVHV� WR� VWDWH-PHQWV�ZHUH�UHFRUGHG�XVLQJ�D���SRLQW�/LNHUW�VFDOH��ZLWK� DQVZHUV� UDQJLQJ� IURP��� �strongly agree�� WR����strongly disagree���0HDQ�VFRUHV�IRU�HDFK�HPR-WLRQ� VXEVFDOH�ZHUH� WDNHQ�� WKH�PLQLPXP�SRVVLEOH�VFRUH�LV����WKH�PD[LPXP���

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ProceduresParticipants underwent the procedure individ-

XDOO\��7KH\�¿UVW�FRPSOHWHG�WKH�$(4�DQG�3+/06��7KH\� ZHUH� DVNHG� ZKHWKHU� WKH\� KDG� HYHU� KHDUG�RI� ()7� EHIRUH� �LI� DQ\� SDUWLFLSDQWV� KDG� KHDUG� RI�()7��WKHLU�GDWD�ZRXOG�KDYH�EHHQ�RPLWWHG�IURP�WKH�DQDO\VLV���7KH\�ZHUH� WKHQ� UHPLQGHG� WKDW� WKH� IRO-ORZLQJ�VHVVLRQ�ZDV�HQWLUHO\�FRQ¿GHQWLDO��DQG� WKH�UHVHDUFKHU�OHIW�WKH�URRP��OHDYLQJ�WKHP�DORQH�ZLWK�WKH�()7�SUDFWLWLRQHU�IRU����PLQ��3DUWLFLSDQWV�HLWKHU�XQGHUZHQW�()7�UHODWLQJ�WR�WKHLU�VWXG\�UHODWHG�HPR-WLRQV� RU� XQGHUZHQW� WKH� FRQWURO� FRQGLWLRQ�� ZKLFK�ZDV�LGHQWLFDO�WR�WKH�()7�FRQGLWLRQ�ZLWK�WKH�H[FHS-WLRQ� WKDW� XWLOL]DWLRQ� RI� DFXSRLQW� WDSSLQJ� DQG� WKH�VHOI�DFFHSWDQFH� VWDWHPHQWV� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� RI� ()7��H�J��� ³(YHQ� WKRXJK� ,� KDYH� WKLV� >WKRXJKW�IHHOLQJ�EHOLHI@��,¶P�2.�DQG�,¶P�KHUH�QRZ´��ZHUH�QRW�XVHG��,QVWHDG��SDUWLFLSDQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�WR�VLPSO\�REVHUYH�how the emotion felt in their body and sometimes invited to imagine sending a breath toward any GLVFRPIRUW� IHOW� �IRU� D� PRUH� GHWDLOHG� GHVFULSWLRQ�RI�WKH�JURXS�SURFHGXUHV�VHH�$SSHQGL[���()7�ZDV�GHOLYHUHG�ZLWK�¿GHOLW\�WR�The EFT Manual �&UDLJ���������$OO� VWXG\� SDUWLFLSDQWV� ¿OOHG� RXW� WKH�$(4�

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Energy Psychology ������1RYHPEHU����� Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo?��

DQG�3+/06�DJDLQ�DW�KRPH���GD\V�DIWHU�UHFHLYLQJ�the intervention.

Practitioner7KH�()7�SUDFWLWLRQHU��5XWK�)R[��LV�DFFUHGLWHG�

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Results1RQH�RI�WKH�SDUWLFLSDQWV�KDG�KHDUG�RI�()7�SULRU�

WR� WKH� VWXG\�� 7KH� t tests found none of the emo-WLRQ�PHDVXUH�RU�PLQGIXOQHVV� WR� VLJQL¿FDQWO\�GLIIHU�EHWZHHQ� WKH� JURXSV� DW� 7�� �pV� � ����±������� RQO\�SULGH�DSSURDFKHG�VLJQL¿FDQFH��p ��������7KH�IRFXV�RI�WKH�VWDWLVWLFDO�DQDO\VLV�ZDV�WR�ORRN�IRU�VLJQL¿FDQW�*URXS� !� 7LPH� LQWHUDFWLRQV� ZLWKLQ� HDFK� GHSHQG-HQW�YDULDEOH� WR�GHWHUPLQH�ZKHWKHU�()7� UHVXOWHG� LQ�VLJQL¿FDQWO\� ODUJHU� SUH�� WR� SRVWWHVW� GLIIHUHQFHV� LQ�study-related emotions in that group than in the control condition. Assumptions for parametric test-ing were met for two of the dependent variables WKDW�\LHOGHG�VLJQL¿FDQW�*URXS�!�7LPH�LQWHUDFWLRQV��$�6KDSLUR�:LON¶V�WHVW�VKRZHG�HQMR\PHQW�DQG�KRSH�WR�EH�QRUPDOO\�GLVWULEXWHG��pV�!����� DQG�/HYHQH¶V�test showed the variances amongst these variables to EH�HTXDO��pV� ����±������6XEVHTXHQW�DQDO\VLV�XVLQJ�D�PL[HG�DQDO\VLV�RI�YDULDQFH��$129$��UHYHDOHG�WKH�*URXS�!�7LPH�LQWHUDFWLRQ�IRU�HQMR\PHQW�WR�EH�VLJ-QL¿FDQW��7KLV�LQWHUDFWLRQ�VKRZHG�D�IDLUO\�ODUJH�HIIHFW�VL]H��F�������� ��������p ��������SDUWLDO�Ș�� ������7KH�LQWHUDFWLRQ�IRU�KRSH�ZDV�DOVR�VLJQL¿FDQW��\LHOGLQJ�D�PRGHUDWH�HIIHFW�VL]H��F�������� �������p �������SDUWLDO Ș�� ������7KH�DVVXPSWLRQ�RI�KRPRJHQHLW\�RI�YDULDQFH�ZDV�YLRODWHG�ZLWKLQ�7� data for the variables anger �p ������DQG�VKDPH��p �������$V�WKH�JURXS�VDPSOH�VL]HV�ZHUH�HTXDO��KRZHYHU��WKH�UHVHDUFKHU�SURFHHGHG�ZLWK�SDUDPHWULF�DQDO\VHV��7KH�*URXS�!�7LPH�LQWHU-DFWLRQ�IRU�DQJHU�ZDV�VLJQL¿FDQW��\LHOGLQJ�D�PHGLXP�HIIHFW�VL]H��F�������� �������p �������SDUWLDO�Ș�� ������WKH�LQWHUDFWLRQ�IRU�VKDPH�ZDV�DOVR�VLJQL¿FDQW��DOVR�\LHOGLQJ� D� PHGLXP� HIIHFW� VL]H�� F���� ���� � ������p �������SDUWLDO�Ș�� ������*URXS�!�7LPH�LQWHUDFWLRQV�for all other emotion measures and mindfulness were QRW� VLJQL¿FDQW�� 1R� VLJQL¿FDQW� PDLQ� HIIHFWV� ZHUH�found for either group or time on any of the emo-WLRQ�PHDVXUHV��$129$V�ZHUH�DOVR�SHUIRUPHG�RQ�WKH�individual Awareness and Acceptance dimensions of WKH�3+/06��EXW�\LHOGHG�QR�VLJQL¿FDQW�LQWHUDFWLRQV�

$GGLWLRQDOO\�� WR� VHH� ZKHWKHU� EDVHOLQH� �OHYHOV�of mindfulness bore any relationship with par-WLFLSDQWV¶�UHVSRQVLYHQHVV�WR�WKH��LQWHUYHQWLRQ��,�FDO-FXODWHG� �3HDUVRQ¶V� r for the relationship between EDVHOLQH� �7��� VFRUHV� RI�PLQGIXOQHVV� DQG� WKH� GLI-IHUHQFHV� LQ� HPRWLRQ� VFRUHV� EHWZHHQ� 7�� DQG� 7�. 1R� VLJQL¿FDQW� FRUUHODWLRQV� ZHUH� IRXQG� IRU� DQ\�HPRWLRQ� LWHPV�� KRZHYHU��7KLV�ZDV� WKH� FDVH� ERWK�when all study participants were grouped together DQG�ZKHQ�HDFK�JURXS�ZDV�DQDO\]HG�VHSDUDWHO\��+� would therefore appear to be unsupported by the ¿QGLQJV�RI�WKLV�VWXG\�

Post hoc analysis was performed using paired samples t�WHVWV��VHH�7DEOH�����()7�SDUWLFLSDQWV�VLJ-QL¿FDQWO\�GLIIHUHG�EHWZHHQ�7��DQG�7� on all emo-WLRQV�H[FHSW�SULGH��DOO�FKDQJHV�ZHUH�LQ�D�EHQH¿FLDO�GLUHFWLRQ��7KH�RQO\�VLJQL¿FDQW�GLIIHUHQFH�EHWZHHQ�7�� DQG� 7� among control participants was on HQMR\PHQW��ZKLFK�GHFUHDVHG�

7R� DFFRXQW� IRU� LQGLYLGXDO� GLIIHUHQFHV� LQ� WKH�particular emotions addressed by the sessions �DV� GLVFXVVHG� EHORZ��� ,� DOVR� JURXSHG� HPRWLRQV�into positive emotions and negative emotions and DQDO\]HG� WKHP�� )RU� SRVLWLYH� HPRWLRQV�� D� PHDQ�score was calculated from enjoyment, KRSH�� DQG�pride. Pride ZDV� LQWHUSUHWHG�DV�SRVLWLYH�� DV�SULGH VWDWHPHQWV�RQ� WKH�$(4�DSSHDU� WR� UHSUHVHQW�SRVL-WLYH�VWDWHV�RI� VHOI�IXO¿OOPHQW� �H�J��� ³,� WKLQN� ,�FDQ�EH� SURXG� RI� P\� DFFRPSOLVKPHQWV� DW� VWXG\LQJ´��³:KHQ� ,� VROYH� D� GLI¿FXOW� SUREOHP� LQ�P\� VWXG\-LQJ�� P\� KHDUW� EHDWV� ZLWK� SULGH´��� DV� RSSRVHG� WR�UHSUHVHQWLQJ�VWDWHV�RI�DUURJDQFH��DV�FRXOG�DOVR�EH�implied by the term pride��)RU�QHJDWLYH�HPRWLRQV��D�PHDQ�VFRUH�ZDV�FDOFXODWHG�IURP�DQJHU��DQ[LHW\��VKDPH��KRSHOHVVQHVV��DQG�ERUHGRP�

After being grouped into positive emotions DQG�QHJDWLYH�HPRWLRQV��DOO�GDWD�ZHUH�IRXQG�WR�EH�QRUPDOO\� GLVWULEXWHG� �pV� !� ������ 9DULDQFHV� ZHUH�IRXQG� WR� EH� HTXDO� IRU� SRVLWLYH� HPRWLRQV� DW� 7���F�������� �������p !�����DQG�7���F�������� �������p !������DQG�QHJDWLYH�HPRWLRQV�DW�7���F�������� �������p !������7KLV�DVVXPSWLRQ�ZDV�YLRODWHG�IRU�QHJDWLYH�HPRWLRQV�DW�7���F�������� �������p �������$�PL[HG�$129$� ZDV� SHUIRUPHG�� \LHOGLQJ� VLJQL¿FDQW�*URXS� !� 7LPH� LQWHUDFWLRQV� DQG� PRGHUDWH� HIIHFW�VL]HV�IRU�ERWK�SRVLWLYH�HPRWLRQV��F�������� �������p �� ����� SDUWLDO�Ș�� � ����� DQG� QHJDWLYH� HPRWLRQV��F�������� �������p �������SDUWLDO�Ș�� ������*URXS�DQG�time main effects for these two dependent vari-DEOHV�ZHUH� DOO� QRQVLJQL¿FDQW�� KRZHYHU�� WKH�PDLQ�effect for time for negative emotions approached VLJQL¿FDQFH��F�������� �������p ������

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Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo? (QHUJ\�3V\FKRORJ\�������1RYHPEHU����� ��

Table 1: Dependent Variables Before (T1 ) and After (T2 ) Treatment

Variable T1 T2 t p

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Post hoc analysis was performed on posi-tive emotions and negative emotions using paired-sample t WHVWV��VHH�7DEOH�����3RVLWLYH�HPR-tions increased and negative emotions decreased IURP�7��WR�7��DPRQJ�()7�SDUWLFLSDQWV��ERWK�ZHUH�VLJQL¿FDQW� �pV� �� ������1R� VLJQL¿FDQW� GLIIHUHQFHV�ZHUH� IRXQG� EHWZHHQ� 7�� DQG� 7� among control participants for either positive emotions or nega-WLYH� HPRWLRQV�� 7KHVH� ¿QGLQJV� OHQG� VXSSRUW� IRU�

ERWK�+��DQG�+���7KHUH�ZHUH�QR�GURSRXWV��DQG�QR�adverse events were reported by participants.

DiscussionAnalysis of the data gathered in the present

VWXG\� IRXQG� ()7� WR� EH� VWDWLVWLFDOO\� VXSHULRU� WR�WKH� FRQWURO� FRQGLWLRQ� DW� LQFUHDVLQJ� SDUWLFLSDQWV¶�self-perceived levels of study-related enjoyment

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Energy Psychology ������1RYHPEHU����� Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo?��

and hope and decreasing self-perceived levels RI� VWXG\�UHODWHG� DQJHU� DQG� VKDPH�� 6WDWLVWLFDO��VXSHULRULW\�RI�()7�ZDV�DOVR�REVHUYHG�ERWK�ZKHQ�all positive emotions and all negative emotions ZHUH�JURXSHG�LQWR�VLQJXODU�YDULDEOHV��5HVXOWV�IURP�t WHVWV� VKRZHG� WKDW� SDUWLFLSDQWV¶� VHOI�SHUFHSWLRQ�RI� QHDUO\� DOO� HPRWLRQ� YDULDEOHV� �ZLWK� WKH� H[FHS-WLRQ�RI�SULGH��VLJQL¿FDQWO\�GLIIHUHG�DIWHU�()7��$OO�REVHUYHG�FKDQJHV�LQ�WKH�()7�JURXS�ZHUH�LQ�D�EHQ-H¿FLDO� GLUHFWLRQ�� WKDW� LV�� DQJHU�ZDV� UHGXFHG�� DQG�HQMR\PHQW�ZDV�LQFUHDVHG��7KHVH�¿QGLQJV�VXSSRUW�+�� DQG� +��� 0LQGIXOQHVV� GLG� QRW� VKRZ� DQ\� VLJ-QL¿FDQW� UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWK� RWKHU� YDULDEOHV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�GDWD��DQG� WKXV�+� would appear to be unsup-SRUWHG��)LQGLQJV�SUHVHQWHG�KHUH�VXJJHVW�WKDW�()7�may be a useful tool for both regulating negative and cultivating positive emotions associated with LQGHSHQGHQW� VWXG\� DW� D� XQLYHUVLW\� OHYHO�� ,Q� OLJKW�RI� WKHVH� ¿QGLQJV� DQG� UHVHDUFK� E\� 3HNUXQ� HW� DO���������������DQG�'HWWPHUV�HW�DO����������()7�PD\�therefore be useful in assisting students to engage with studies and potentially achieve more posi-WLYH� DFDGHPLF� RXWFRPHV�� ,W� LV� SRVVLEOH� WKDW� ()7�may be particularly effective at addressing study-UHODWHG� HQMR\PHQW�� KRSH�� DQJHU�� DQG� VKDPH��7KH�DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� DFXSRLQW� WDSSLQJ�� DORQJ� ZLWK� WKH�YRFDOL]DWLRQ� RI� WKH� SKUDVH� ³HYHQ� WKRXJK� ,� KDYH�WKLV�>WKRXJKW�IHHOLQJ�EHOLHI@��,¶P�2.�DQG�,¶P�KHUH�QRZ´�PD\�EH� WKH�SULPDU\�FDXVH�RI� WKH�REVHUYHG�HIIHFWV��ZKLFK�ZRXOG�DSSHDU�WR�SHUVLVW�EH\RQG�WKH�LPPHGLDWH�FRQFOXVLRQ�RI�()7�

,W� LV� QRW� FOHDU� ZK\� WKH� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� ()7�\LHOGHG�VLJQL¿FDQW�FKDQJHV� LQ�HQMR\PHQW��KRSH��DQJHU��DQG�VKDPH��VSHFL¿FDOO\��WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�FLWHG�SUHYLRXVO\�KDV�VXJJHVWHG�DQ[LHW\�WR�EH�WKH�PRVW�OLNHO\� YDULDEOH� WR� VKRZ� VLJQL¿FDQW� FKDQJH�� ,W� LV�SRVVLEOH� WKDW� WKHVH�¿QGLQJV� LOOXVWUDWH� LQGLYLGXDO�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�WKH�FRQWHQW�RI�WKH�()7�VHVVLRQV�LQ�WKLV�VWXG\��)RU�H[DPSOH��PRUH�SDUWLFLSDQWV�FRXOG�have spent the majority of the session focusing RQ� VWXG\�UHODWHG� DQJHU�� IHZHU� FRXOG� KDYH� VSHQW�WKH� VHVVLRQ� IRFXVLQJ� SUHGRPLQDQWO\� RQ� DQ[LHW\��:LWK�WKLV�LQ�PLQG��LW�LV�LQ�IDFW�VXUSULVLQJ�WKDW�WKH�HPRWLRQ�YDULDEOHV�\LHOGHG�DQ\�VLJQL¿FDQW�HIIHFWV�DW� DOO�� HVSHFLDOO\� JLYHQ� WKH� VPDOO� VDPSOH� VL]H��7KLV� VXJJHVWV� D� SRVVLELOLW\� WKDW� ()7� FDQ� HIIHF-tively address various affective components of DQ�LVVXH�VLPXOWDQHRXVO\��UHJDUGOHVV�RI�WKH�SDUWLF-XODU�IRFXV�RI�WKH�VHVVLRQ��7KLV�LGHD�LV�VXSSRUWHG�E\� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� VLJQL¿FDQW�*URXS�!�7LPH� LQWHU-actions were still obtained when these emotion variables were combined with other positive or

QHJDWLYH� VXEVFDOHV� LQ� ZKLFK� WKH�*URXS�!� 7LPH�LQWHUDFWLRQV�ZHUH�GHHPHG� WR�EH� LQVLJQL¿FDQW�� ,Q�IDFW�� WKH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� VLJQL¿FDQFH� OHYHO� IRU�QHJD-tive emotions was found to be stronger—and WR�\LHOG�D� ODUJHU�HIIHFW� VL]H²WKDQ� WKDW�RI�HLWKHU anger or shame.

