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  • 1. A VISUA lDICTIO N ARY OFARCHITECTUREfIlAN( U O . K . ( H INC;

2. iiI-AfVISUAL DICTIONARY OFJ ARCH ITECTU RE J I I I I I I I I FRANCIS D.K. CHING A VNR BOOK JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC NEW YORK CHICHESTER WEINHEIM BRISBANE SINGAPORE TORONTO 3. ! I .-" I A VISUALDICT-IONARY OF ARCHITECTURE f { - Ir It... _.-l- I. f . - I I ~ , ; ,~ 1 l...~( t- )l . ; ~ I!Ill.i..-rAlZ~H)FRANCIS D.K. CHINGfER~ANr7~l 4. This book is printed on acidfree paper. 8CopYright @1995 ry John Wiley &Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Published simultaneou5~ in Canada.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in arryform or by arTy means, electronic, mechanical, photocop-yinq, recording, scanning or otherwise,except as ~rmitteJ under Sectionsl(J7 or 108 of the 1976 United States CoPJlight Act, withouteither the prior written pemission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of theappropr~ per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Cenw, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvere, MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. RequesUi to the Publisha for pennisslon shouldbe add~ to the fenni55loos Department, John M.~ & Sons, Inc.. 605 Third Avenue, NewYork, NY 1015U012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: [email protected] publication is designed to proMe accurate and authoritative information in regard to thesubject matter covered. It is sold with the underetanding that the publisher is not enqaged Inrende:ing professiot131 servius. If professional adviCt or other expert assist...anu is required, theservices of a competent professional person should be oought.U~ralj of Congre% Cataloging-irHuuncatlon Data:ISBN 0-471-28451-3Printed in ~e United S~ of America.20191817 16 15 1413 12L:LL 5. (ONTENTSPREFACE 7ARCHITECTURE9 FORCE 96PLASTIC 192ARCH 12 FORTIFICATION 98PLATE 194BEAM 15 FOUNDATION 100PLUMBING 196BRICI< 18 FRAME 104 REINFORCED CONCRETE 202BUILDING 21 GEOMETRY 108ROOF 208CABLE STRUcnJRE 28GLASS 112 ROOM 216CEILING 30HARDWARE 114SHEll 219CERAMIC 32HEAT 117 . SITEWORK 221CHURCH 35 HISTORY 128 SOIL 224COLOR 38HOUSE 136 SOLAR ENERGY 226COLUMN 40 JOINERY 140 SOUND 228CONCRETE 42 LIGHT 142 STAIR 233CONSTRUCTION 48 LOAD 151STONE 236DESIGN 52 MASONRY 155 -STRUCTURE 238~DOME 60 MATERIAL 161SURVEY 246DOOR 62 MEASURE 166 TEMPLE 248DRAWING 66MEMBRANE 168THEATER 256ELECTRICITY 74METAL 16? TRUSS 259ELEVATOR 80 MOISTURE CONTROL 176VAULT 262.FASTENING 82ORDER 179 VISION 264FIREPLACE 87ORNAMENT 182WAll 266FIRE SAFETY 88PAINT 187 WINDOW 271flOOR 92PLASTER 188 WOOD 276INDEX 285 6. PREFACE , ill. tjC~/~_._-, . "" f--m.,/~r~r=1.=0_. _ _ _ _ ~". ; ... >+-,- ",: . -4- . - .. - ; r - . . :...- ")I One picture is Just as a single image can be worth a The reader may use this dctionary in aIncluded are fundamental termsworth a thousandthousand words, a single word can number ofw3js.lf one trows the exact relating to architectural deSign, wordsconjure up in the minds eye aterm and wants to find CiJt rts history, and technology. Sincethousand images. Regardless of t.he meaning, then one can 1001: it up in thearchitectcre is a visual art, most ofpower of a solitary word or image,index. Looki~ up one term will always the entries naturally lend .themselveshowever, each communicates meaningpresent related terms arTa:1ged to graphic