Transcript
Page 1: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

(Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

水和电解质代谢紊乱

Page 2: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

第一节、体液的含量和分布(Volume and

distribution of body fluid)

体液 (body fluid)

体内的水和溶解在其中的物质。

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Total body water (TBW) 60%

细胞内液Intracellular fluid (ICF)

40%

细胞外液Extra cellular fluid (ECF)

组织间隙 15%

组织液Interstitial fluid(ISF) 血浆 5%Plasma

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影响体液容量的因素Body fluid

TBW (%)

Adult male

TBW(%)

Adult female

TBW(%) Infant

Normal 60 50 70

Lean 70 60 80

Obese 50 42 60

年龄、性别、胖瘦

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二、体液的电解质细胞内外液中电解质含量有显著差异

血浆和组织液的电解质含量,除血浆外基本相同

细胞内液电解质总量大于间液和血浆,但内外液渗透压基本相等

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三、体液的交换血浆与组织液的交换

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组织间液与细胞内液的交换

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(Water and electrolytes balance)

第二节 水与电解质平衡

体液的容量 (volume)化学成分 (composition)渗透压 (osmotic pressure)分布 (distribution)

相对恒定

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( 一 ) 水的生理功能(Function of body water)

调节体温 促进物质代谢 结合水的作用 润滑

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Daily intake

(ml/day)

Daily output

(ml/day)

Drinking 1200 Urine 1500

Water in food 1000 Lungs 350

Water of oxidation 300 Skin 500

Stool 150

Total 2500 Total 2500

(二)水的动态平衡

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(三)电解质的生理功能(三)电解质的生理功能

⑴ 维持体液的渗透压和酸碱平衡。⑵ 维持神经、肌肉、心肌细胞的

静息电位,参与动作电位的形成。⑶ 参与新陈代谢和生理功能活动。

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( 四 ) 钠平衡

含量与分布

140mmol/L

50% 细胞外

10% 细胞内

40% 骨骼

吸收与排泄食盐

汗等

90% 尿液

粪便

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( 五 ) 钾平衡

含量与分布

90% 细胞内

2% 细胞外

8% 骨骼

3.5-5.5mmol/L

吸收与排泄食物

10% 汗及其他

80% 尿液

10% 粪便

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三、水与钠平衡的调节(Regulation of water

and sodium balance)

下丘脑 - 垂体后叶 -ADH

肾素 - 醛固酮

细胞外液

渗透压

血容量

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1. 抗利尿激素(antidiuretic hormone , ADH)

ECF渗透压↑

有效循环血量↓

渗透压感受器 ADH↑

肾重吸收水↑

ECF 量↑渗透压↓尿量↓

容量感受器

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2. 醛固酮 (aldosterone)有效循环血量↓

醛固酮↑ 肾重吸收Na+↑H2O↑ ECF 量

低血 Na+

高血 K+

Page 17: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

3. 利钠激素(natriuretic hormone)

尿量↑NA

ADH ↓醛固酮↓

细胞外液↑

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(Disturbances of

water and sodium balance)

第三节 水、钠代谢紊乱

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脱水 (dehydration) ◆高渗性 ◆低渗性 ◆等渗性水过多 (water excess) ◆水中毒 ◆水 肿

类型( Classification )

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低钠血症( hyponatremia) The serum sodium concentration<130 mmol/L

高钠血症( hypernatremia) The serum sodium concentration >150 mmol/L

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一、脱水 (Dehydration)

体液容量减少 (>2%) 。 body water deficit

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1. 概念(concept)

低容量性高钠血症 (hypovolemic hypernatremia)

( 一 ) 高渗性脱水(hypertonic dehydration)

water loss> sodium loss serum[Na+] >150 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure > 310 mmol/L

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2. 原因 (causes) (1)入量不足 (decrease of intake)

(2)丢失过多 (lost from ECF)

水源断绝 丧失口渴感 进食困难

经皮肤丢失经呼吸道、肾丢失经胃肠丢失

Page 24: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

失水 > 失Na+

→渴中枢 口渴 ↓ 血容量↓

脉速 ,BP↓

→皮肤蒸发↓ 脱水热

ECF 量↓ ECF 渗透压↑

 

3. 影响 (effects)

细胞内脱水 ↓

CNS 功能障碍

幻觉 , 躁动

↓ ADH↑

肾重吸收水↑尿少比重高

血 [Na+]↑血浆渗透压↑

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脱水热 (dehydration fever) 因皮肤蒸发水减少引起的体温上升。

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高渗性脱水的主要发病环节高渗性脱水的主要发病环节

ECFECF 高渗高渗

主要脱水部位主要脱水部位

ICFICF 减少减少

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4 .防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment)

及时补水

适当补钠

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1. 概念(concept)

低容量性低钠血症 (hypovolemic hyponatremia)

