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Drip irrigation management and water saving in protected culture

Castilla N.

in

Choukr-Allah R. (ed.). Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region

Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan IICahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31

1999pages 189-202

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Castilla N. Drip irrigation management and water saving in protected culture. In : Choukr-Allah

R. (ed.). Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region . Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II, 1999. p.

189-202 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31)

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http://www.ciheam.org/http://om.ciheam.org/

N. 2027 18080

Abstract: in its use. reduces cultivation, use of is one of the most An inadequate management of system, fkequently due to drippers clogging and the subsequent of the emission UnXonnity, limits the potential advantages of system. points to achieve a successll management ofthe systems and to save in cultivation, fim a

of view, is included.

of to its potential advantages. The high fiequency of

to only of of

to

A that low flow is for salinity

An will scheduling, that involves to know

to to known

low flow that can is, to to

lype clogging.

(ET) to about 70% of to

is not just l i t e d to saving.

This paper summarizes, from a of management of

is included.

v01131 189

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soil soil is to the total soil follows a of soil

The high to

of size of takes

when the is very high and the ability of the soil to is is

to soil a 1). These aspects have a

distance (cm)

Vertical distance

(cm9

O

20

40

60

Eigure l. Water distribution point-source emitters in sandy (up) loam soils (down), at two of water application, A (4 literhour) B (20 literhour). The numbers on the curves rekr to toiakqnantities of water applied. Adapted h m Bressler (1977).

diffient mathematical models have developed to soil of to know the size and volume of the wetted soil is to

Cahiers 190

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choice and to soil wetted volume.

close enough, the wetted soil of

a is

to accumulate of

soil is at the soil an isolated saline zone will develop soil 2) and a deep zone of salt accumulation whose

location depends on the efficiency of 2). (in salts is turned on in

to keep the salts away A good with a sufficient fiequency of so is high enough to induce low soluble salt contents.

17 % LEACHINQ 2% LEACHING

A

U

W

O

O. 4

0.6

0.0

1.0

ct- noVn3

O 0.2 0.2 n.4

DISTANCE

Figure 2. The distribution of salt under a multi-emitter drip system with narrow crop rows after two years and without rainfall. Chloride concentration is the measure of ..

Adapted from Fereres (1981). salinity.

A is a to leach the accumulated soil salts 'ifthe in

used in greenhouses, is to of

as of close d a s . 1977).

in the objective of optimizing its that soil

Cahiers Options vol31 191-

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

is in soil to the best yields (Castilla, 1990). As to soil to method of to

in 1). When to 2)

to the high used, the applied et al, 1976; Stegman et al,

of the in (unless as it is

Evapotmspiration (ET) in greenhouses

3). on of the the in the ET unheated greenhouse, in 70%

1990).

n

u Transpiration (T)

<=l

/'

.~ Applied water ,/ ,-- Wet soil

. Wetted zone -!P boundary

percolation -' '\ \-

Fifpre 3. and water balances of a plant under localized irrigation. Adapted from Ferres (1981)

The amount of by is the (E) fkom the soil is the soil

(T) with of

vok31 192

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

E will

soil E to is

soils iiom to

in in to of to

use efficiency, to fiom to avoid copious soil

(ET,,) which is of of 8 to 15

ET, = . ET, (1)

(KC> is sowing of of the cycle, the

al, 1976).

A as well as (FAO) and as

et al, al , method. The ease of management of

is

in estimated (Castilla, 1989; Castilla et al, al, al, 1990;

et al, 1980).

When using the class A pan method:

ET,=&.E,

= pan coefficient E, =

(3)

(41 show that is 1.0

1986; Castilla et et 1.

(Orgaz, values detailed in Table 1, pointing that of

193

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

al, of to those indicated table 1.

a sub-estimation of ETo, possibly affwted by the type of used in

A C E F G

1-15

16-30

3 1-45

46-60

61-75

76-90

91-105

106-120

121-135

136-150

151-165

166-180

181-195

196-210

21 1-225

226-240

241-255

TOT ET,

0.25

0.50

0.65

0.90

1.10

1.20

1.20

1.10

1 .o0

0.95

0.85

0.80

0.80

0.80

-

3.1 8

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.55

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

322

0.25

0.60

0.80

1 .o0

1.10

1.10

0.90

0.85

-

-

-

-

-

156

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.55

0.70

0.90

1 .o0

1.10

1.10

1 .o0

-

-

-

349-

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.65

0.80

1.00

1 .o0

0.90

-

-

-

-

-

-

299

0.25

0.50

0.70

0.90

1 .o0

1.10

1.00

0.90

-

-

-

-

-

_, 1.46

0.20

0.35

0.55

0.70

0.90

1.10

1 .O5

0.95

0.85

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.60

0.60

- " ,393

The indicated ET, is as no in of et

al, 1979). The real value of of each case, is designed as actual is

is of

194

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

@L) as of the

(IR& l&, in efficiency and to leach salts.