representation. Some aremore effectively when brought around one or more illustn In the production of what Is beautiful appeallng. or of more than ordill3l) slgnlflcanu. aesthetics The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art. beauty. ana tJste. with a view to estabhshlng the meaning and valiatty of clitlcalJudgments conceming wori::s of art. Also. esthetics. beauty delightThe aggregate of qualities In a person or A high degree of pleasure orthing that gives Intense pleasure to theenjoyment.i Jsenses or deep satlsfactlon to ~ mind orspirit. whether arising from harmony offonn or color. excellence of craft.trutirfulness. originality. or other. oftenunspeGlfIal7!e property.tasteCriticalJudgment. discernment. orappreciatlon of what Is fitting. harmonious.or beautiful prevailing in a culture or upersonal to an Il1n---:intrados-.l.. Ill(; .. ", Thelnnercurveorsurfaceof":1J~ht5pn.f t M ! f ! - - - - - - - - - ~-the The first voussoir resting on Impost the sprlMIMtI line to the ..., ...,formln~~Leco ncave uUClersouc_ ..., VII _J 11 M==a=na=rch==_==================~===~ ______ . _____ .~h,_s_t~I~_of_~h_e_In_Ua_d_OS_~~~~========================== __I 5pring The point at which an arch. VJu~. or dome rises from Its support. Also CJi!ed1springl~.~croWn - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,.----------.------..:.. spandrel-The- highest J"Ir1 or point of a The triangular-shaped. sometin-.es I cormx ccnst:ructlon. as anarcn. ornamented area 17etween the ~.ndos of I vault.or~_two adjoining arches. or ~ ~~ left! or right extrados of an arch .rJ t.:...tLJt-~-~~------------~- of an arch curving down rect3 ng ular fra mewon: su rroundi rI.,1 It. Also~Sp2ndril.i from the crown to the Impost.~----~-E:1Tr.e uppermost part of an4IPutrnent. often In the form of a !7Iock. capfbl. or molding. from which OIn arch springs. I uIjII.I: L.:; L1;or~~l------------------~ r.g lj ArrJ several concentric ring s ofAcrosspleu connectlng the I".l>s in 3LIforming an arch. esp. when e3ch Dro1~.~~~[~, ,-U-l.J"-pCjond the o:.e pelcw. centering. Also called folster. f,-I! L>.~.-.~-.r lJUVUrt;h I An archway having sides or Jam~s not at ~enur!ng L A temForal) fl7lmework for supportln~ a .. - :~ right angles with the face of Its abutments_ma son I) arch or vault during construction until the work can suppo~ Itself. L camber piece Aroard used as centulng for a flat arch. ~( slightly crowned ~ allow for settling ofIIj ffilllI{/ the arch. Also calle4C.1l)1per 51ip.__ L12 L 12. l ARCHrIlr,...--------------+-arch actionI The manner In whlcn an arch transforms the vertlca I forces of a su pported load Into Inclined components aria transmits them to abutments on either side of the archway.r--~-------+- ~rchaxis the median line of an arched structure. .---------J-..~line of thrust; .f"I, The setofresultantsbf thrust and weightfeach part of an arch Imposes 01 the nextflower one. For bending to be eliminated throughout an arch. the line of thrust must - coincide with the arch axis.I Junic~lar .1rc_h IAn .rch shapeJ to develop only axialcompression und~r a given loading. Thissh3palJ1nq. L At th~ nelltra/axls of the section. only shar stresses exist and these can ~ rcscI~eJ InW ta7sJ1~ ;mil compre55le ~ses xtJn~ at 45"Jmgfe.s to the neutnl1Xl5, For 217 lrrU:rrnedim element sut;ect to botb be:nJlng x.J she3r 5tre55eS. the prlnctp.al stresses h3re 3n InclinztJcn ktemI/neJ by the rd3t1r~ magnitudes ofth~ 5tre55e5. L,tress trajectorieslines depictIng the direction put not themagnitude of the principal stresses In aII~- tension L~eam. J - 5hear ceoUr T~~p~-~nal~Ia_~9f.a L s~l~~gIfWfiICfii? -,- , transverselOad;r-ust pa55 In orJe~ tor prevent torsion or twlstlng.of the mem~er a~out.aIongltudlnal axis. I L16 16. BEAMrlf 5imple beam A ~m restlC3 0.1i sim~~~u.ffljs at Dot.