( 二 ) 低渗性脱水(Hypotonic dehydration)

sodium loss > water loss serum[Na+] <130 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure < 280 mmol/L

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2. 原因 (causes) 钠平衡调节: 多吃多排,少吃少排,不吃不排

丢失过多 (lost from ECF)

胃肠道丢失 (gastrointestinal losses) 肾性失钠 (renal losses) 皮肤丢失 (skin losses) 液体积聚在第三间隙 (accumulate in third space)

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失 Na+> 失水

水移入 细胞内

ECF 渗 透压

ECF 量 组织液 脱水征脱水征 血容量

脉速、 BP、 V 萎陷

ADH↑

肾血流量

醛固酮↑

尿少、氮质血症尿 Na+

脑细胞 肿胀

淡漠嗜睡

ADH

肾重吸 收水 尿量正常(早期)

血 [Na+] 血渗透压

 

3. 影响 (effects)

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脱水征:脱水征:因组织间液量减少,临床因组织间液量减少,临床 上出现皮肤弹性减退、眼 上出现皮肤弹性减退、眼 窝下陷,婴幼儿囟门凹陷 窝下陷,婴幼儿囟门凹陷 等体征。 等体征。

Page 32: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

低渗性脱水的主要脱水部位低渗性脱水的主要脱水部位 ECF ECF

对病人的主要威对病人的主要威胁胁 循环衰竭 循环衰竭

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4 .防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment)

轻、中度补生理盐水 ( 机体排水量大于排 Na+ 量 )

重度补少量高渗盐水 ( 减轻细胞水肿 )

Page 34: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

1. 概念(concept)

( 三 ) 等渗性脱水(Isotonic dehydration)

sodium loss = water loss serum[Na+] 130~ 150 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure 280~ 310 mmol/L

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2. 原因 (causes)

丢失等渗液等渗液 (lost isotonic fluid)

胃肠道丢失 (gastrointestinal losses)

肾性失钠 (renal losses) 皮肤丢失 (skin losses) 液体积聚在第三间隙 (accumulate in

third space)

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3. 影 响(effects)

ECF 渗透压正常,血 [Na+]正常

醛固酮、 ADH 分泌 尿量

ECF 减少 血容量↓组织液量↓ ICF变化不明显

(1) 血浆渗透压和血钠的变化?

(2) 容量的变化?脱水的主要部位?

(3) 激素水平的变化?

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4 .防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment)

补水量多于补 Na+

Page 38: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

高渗性脱水 低渗性脱水 等渗性脱水原因 水摄入不足或排

出过多体液丧失时只补充水分

水和钠成比例丢失

细胞外液 高渗 ,初期量变化不大 , 后期量减少

低渗 , 量显著减少 等渗 , 量可显著减少

细胞内液 量减少 , 细胞脱

量增多 , 细胞水肿 量可减少 , 细胞略脱水

口渴 有 无 有

尿量 量少 ,呈高渗 早期量变化不大呈低渗晚期量减少 量少

血压 正常 ,严重时降低

降低 ,易引起休克 降低 ,可引起休克

血钠浓度>150mmol/L <130mmol/L 130~150mmol/L

三种类型脱水比较表

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二、水过多(Water excess)

体液容量增多。Excess of body water.

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1. 概念(concept)

高容量性低钠血症 (hypervolemic hyponatremia)

水中毒(water intoxication)

低渗性液体在体内潴留的病理过程 serum[Na+] < 130 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure < 280 mmol/L

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2. 原因 (causes) (1) 水排出减少水排出减少 (decrease of water excretion)

(2) ADHADH 分泌过多分泌过多

急、慢性肾功能障碍

应激 ADH 分泌异常增多综合症 syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

(3) (3) 入水过多入水过多

Page 42: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

水潴留

 

3. 影响(effects)

ECF 量ECF 渗透压

水移入细胞

血 [Na+] 血液稀释

脑细胞水肿

嗜睡、躁动、脑疝

ICF 渗透压

ICF 量

Page 43: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

细胞内外液量均细胞内外液量均,渗透压均,渗透压均

水潴留的主要部位是细胞内水潴留的主要部位是细胞内

对机体危害最大的是脑水肿 对机体危害最大的是脑水肿

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4 .防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment) 预防 限水排泄:利尿转移:小剂量高渗盐水 ( 减轻细胞水肿 )

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Questions

引起血钾浓度改变的常见原因是什么? 高钾血症对人体最主要的危害是什么? 为什么低钾血症和高钾血症在临床上 都会出现肌肉无力、软瘫的表现?

为什么酸中毒患者常伴有高血钾,碱 中毒患者常伴有低血钾?

