Drip irrigation management and water saving in protected culture
Castilla N.
in
Choukr-Allah R. (ed.). Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region
Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan IICahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31
1999pages 189-202
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Castilla N. Drip irrigation management and water saving in protected culture. In : Choukr-Allah
R. (ed.). Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region . Paris : CIHEAM / IAV Hassan II, 1999. p.
189-202 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 31)
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http://www.ciheam.org/http://om.ciheam.org/
N. 2027 18080
Abstract: in its use. reduces cultivation, use of is one of the most An inadequate management of system, fkequently due to drippers clogging and the subsequent of the emission UnXonnity, limits the potential advantages of system. points to achieve a successll management ofthe systems and to save in cultivation, fim a
of view, is included.
of to its potential advantages. The high fiequency of
to only of of
to
A that low flow is for salinity
An will scheduling, that involves to know
to to known
low flow that can is, to to
lype clogging.
(ET) to about 70% of to
is not just l i t e d to saving.
This paper summarizes, from a of management of
is included.
v01131 189
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
soil soil is to the total soil follows a of soil
The high to
of size of takes
when the is very high and the ability of the soil to is is
to soil a 1). These aspects have a
distance (cm)
Vertical distance
(cm9
O
20
40
60
Eigure l. Water distribution point-source emitters in sandy (up) loam soils (down), at two of water application, A (4 literhour) B (20 literhour). The numbers on the curves rekr to toiakqnantities of water applied. Adapted h m Bressler (1977).
diffient mathematical models have developed to soil of to know the size and volume of the wetted soil is to
Cahiers 190
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
choice and to soil wetted volume.
close enough, the wetted soil of
a is
to accumulate of
soil is at the soil an isolated saline zone will develop soil 2) and a deep zone of salt accumulation whose
location depends on the efficiency of 2). (in salts is turned on in
to keep the salts away A good with a sufficient fiequency of so is high enough to induce low soluble salt contents.
17 % LEACHINQ 2% LEACHING
A
U
W
O
O. 4
0.6
0.0
1.0
ct- noVn3
O 0.2 0.2 n.4
DISTANCE
Figure 2. The distribution of salt under a multi-emitter drip system with narrow crop rows after two years and without rainfall. Chloride concentration is the measure of ..
Adapted from Fereres (1981). salinity.
A is a to leach the accumulated soil salts 'ifthe in
used in greenhouses, is to of
as of close d a s . 1977).
in the objective of optimizing its that soil
Cahiers Options vol31 191-
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
is in soil to the best yields (Castilla, 1990). As to soil to method of to
in 1). When to 2)
to the high used, the applied et al, 1976; Stegman et al,
of the in (unless as it is
Evapotmspiration (ET) in greenhouses
3). on of the the in the ET unheated greenhouse, in 70%
1990).
n
u Transpiration (T)
<=l
/'
.~ Applied water ,/ ,-- Wet soil
. Wetted zone -!P boundary
percolation -' '\ \-
Fifpre 3. and water balances of a plant under localized irrigation. Adapted from Ferres (1981)
The amount of by is the (E) fkom the soil is the soil
(T) with of
vok31 192
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
E will
soil E to is
soils iiom to
in in to of to
use efficiency, to fiom to avoid copious soil
(ET,,) which is of of 8 to 15
ET, = . ET, (1)
(KC> is sowing of of the cycle, the
al, 1976).
A as well as (FAO) and as
et al, al , method. The ease of management of
is
in estimated (Castilla, 1989; Castilla et al, al, al, 1990;
et al, 1980).
When using the class A pan method:
ET,=&.E,
= pan coefficient E, =
(3)
(41 show that is 1.0
1986; Castilla et et 1.
(Orgaz, values detailed in Table 1, pointing that of
193
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
al, of to those indicated table 1.
a sub-estimation of ETo, possibly affwted by the type of used in
A C E F G
1-15
16-30
3 1-45
46-60
61-75
76-90
91-105
106-120
121-135
136-150
151-165
166-180
181-195
196-210
21 1-225
226-240
241-255
TOT ET,
0.25
0.50
0.65
0.90
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.10
1 .o0
0.95
0.85
0.80
0.80
0.80
-
3.1 8
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.55
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
322
0.25
0.60
0.80
1 .o0
1.10
1.10
0.90
0.85
-
-
-
-
-
156
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.55
0.70
0.90
1 .o0
1.10
1.10
1 .o0
-
-
-
349-
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.65
0.80
1.00
1 .o0
0.90
-
-
-
-
-
-
299
0.25
0.50
0.70
0.90
1 .o0
1.10
1.00
0.90
-
-
-
-
-
_, 1.46
0.20
0.35
0.55
0.70
0.90
1.10
1 .O5
0.95
0.85
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.60
0.60
- " ,393
The indicated ET, is as no in of et
al, 1979). The real value of of each case, is designed as actual is
is of
194
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
@L) as of the
(IR& l&, in efficiency and to leach salts.