~-.-t."LtlU 1 +J.1J.Ltends, which are free tc rota~ and have no moment reslst4nce. As with any st.otlwflyf . I .:: t; : aetennlnate structure, the v-alues of anIII !r !( III. . ). ~III.~treactions, shears. and moments for a simple beam are Independent of Its Crc5S ,heard.g .. m111.11111111 . !:; iil:1 I, sectional shape and ma~31. A graphic representation of the variation In ~:. ,I!rmagnitude of the external shears present In... .. I!ia structure for a given set of transverse loads anel support con.:fitlons. Concentrated loads produce e~ma( she~- - cantilever beam Uniformly distribtJud loads produce (ine3ri) :.": Xpro~rij veat:ns,u pPPfted. a~ only.one momentdi.1gram _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~.~!~CQn-~m.g.wJ-~ ~~~: ;;;~~ :.,,. r, "",,r A3EIC:~torrott~~nJn:. :: : :-~:~~!-W,f~~jj,!!e.:. :;rfFI : louis and support conditions. The overallConcentr.lted loads produce bending mom~ts Uniformly distribrMd loads producei tkf1ected shape of a structure subject to which vary hne;;rfy between loads. panbciJc311y var:lr.~ moments.Pendlng can often lie Inferred from the shape of its moment diagram.cantilever ;~~~~~~~~~=:~~~~~~~~~~~=t overhanging peam A slmple Deam extending beyond one its supports. The overhang reduces the~i6 posltlve moment at mldspan while rpositive shear - .. developing a n~3t!ve moment at the Inse ..P,,~~.t.. ,.res~l?nt. of.shearforceSth3tacts .r vertIca~ upW1rd~n the left part of theof the cantliever over the support. Jstructure !:>errig consldered. Assuming 3 lJI1/formly dTstrWvW (03d, tJ;e projection for wltfch the morrr~ OY~ thenegativeshear ----------------~ 5I.:pport Is eqwf ind opposlU ta the morr.t:rt~ ~ A~."r:esutta nt. of.5 hearforcesthatact5 ... 3t midspan is approxlmMy% of the Sf!41."ertIC3l!:t ~~rapn the left part of theI structUrl: ~elrigconsldered. ~---:",""r-T--,.-,-.,."-l...1fJ-l-L-L...LL.....w.-l...L.L....w..::...positive moment~.~.~._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- " -_ _-.c.,....A !:>ending mending s~s,lncre-ase the rlgldlty of the ~m. and ~uu Itsto the moment and shear values whk;h maxlmum defIect1on.5upended-spantypically vary along Its Iongttudlnalaxls. ~ ~AsImple ~m supporW by thecantlievers of two adjolnln~ spans withpInneJ constructlonJolnts at polnts ofzero moment. Also calW hu~-span.[Y1J_ ccrttinuou5 pe4m_~ be3m extettding~~t~~ih",,~J~, .. ~~Jn ordu to aevelOp greater rlgfdttyaiid smaller moments than a ser~s of simple lleams having similar spans and loading. Both fIXed-end and contJnuous !:>eams are Inktamlnate structures for which the values of all reactions. shears. and mo~nts are dependent not only or. span and Ioaalng but also on cross- sectlonal Sh3F~ 31d material. effective length The dist3~ce Det ..... een Inflection points In the sp3~;f a flxedend or continuous beJ~. quiIl3ie.-: in nature to the actualleng~h ~ 3simp!] s~pported eam. 17 17. ,lJJ.Sl.