=

= to

(5)

(6)

of the soil (0.9 in sandy soils, 1 .O

Eu is 1) of E, values of 0.85-0.95). This coefficient should be

al , 1980).

minimum amount of leaching needed to

= (7)

EC,:

to to

6.5

et al, 1980).

Frequency

to that will avoid excessive depletion. systems, good management will

always be based of of the soil to conventional

to

...) have been suggested to detect in is drip

(Cada ,

. 195

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

been suggested as (Idso et al, 19Sl), but it is not easy to use.

soils, conditions in fix to "Dnflllll the adequacy of the

at at two depths, a few cm away fiom

gypsum blocks, need a g ~ d dependiig on the composition of

Wetting the soil salt leackg is usefùl to 1990-A).

soilless to

be a guide to automatic devices have been developed. Some of them based in maintaining a minimum electrodes to a balance to

is to

in soilless is very

and that to

deficiencies.

The high in is high efficiemcy 1977). This we

et al, 1976), d a l to 1977), contem 19771,

salinity due to

when is not is a to

an

to

a few cm above the bottom of the in wetting agents to to

196

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

at constant A is

difficult to achieve.

is

soil is held by soil so as N leaching @acon et al, 1982-b).

soils is mobility of to is applied at

is to

moves to a limited extent in

F e e r Use Efficiency

system, use as the TpJH4/N03

an efficient management of

to conventional adquate is impact due to

soilless to l i t

in

OF

a A good management must maintain a good emission

is easy to quanta a l a l 1978).

decay, due to good of

the

salts pesticides)

vol.31 197

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

can to 2 should be adequate, while, in

and

The biological clogging can be solved with the injection of a biocide followed by flushing to

USE

the is to

to of to. apply. A the level, can help to

of to

...) to the soil

to to

An

(C02) injecting

Castilla, 1994).

is an easy way to to of

; is soil (as soil

as they do not is

melons (Castilla et al, 1990-C; Castilla et also help to et al, 1989).

level, too fiquently of be et

WC> 51 and 93%, the UC being 76%. Only 4% UC. was unacceptable in 20% of them. 50%

of

vol.31 198

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

as 3.2, to

unit to name it

to et al, 1991). The 20

to 33 in unheated plastichouse (Castilla ET AL, the 65-

1994).

soilless of quantaing

at 2

plastichouses in in 2), showing the need of applied

Table 2. Agronomic water use efficiency or water productivity (economic yield, in kg., per of applied water) of various dripirrigated crops, evaluated in commercial unheated greenhouses in Almeria (Spain), in conventional soil and soilless cultures, in the autumn and spring cycle (up) and long season cycle (down)

Autumn Soil Soilless Soil Soilless

Short Cycle Coops Squash 41.0

bean 15.0 27.5

- cycle Coops Tomato 34.0 peppm 13.5

- - 18.5 20.5 22.0 43.5 -

- 22.5 19.5 - 30.5 -

29.0 ... -

Eggplant 18.0 - Adapted Carreñc+Sanchez et al (1996)

fiquently

A to good

The use of the class A is

to save

199

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

Ayem, ]B.W. Westocot, 1976. 85 pp.

Bacon, P. E., of

Bacon, P.E.,

Bar-Yosef, B., 1977. of N and 1.

Bar-Yosef ,B, Sheikholslami, 1976. of in soils fatigated Soil

Boulard, T., Baille, A., J., 1989. in a 245: 462-469.

Boulard, T., Baille, A., 1991. Etude de 1 1 : 543-553.

Bressler, 1977. to Advances in 291343393

CarremSanchez, J., 1996. Gastos de agua y cosechas obtenidas en los

Cas- N., 1986, al estudio de los cultivos

Castilla, ..N.,, 1989. chauffk.

Castilla, 1990. on the use of ofplastics

N. F. Bretones, J. : 166-172.

N., Fereres, 1990-B. The of tomatoes in unheated plastic

N., Fereres, 19904. Tomato and yield in

Castilla, N., 1994. management. Acta 361: 44-56.

vo1.31 200

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

N., Gallego, G., 1996. to plastic mulch and

J., W.0. 1976. Las

brembos, J., AB 1979. to FAO FAO.

Fereres 1981.

nipap, J..?., 1990. The on to 28723-34.

T.A.., 1990. of

no. 30. ASA-CSSA-SSSA. USA. 391-434.

%&o, S.B., Jalason, P.J. Pinter,

U., B. Bw-Yose& 1980. soils.

J., P974 Corp. (Calif) 197 pp.

G d v q J., A. Gallego, F. Bretones, 1990. suela Vm

ez, A., N. Cas- lm. 85: 57-62.

J., G 1986. Evaluación de sistemas de bajo invemd la

, 1986. in zone: Evaluation of : 199-207.

elhi, C., 1993. to

$baghehi, 1994. Tecnología de m.)

st ,E., J. J. Stwart, 1980. In: (USA): 763-816.

Verneken, Jobling., 1980. FAO FAO.

Cahiers 201

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

Veschambre, P.vaYsse. 1980. 204 pp.

Villele, O., 1984. Les besoins en sous 15 pp.

vo1.31 202

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