7KH�¿QGLQJV�KHUH�VXJJHVW�WKDW�WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�of acupoint tapping with simultaneous vocali-]DWLRQ� RI� WKH� SKUDVH� ³HYHQ� WKRXJK� ,� KDYH� WKLV�>WKRXJKW�IHHOLQJ�EHOLHI@�� ,¶P� 2.� DQG� ,¶P� KHUH�QRZ´� LV� WULJJHULQJ� D� SV\FKRORJLFDO� PHFKDQLVP�WKDW� VXEVHTXHQWO\� OHDGV� WR� DQ� HQKDQFHG� VHQVH� RI�SV\FKRORJLFDO�ZHOOEHLQJ��7KHUH�DUH�FRQFHLYDEO\�D�QXPEHU� RI� SRWHQWLDO� H[WUDQHRXV� YDULDEOHV� ZLWKLQ�WKLV�HIIHFW��WKHVH�DUH�DGGUHVVHG�KHUH��7KH�VLPLODUL-ties among between-groups conditions within the present study refute the idea that this effect could EH�PHUHO\�GXH� WR�D� VXSSRUWLYH� LQWHUYLHZ�� ,W�PXVW�EH�FRQFHGHG��KRZHYHU��WKDW�LI�()7�ZDV�PRUH�HI¿-FDFLRXV� DW� DOWHULQJ� WKH� LPPHGLDWH� H[SHULHQFH� RI�HPRWLRQDO�GLVFRPIRUWV��WKH�VXEVHTXHQW�GLVFXVVLRQ�FRXOG� KDYH�PRYHG� DORQJ�PRUH� UDSLGO\�� WKHUHIRUH�DGGUHVVLQJ� PRUH� LVVXHV²WKLV� FRXOG� LQÀXHQFH�VXEVHTXHQW� GLIIHUHQFHV� LQ� HPRWLRQV� REVHUYHG�� ,W�must also be conceded that individual differences LQ� SDUWLFLSDQWV¶� UHVSRQVLYHQHVV� WR� WKH� LQWHUYHQ-WLRQ�FRXOG�H[SODLQ�WKH�JURXS�GLIIHUHQFHV��,W�VHHPV�XQOLNHO\� WKDW� WKH� REVHUYHG� VDOXWDU\� HIIHFWV� ZHUH�SXUHO\�D�UHVXOW�RI�H[SHFWDQF\�RU�SODFHER�HIIHFW��DV�participants were blind as to whether they were UHFHLYLQJ�DQ�()7�WUHDWPHQW�RU�QRW��7KLV�FDQQRW�EH�FHUWDLQ²LW�PD\�EH�WKDW�WKH�()7�SURFHGXUH��LQYROY-LQJ�VRPDWLF�HOHPHQWV��DSSHDUHG�PRUH�VXEVWDQWLYH�WR�SDUWLFLSDQWV��+RZHYHU��WKH�RSSRVLWH�FRXOG�DOVR�IHDVLEO\�EH�WKH�FDVH��7KH�()7�SUDFWLWLRQHU�UHFDOOHG�WKDW� LWV� XQIDPLOLDULW\� DQG� EL]DUUH� SURFHGXUH� KDV�LQ� IDFW� EHHQ� NQRZQ� WR� PDNH� SHRSOH� IHHO� TXLWH� uncomfortable—this could potentially instigate a QRFHER�HIIHFW��7KLV�ZRXOG�DOVR�PDNH� WKH� LGHD�RI�DIIHFWLYH�WRXFK�VHHP�XQOLNHO\�

5HJDUGLQJ� WKH� HIIHFW� RI� DFXSRLQW� WDSSLQJ� LQ�SDUWLFXODU�� WKH� RQO\� RWKHU� VXEVWDQWLYH� GLIIHUHQFH�between the procedures of each condition was the UHSHDWHG� YRFDOL]DWLRQ� E\� WKH� SDUWLFLSDQW� RI� YDUL-RXV�VHOI�DFFHSWDQFH�SKUDVHV��WKDW�LV��³(YHQ�WKRXJK�,�KDYH�WKLV�DQ[LHW\�DERXW�P\�XSFRPLQJ�H[DP��,¶P�2.�DQG�,¶P�KHUH�QRZ�´�,Q�DGGUHVVLQJ�ZKHWKHU�WKLV�YRFDOL]DWLRQ� FRXOG� LQ� IDFW� EH� WKH� SULPDU\� FDXVH�of the observed effects rather than acupoint tap-SLQJ�� RQH� VKRXOG� UHIHU� WR� SUHYLRXVO\� SXEOLVKHG�studies on the intriguing therapeutic effect of ()7� RQ� 376'� �&KXUFK� HW� DO��� ������ )HLQVWHLQ��

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Tapping: Active Ingredient or Inert Placebo? (QHUJ\�3V\FKRORJ\�������1RYHPEHU����� ��

������� &RQVLGHULQJ� WKH� ¿QGLQJV� RI� WKHVH� 376'�VWXGLHV�� LW� VWDQGV� WR�UHDVRQ� WKDW� LI� LW�ZHUH�PHUHO\�WKH� �YRFDOL]DWLRQ�RI� VHOI�DI¿UPLQJ� VWDWHPHQWV� WKDW�was the primary cause of the effects seen in these VWXGLHV�� WKHQ� WUDGLWLRQDO� SV\FKRWKHUDS\�ZRXOG�EH�TXLWH� VXI¿FLHQW� �DQG� HI¿FLHQW�� DW� WUHDWLQJ� 376'��7UHDWLQJ� 376'�ZLWK� SV\FKRWKHUDS\� LV�� KRZHYHU��XVXDOO\�D�ORQJ�DQG�JUDGXDO�SURFHVV��,W�LV�WKHUHIRUH�reasonable to conclude that this is not the case in the present study and that the observed effects are OLNHO\�WR�KDYH�DULVHQ�DW�OHDVW�SDUWLDOO\�DV�D�UHVXOW�RI�the application of acupoint tapping.

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References%DNHU��$��+����6LHJHO��/��6����������(PRWLRQDO�)UHHGRP�7HFK-QLTXHV� �()7�� UHGXFHV� LQWHQVH� IHDUV�� $� SDUWLDO� UHSOLFDWLRQ�DQG� H[WHQVLRQ�RI�:HOOV��3ROJODVH��$QGUHZV��&DUULQJWRQ���%DNHU��Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment,

2�������±���%HQRU��'��-���/HGJHU��.���7RXVVDLQW��/���+HWW��*����=DFFDUR��'���������� 3LORW� VWXG\� RI� (PRWLRQDO� )UHHGRP� 7HFKQLTXHV��:KROLVWLF�+\EULG�'HULYHG�)URP�(\H�0RYHPHQW�'HVHQVLWL-]DWLRQ�DQG�5HSURFHVVLQJ�DQG�(PRWLRQDO�)UHHGRP�7HFKQLTXH��DQG�&RJQLWLYH�%HKDYLRUDO�7KHUDS\�IRU�WUHDWPHQW�RI�WHVW�DQ[L-ety in university students. Explore, 5, ���±�����KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������M�H[SORUH������������

%URZQ��.��:���5\DQ��5��0����&UHVZHOO��-��'����������0LQGIXO-QHVV��7KHRUHWLFDO� IRXQGDWLRQV�DQG�HYLGHQFH� IRU� LWV� VDOXWDU\�effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18�� ���±����� KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ��������������������������

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&DUGDFLRWWR�� /��� +HUEHUW�� -�� '��� )RUPDQ�� (�� 0��� 0RLWUD�� (���� )DUURZ�� 9�� �������� 7KH� DVVHVVPHQW� RI� SUHVHQW�PRPHQW�DZDUHQHVV� DQG� DFFHSWDQFH�� 7KH� 3KLODGHOSKLD� 0LQGIXOQHVV�6FDOH��Assessment, 15�� ���±����� KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ��������� ����������������

&KHUNLQ��'��&���6KHUPDQ��.��-���$YLQV��$��/���(UUR��-���,FKLNDZD��/���%DUORZ��:��(��«�'H\R��5��$����������$�UDQGRPL]HG�WULDO�FRP-SDULQJ�DFXSXQFWXUH��VLPXODWHG�DFXSXQFWXUH��DQG�XVXDO�FDUH�IRU�FKURQLF�EDFN�SDLQ��JAMA Internal Medicine, 169�����±�����KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������DUFKLQWHUQPHG��������

&KXUFK��'����������&OLQLFDO�()7�DV�DQ�HYLGHQFH�EDVHG�SUDFWLFH�for the treatment of psychological and physiological con-ditions. Psychology, 4�����±�����KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������SV\FK�����������

&KXUFK��'����%URRNV��$��-����������7KH�HIIHFW�RI�D�EULHI�()7��(PRWLRQDO�)UHHGRP�7HFKQLTXHV��VHOI�LQWHUYHQWLRQ�RQ�DQ[L-HW\�� GHSUHVVLRQ�� SDLQ� DQG� FUDYLQJV� LQ� KHDOWKFDUH� ZRUNHUV��Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal, 9, ��±���

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