(WA m3SOf1f)unitofclay, formed into rectar.gwr prism while plasticand lurdenea Py drying in the sun or l.firi~inaUn.ccmmott~~~~~~ ! scft-mud processBrict made for general Pulkllng purposes. The process of forming prick l:>y moldingand :let s~1a11y treated for color andrelatively wet clay havlng~re C$!:Vwt- Jtte~~re. Also C311ea building brick; _..-- ....... - .. - - ~ ..... j5.1ndstruck brickmingl1rictBricl: formed In the softmud process wlt.,~ 3!3rlcl: maJeofspec~1 clays for facing a wall.mold lined with sand to prevent stlckln9.often treate4 to produce the ~sJ~~.~glg~producing 3 matte-textured surf~and 5Jrfau text.ure. Also calrea fa ci In-Ick. :.--. --: 1~~!llllllllllilll~1 1 prick_type! Bricl: formed In the soft-mud process with 3A des~ll3t1on Indicating the pennlssll7lemold lulnicated with water to prevent stlci:!~.~rtatlon In size. color. ch Ippage. a"dproducing 3 smooth. dense surface.dJst.ortk)n albwed In a facing I7rick unit. r waterstruckhick ! "trrt-mud pro~rexThe process of fonnlng prick and structur.il tileF.ang I1ricl:: suitable for use where a!ninlmum ~rlatlon In size. narrow color ~ extruding stiff Put plastic clay having a u moisture content ofl2t to 151 through 3 !~fA ng~. and high degree of l.T1ech3nlc31 ana cuttlng the extrusion to length with wrespafectlon are rea.ulred. l:>efore firing.FB5F,cln~ kick sultaple for use where a wider 1drrpress process i The process of fanning prick ~ motdlng ucolor ~,nd greater variation In size 3re relatively dry clay having a moisture co~ e:q; of.~rmitted than for type FBX. 51 W under high pressure. resulting in sbrp-FDAedged. smooth-surfaced pricks.IF.a~ I1ricl:: sulta7te for use wherel.ip,rtlcubr effects are desired resultlng1 b1n)from lIOIIurJformlty In size. color. and f.. fumau or oven for Pumll1g. I:1aklng. or dryi~texture of the Individual units. ~I~. esp. one for firing pottery.17a:ir-3, m=ks. or dryl~ tlml:>er.j~~hin~f, lorici~t MW~, - - - - - -_ _--.: Plfing luiCk un~lterTl4tely with too much orA dr!s~tUtIon indicating the dura!7i11ty of a . A ImCk grade suitable for exposure to--too httle air to vary their face COlOr.m:t unit wfIen exposea to weathering. The,moder3te weatherl~ as when used ~e !cull "u.s. Is drtW In~ three weatheringgrade on surfaces unlikely to l7e penneated . 1~ - serer!. moderate. and negllgll7le - liiltn Wlltel Iii subfreezing temperatures. A !nicI: or tlmb~ rejected as being ~ Infer:r.3cc,~dIng to,nnual winter rainfall and thequality.6n~1 number of freezing-cycle days. Brickis pJd for use In each IC9lon according to~ strength. maximum water, a~.andm3XlmumSJturatloncoefl.clent. t1~j5W ~, II !nick grade suita~1e for exposure to~-~~severe weatheri~,;as when In contact with ---~-----=:::the ground or uSMon surfar.es Ukely to~ve-permeated with water In subfreezl~temperatures..~.NW ...... - ..... -.... -... ,.. ...... .... ........Jfi!el7ridcr-:The ~ofW3ter a~ Py. claL A brick grade sulta~1e for ~posure to A GT{mUle of fire clay ana used for IInln~I".lSOlllj unit when Immersed In either coldjl!e9~n~~~ ~~as when usea as a amaGtts and flreplaces.or boIIIn4 II7ter for a st3 ted length of time. 113Gb,,. orin Itfterlor ma son r y . -~5 a percent3ge of the weight of t.~_c~ Wctry clay usea In the making of,-!J~l.,edryl/l1lt.A ~rucl&t;S. aria otHer objects exposed I~iI coefficientto high tempentlJres. The rnlooft~ weight of water absorbed.-.; . ,- ;;>:!f ,~ ; _ .t.t~ ~:l~. - - i ~!y_, U~5bhiy Dille hi!mtlrsta In cotr IIt7ter to the weight a~sorPed when: .:!{ : : ~.~.. .