=
= to
(5)
(6)
of the soil (0.9 in sandy soils, 1 .O
Eu is 1) of E, values of 0.85-0.95). This coefficient should be
al , 1980).
minimum amount of leaching needed to
= (7)
EC,:
to to
6.5
et al, 1980).
Frequency
to that will avoid excessive depletion. systems, good management will
always be based of of the soil to conventional
to
...) have been suggested to detect in is drip
(Cada ,
. 195
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
been suggested as (Idso et al, 19Sl), but it is not easy to use.
soils, conditions in fix to "Dnflllll the adequacy of the
at at two depths, a few cm away fiom
gypsum blocks, need a g ~ d dependiig on the composition of
Wetting the soil salt leackg is usefùl to 1990-A).
soilless to
be a guide to automatic devices have been developed. Some of them based in maintaining a minimum electrodes to a balance to
is to
in soilless is very
and that to
deficiencies.
The high in is high efficiemcy 1977). This we
et al, 1976), d a l to 1977), contem 19771,
salinity due to
when is not is a to
an
to
a few cm above the bottom of the in wetting agents to to
196
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
at constant A is
difficult to achieve.
is
soil is held by soil so as N leaching @acon et al, 1982-b).
soils is mobility of to is applied at
is to
moves to a limited extent in
F e e r Use Efficiency
system, use as the TpJH4/N03
an efficient management of
to conventional adquate is impact due to
soilless to l i t
in
OF
a A good management must maintain a good emission
is easy to quanta a l a l 1978).
decay, due to good of
the
salts pesticides)
vol.31 197
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
can to 2 should be adequate, while, in
and
The biological clogging can be solved with the injection of a biocide followed by flushing to
USE
the is to
to of to. apply. A the level, can help to
of to
...) to the soil
to to
An
(C02) injecting
Castilla, 1994).
is an easy way to to of
; is soil (as soil
as they do not is
melons (Castilla et al, 1990-C; Castilla et also help to et al, 1989).
level, too fiquently of be et
WC> 51 and 93%, the UC being 76%. Only 4% UC. was unacceptable in 20% of them. 50%
of
vol.31 198
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
as 3.2, to
unit to name it
to et al, 1991). The 20
to 33 in unheated plastichouse (Castilla ET AL, the 65-
1994).
soilless of quantaing
at 2
plastichouses in in 2), showing the need of applied
Table 2. Agronomic water use efficiency or water productivity (economic yield, in kg., per of applied water) of various dripirrigated crops, evaluated in commercial unheated greenhouses in Almeria (Spain), in conventional soil and soilless cultures, in the autumn and spring cycle (up) and long season cycle (down)
Autumn Soil Soilless Soil Soilless
Short Cycle Coops Squash 41.0
bean 15.0 27.5
- cycle Coops Tomato 34.0 peppm 13.5
- - 18.5 20.5 22.0 43.5 -
- 22.5 19.5 - 30.5 -
29.0 ... -
Eggplant 18.0 - Adapted Carreñc+Sanchez et al (1996)
fiquently
A to good
The use of the class A is
to save
199
CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes
Ayem, ]B.W. Westocot, 1976. 85 pp.
Bacon, P. E., of
Bacon, P.E.,
Bar-Yosef, B., 1977. of N and 1.
Bar-Yosef ,B, Sheikholslami, 1976. of in soils fatigated Soil
Boulard, T., Baille, A., J., 1989. in a 245: 462-469.
Boulard, T., Baille, A., 1991. Etude de 1 1 : 543-553.
Bressler, 1977. to Advances in 291343393
CarremSanchez, J., 1996. Gastos de agua y cosechas obtenidas en los
Cas- N., 1986, al estudio de los cultivos
Castilla, ..N.,, 1989. chauffk.
Castilla, 1990. on the use of ofplastics
N. F. Bretones, J. : 166-172.
N., Fereres, 1990-B. The of tomatoes in unheated plastic
N., Fereres, 19904. Tomato and yield in
Castilla, N., 1994. management. Acta 361: 44-56.
vo1.31 200
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N., Gallego, G., 1996. to plastic mulch and
J., W.0. 1976. Las
brembos, J., AB 1979. to FAO FAO.
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nipap, J..?., 1990. The on to 28723-34.
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no. 30. ASA-CSSA-SSSA. USA. 391-434.
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J., P974 Corp. (Calif) 197 pp.
G d v q J., A. Gallego, F. Bretones, 1990. suela Vm
ez, A., N. Cas- lm. 85: 57-62.
J., G 1986. Evaluación de sistemas de bajo invemd la
, 1986. in zone: Evaluation of : 199-207.
elhi, C., 1993. to
$baghehi, 1994. Tecnología de m.)
st ,E., J. J. Stwart, 1980. In: (USA): 763-816.
Verneken, Jobling., 1980. FAO FAO.
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