~ ~A material having the avlllty to ~taln Its ~ In rolh~ water. Indicating the~. "- -.;.;" .-... -- ...... ~~ ":~~;" ~ , , ; : ; . ~. ~q physical shape ana cliemlCal WnE w~ ~ resistance of the brick to the I . suPjected to high temperatures. #etlan of freezl~ and thawing.. .., ;(.." ,-i~-:-;;~~.:.~I:~~,~~ h..j~) S dflo~res;e:;~~:~~ "V.~.3weight of water absorbed ~._partially Immersed for A white. powdery deposit that fonns on aniTl3S011fy unit whencroe minute. expressed I~ grams or ounces exposed masonry or concrete surface.p minute. AlsocalleJ mlt/al rau of caused Vy the leaching and crystallization of 50luple salts from within the material.iI~18 18. BRICKrnoml,, dim ",.IonA brlc~ dline~So()f1 Lvgerthan the ~l .3 courses = 8 in. (20.3 mm) moduL-lr brick A 17rld: h.wing nominal dimensions ofItoactual dJ~s:cn account for the 4 x 21,.3 x3 in. (102 x68 x203 111m) .. thicl:ness rf 3 :nortar Joint.-r--- hNormJn brick APricl: h.wing nominal dimensions at 4 x 21,3 x12 in. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) ... SCRurick Briel:: h3;119 nominal dimensions of 6 x 2113 x12 In. (102 x 68 x 305 mm).5 COU."5ts = 16 In. (406 mm) ~=:::ib=:::o:;f=:.d,-,-~~.. engineered brick AInicl: h.wlng nominal dimensions of 4x3~/s.5In. (I02x81x203mm). Norwegian I1rick A 17M h3Vi~ nominal dimensions of 4 x 3/s x 12 in. (102 x81 x 305 mm).r 4 coursts = 8 In. (20.3 mm) Roman brick Brick haling nominal dimensions of 4x2x 12 in. (102x5! x 305 mm).rjumbo urick. ecanomy PrickAny of "3 r100J 5 C1erslzed 17ricks h3vlng A modu~r vrick having nominal dimensIonsnomlnJl di~~S:Ons establJshed Dy the of 4x 4 x 5 in. (102 x 102 x 203 mm).r m3nubct~~e-.r stret:.cMrfsealI-iA brd or tl.e i-.3Ying normal face"A l?rlcl: or other m3sonry untt laiddlmensloos ~Jt 2 nominal thickness ofhortzoot..fIy In a wall with the lo~er2In.(51I11m~ eage~ or parallel to tne$lJri:ou. .. ~r.,r ht-J A 17rld: or other m3sonry u,nlt /;lidi A !mel:: cut t... rsversely so as to leaveonetr1dw~horlzonta ily 1(1 a wall with the shorter end ~ or parallel to the surface.-., .. ,~~Jr~:..,TaChipar rJC> stones or 1nicks to aA I7rld: lakl horizontally on the longercertain s~ c-r sl1ape. edge with the shorter end exposed. AI$O.~J fc.~~}rA I7rld: laid vertically with the longer face edge ~pqsed .. itorl r~k lakl vertically with the I1read faceex~., ... . 7shineri A brIck i3J h.. o 1 -__ ..i _ _ _ _----,~fFTI::.--_ _ _L--f-_--1:t;~------____f... story f 1~yF?i/ Acomp~ koriz.o~ arvision of aI!/~". I1uildi~.~"4 a contlnuous or nearly : continuous floor ana comprising the . : spa~ l>et;.leen two 1acent levels. i1111 1111111 !Ill I! :l-- [] I ( ..... 7------IIIJ[HI-! IHH-n~ n:iTt,m ni iiinf nr nr nr rtf m nrnr Mn- f---c. f---c. J f---c. f---c. ; )J lh.I I I +f+ rt-IIff JI I I 1/ TIi1I--- ,I -UI low-rise:I DescrlUiog ,;a I1ullding having one. two. or three stones and usually 110 elevator.One of the upper floors of a warehouse orfa~. typlcal~ unpartltloned anasometJmes converted or adapted to otheruses. asl!vlng a.uarters, artists studios. orexh i!:>felon ga l!eries.Iloft ~ikiingA ?tJ:!dlng haVing several floors with largeareas of unobstructed space. originallyrerrtea out for ~ht Industrial purposes andr.aw fre.uently converted to residentialOCCt;p3r.cy. ; I_..J 1 22. BUILDINGL.rttic Aroom or space directly under the roof of a Pullding. tsp. a house. luffeltory _._ .. _ _... ..... -._ ........... A usal7le living space within a sloping roof. ", usually hav~ng dormer windows for lighting.t. _ crawl space ,...,.,."fLAn area In a build In!! hJvl"9 a clearanceless than human height. M accessible cellar __ JI1y crawhng. esp. such a space below theflrst floor tha t Is enclosed by Aroom or set of rooms. for the storage of food. fuel. or the like. wholly or partlyLfoundation walls. underground and usually beneath a,L bulk/ing. cyclone cellar A cellar or other underground place for shelter during violent storms. as cyclones. torna.ms. or hurricanes. Alsa called stann cell.1r. / l1ulkhe3d -. __ ...... __ ......... -... _-/ :" floor [fA horizontal or InclIned door over a A contlnuous supportl"9 surface ~ .~l__________~____st_a_/~aY_g_M_n_g_~_c_~_s_to__ ____~ . extending horizontally throughout a : bulkllng. havl"9 a number of rooms and__a_ce_"a_r_. =-__________________ ; const~utl"9 one level In the strocture. -$--l ;-.- mezzanine !A low or partial story Wtween two main :stories of a bUllalng. ~p. one that projects i as a blcony and forms a composltion with ,the story beneath It.-B--- r- fi~tfloor !The gl"OJnd floor of a bu!k:flng. In 8rltaln and :elsewhere. the first floor IS tile floor IImmediately above the ground floor. --;-.. ground floor :The floor of a bu/ldlng at or nearesttoground level r I k;" pasement: A story of a building that Is wholly or part~ ..;.+:--l-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.... _ _ _A -- vbelow ground level. areaway I A sunken area affording access. subbasement air. and light to a !1asement door Arry story or floor below the maIn basement or window. of a buifding 23. BUILDING~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ..-....... - .... --.------.----The front of a ~ulk:llng or any of Its skiesfro nUspiecefacl~ a pu~hc wtrj or space. esp. one A princ!p31 fac3de. or a part or feature of adlsUngulshui by Its architectural facade. often t~ as a separate ",:reatment.elerTl!rTt of tl-.e des~n 3nd highlighted byOrT1a~ntation. "" ,Ii", """""! """"""",., 11j""" ~"~~~==::S r- pavilion ~ Acerrtr31 or fIar.l:i:-..g ?ro}xt~ su~alvlslon : of a f:3C3de. us~i!J ~tea by more elabor3t.e decon;:at the entrance ta a lnJlldlng and!-"IshelterjA!tfho~ gettlng In or out offJ L")ve.bIcles;A1So calleatarrt.ue porch. f ..~. . .. 1I I i:; (#:;::::::r::::.:::::::~) t~A An open. unrociea porch or ~tform~ng fl"Ol1 a hou~ or ~r~ng. --.-------.--~portal,. A doorway. ga):e. or entrance. esp. an ImposIng one emphasIzed by size and stately archltp;tural treatment.25 25. BUILDING rotunda 1. : A rC1Jnd. domed pullding. or a large and b~h clrcularspau In such a puJldlng. esp. or..! surmounted lYa dome. I_l, ! piloti _:._ ..iellAwIng at right angles to the length of apUllding. Also. ef.wing I ~ ---- Any of a serIes ofApart of a buildIng projectl~ from a"4 columns supportIng a sul10rdlnate toor main part. pulldl~ arovean open ground level sL;b A ~..anqu"r ~Ji!dlng h3V!r-qlittle width ~ , respect to its length 3na hetqht. ... I., : , [ .., :. . court open to the sky a nd mostly orAn areaI~_~entlrely surrounclea by walls or I7ulldlngs. ~ A P-.lltalng or structure hIgh In proportlon to Its lateral dImensions. . ~ standing alone orformir.g part of a lo rgtr I7ulldlng. atrium Ploc1: A skiit. central court In a II ~rge buildIng divided Into a numberof buil.::li~~. esp. a farge Interior one ~me a~rtments. offices. or shops. bavl~ a glass roof andcourtyard surrc~ -Jed by sevml Stories of Acourt adjacent to or wlthfn a building. esp. galbes.one enclosed on all four sIdes." patio ~~- ....................... . A courtyard, esp. of a house. enclosed by AcOOnnakd or arcaded space within the body of a ~ng !lut open to the air on oneL.fi low I1Ulldlngs. arcades. or walls. ~?ften atan upper story overlooking an ~ccurt. rUM no17i1e _ ... -................ 00 _ _ J The prir.clpaf story of a large ~ulldlng. as aatrium pal3ce or villa. wtth formal reception andAn open. skylit court around din~ rooms. u5~1ly one fltqht a!love thewhich a house or bultdlng Is ~ullt. ~floor.D corU!e . ---- ...... -- .. -- -- ... - -----. --. A br~ or principal courtyard of an Italian palma. L ypatuza L iA large. Imposing puplic ~JM~ ~ priV3:.eresidence. esp. In It31y L I26 26. r-IBUILDINGorientationThe position of a Duilding on 3 site Inl _ relation to true north. to pOints on thecompass. to a speclfiG place or feature. orto local conditions of sunlight. wln:~andrt cbim fronte._To assert Of dema nd re~nitlon or To face In a specific direction or look out possesstcn.upon. follyA whimsical or extravagant structure builtto serve as a conversation piece. lendInterest to a view, or com memoratea.-person or event.pavilionA small, often ont3mental bUilding In a mergegarden.To comlnr.e. !knd. or unite ~radU311y bystages so 3S to I1lur identity ordistinctions.fL pL1Z3Apul7llc 5qUJre or open space In acity or town.gazeboi-_ Afreestanding roofed structure, usuallyopen on the sides, affordll19 shade and restIn a garden or pari:.L luadrangfe . - ........ -.... -............. .Asquar~ or tU3aranguiar space or courtr surrounded ;,y 3 bui!dll19 Or I1ulldlngs. as oni a college CJmpus. Also called quad.L941 llemr ~IvedereAspaclo!JS promenade. CCIIrt. or IndoorI[J[ If aS0Rf-H .......Al7ulldln!J, or architectural feature of amaR. usuar1y navl"9 a V3ulted roof and lined11ullJlng. des19ned and situated to look autwith comrr.erci;;ll establishments. upon 3 pleasln!J scene.pro~fUde topi3ry]Lpul7Hc p!xe.lS for p!easu~or.wall:.esp.~n.An aro;I use.dfora stroH or dlsp!ay. 3 . Clipped or trimmed Into ornamental arlO fantastic shapes. or the won: or art of suchJllee tern for a broadFrench~clipping.walk planteJ ",itn trees../" ~ I i . p~" Jri?or _ .... - ............ _-- ...... -..... _.... -.. A shelta c.f shruPs ana 17r.lllches or of bWcewor1: Irrtmwlned with cl1mlnl19 v1n_~~ .d flowers. . ~" ~.rfiL[ILuellis Afume supportlng open iattlcewon:. used as a screen Of 3 support for ~rowlng vines or plants I.3ttice A Structure of crossulstrlps arranged to form a rt:.3JiJ r p3 ttem of open spaces. pergola . A structure of parallel colonnades supporting an open roof of Peams and CrOSSl119 raftus or treillswon:. over wHich cllml1lng plants are trained to grow. 27 27. r j~ CABLE STRUCTUREr-!t~~sU5penslo~ structure single-curvature structureA structure of cal7ies suspended and A suspension structure utlllzl~ a parallelriprestressed !letween compressionmeml7ers to directly support applied loads......._ .series of ca17les to support surface-forming l7eams or pl3tes. A si~le-culV3ture structure Is susuptlule to flutter Inducedsuspension 17ridge.by the aerodynamic effects of wind. ThisA Imdge having a d,e.c.I: suspended from~ ~lia17i1ity can l7e reduced by Increasing thecables raised on towers and securely~~ dead load on the structure or anchoring theanchored to abutments at the ends. primary ca17les to the ground with~. it~..~.,transve~guyca17les. ;-=~~~ ...~ r.r ~;~~!~a~~~~~~~~;;I---------~" ~.. ~component of thrust In a suspension orcal:>le-stayed structure a n d . . n . ~ ------~-v n~,-_.......,;:;~transferring the force to a groundrifoundation.Avertical or inclined compression primary cableOne of the pretenslooedcables directly supportlngrneml7er In a suspenslon or cable-the load on 3 suspensionrstayed structure. supportlng the sumof ~ vert.ical force components In thestructure.primary aM gflJ caPles. Incnning themast enal:ks It to pIcl: up some of thehortzootal cal:>le thrust and reducesrIthe foru In ~ guyca!rles.double-cable structure - .--.- - -..i------------ -- .-.- ... - secondary cable011e of the pretenslonedcables used for stal:rillzlnA suspension s~re having uppera 5uspenslofl5tructlireand lower sets of cables of different against flutter, uS1J311yf curvattlres, pm.ensloned by tles or having a cumturei compresslon struts to make thesystem more rlgk:l2nd reslst3nt tooppo$fte to tha t of theprimary cables.-I flutter.rdouule-curvature structure Asuspension structure composed of a field of crossed C41l>leS of differentr I I and often reverse curvatureS. Each set oficaufes h3s a different natu:"31 ~rIod ofvlur3tlon, I thus form log a self-( L .. bound2rycable dam~nln~ system that Isi:Acable for ~nchorlng a set of secondJr) more resistant to flutter.~ cables In a suspenslon S"" JCture. ....f I[ I,ft IC3ule-stayed structureA structure h3Vln~ vertical or Inclined ---------I..;masts from which cables extend to suppcrt I Ihorizontally spannIng members arranged irIa parallel or radial pattern. 29 28. ., (ElLINGThe overhead interior surface orIini"4 of.1 room. often concealing theunderside of the floor or roof above.o iU I i!?eam ceiling!The unac:rslde of a ftoor showIng ~! Isupporting I1eams arid finished to form aceiling. 1u } i I 171"-1 jcoffer~ CQVe Ut1~ ; - One of a number of recessed. USu.iily square~ ullifli hMng;l cove. Also. cavedAce!ling/,/ ;or octagonal panels in ;I ceiling. ~. orvault. Also called c.alsscn.i.1curur.C()Ve _ ................................ ~/. ; bcunar/A CO~ surfue fonnln!! part of . Aceiling. soffit. or vault adorred Mt-h acelh"i at Its ~ so as to eI1mlnat.e thepattern of recessed p:onel5.usuallnt:enor angle ~etween the wall andthe celnng.plafona ,Aflat or v3ulW ceiling of decorativecharacter. l30 29. (ABLE STRUCTURE A structural system utilizing the caHe as the principal means of support.. . sagTheyert~31 distance from the supports tothe lowest point of 3 cable structure.As the 5Jg of 3 CJb{e incre35t:S. the Inte.maJforces dtvtloped in the uble dXre3se. cap~ A flexIple structural meml1er. as wire rope or ~chaln, having high tensile strength / IxIt offering no reslsta nee to com presslon Or~g. I ! i Ii !funicularslupe ... jThe shape assumed Vi a fruly cleformlng ~ !C3Pe In direct external to the Acapleand location ofresponse forces. magnitude,"."."."., j ialw-ays adapts Its sh3pe so that It 15 In puretension under the action of an applled load.funicular polygon .,._ ...................... /The wpe assumed Vi a freely cleformlng0-----------,-,0funicuL1r structure u~ In direct ItSfOn5e to a set of~, ........ , ,- ,.. structure sha pea to ca rry orconcentrated loads........... ", ,~tsupport a given Ioadlng Vi either axial-+-. , l" ------,, -, "/tension or compression. For arry~":~:::;ed;;~i~~:ki;~I~~ -1


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