Page 46: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)
Page 47: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

(Potassium homeostasis and its disorders)

第四节 钾代谢及钾代谢障碍

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一、正常钾代谢 (Normal (Normal

metabolism of potassium) metabolism of potassium)

1. 摄入 (intake)(intake) : : 食物食物

2. 吸收 (absorption): (absorption): 肠道肠道

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3. 3. 分布分布 (distribution)(distribution) : : 98% 98% 细胞内细胞内 (ICF)(ICF)

2% 2% 细胞外细胞外 (ECF)(ECF)

4. 4. 排泄排泄 (excretion) :(excretion) : 肾肾(( urine 80%urine 80%~~ 9090%)%) 肠肠 (feces 10(feces 10%% )) 皮肤皮肤 (sweat)(sweat)

serum [Kserum [K++] 3.5~5.5mmol/L] 3.5~5.5mmol/L

Page 50: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

体内钾体内钾(50mmol/Kg 体重 )

细胞外细胞外2%

血清钾血清钾(( 3.5~5.5mmol/3.5~5.5mmol/

LL ))Distribution and content of potassium within body

细胞内98%98%

(150mmol/L)(150mmol/L)

Page 51: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

5. 5. 功能功能(function)(function)参与细胞代谢参与细胞代谢 (Promoting (Promoting

the cell metabolism) the cell metabolism)

维持细胞膜静息电位维持细胞膜静息电位 (Maintenance of the resting (Maintenance of the resting membrane potential) membrane potential)

调节渗透压和酸碱平衡调节渗透压和酸碱平衡 (Regulating the osmotic pressure (Regulating the osmotic pressure and acid-base balance) and acid-base balance)

Page 52: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

6. 钾平衡的调节(Regulation of potassium balance)

跨细胞转移 肾调节

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1. 激素:胰岛素,儿茶酚胺

2. 细胞外液的 K+浓度

3. 酸碱平衡

4.运动

影响钾在细胞内外转移的因素

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醛固酮 : Na + - K+泵活性

细胞外液的 K+ 浓度

酸碱平衡 : H +使 Na + -K +泵活性

远曲小管液流速加快

影响肾排钾的因素

Page 55: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

二、低钾血症(Hypokalemia)

概念 (concept)

Serum [K+] < 3.5mmol/L

缺钾缺钾 (potassium (potassium deficitdeficit)) 体内钾缺失体内钾缺失

Page 56: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

( 一 ) 原因和机制(Causes and mechanisms)

1. 摄入不足 (decreased K+ intake)

钾来源减少 不吃也排

Hypokalemia

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2. 失钾过多(increased K+ excretion)

消化液丢失肾失钾

◣排钾性利尿剂◣渗透性利尿◣皮质激素、醛固酮 ↑ Cusing’s disease◣远曲小管腔内阴离子↑

◣排钾性利尿剂◣渗透性利尿◣皮质激素、醛固酮 ↑ Cusing’s disease◣远曲小管腔内阴离子↑

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3. 钾向细胞内转移 (K + shifts into the cells)

胰岛素治疗 (insulin therapy)

碱中毒 (alkalosis)

低钾性家族性周期性麻痹 (hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis)

Page 59: (Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance)

碱中毒碱中毒 (alkalosis)(alkalosis)

H+

H+

K+

血 [K+]

肾小管肾小管

K+ Na+

Na+[H+]

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( 二 ) 对机体的影响 (Effects)

1.对神经肌肉兴奋性的影响 (effects on neuromuscular

excitability)

神经肌肉兴奋性↓

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血 K+↓ 细胞内外 [K+] 差↑

静息电位↑ ( 负值↑ )

静息电位与阈电位差↑

兴奋性↓机制

(mechanism)

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超极化阻滞(hyperpolarized blocking)(hyperpolarized blocking)

因静息电位与阈电位距离增大而使神经肌肉兴奋性降低的现象。

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表现 (manifestations)

CNS :萎靡、倦怠、嗜睡

骨骼肌:四肢无力软瘫,呼吸肌麻痹

胃肠道平滑肌:食欲不振、腹胀、 麻痹性肠梗阻

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2. 对心脏的影响(effects on the heart)

◣心肌传导性

◣心肌兴奋性

◣心肌自律性

◣心肌收缩性先 后

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复极延缓→ T波低平 , 出现 U波

传导性↓→ P-R 间期延长

自律性↑→房性、室性期前收缩

◣心电图的变化

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低钾血症时心电图的改变

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3. 对肾功能的影响(effect on renal function)

4. 对酸碱平衡的影响(effect on acid-base balance)

集合管对 ADH反应性降低

多尿(( polyuria)polyuria)

低血钾 碱中毒低血钾 碱中毒

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( 三 ) 防治的病理生理基础(Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment)

先口服后静脉见尿补钾控制量和速度严禁静脉注射

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三、高钾血症(Hyperkalemia)

概念 (Concept)

Serum [K+] > 5.5mmol/L

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( 一 ) 原因和机制(Causes and mechanisms)

1. 排钾减少(decreased K+ excretion)

少尿 (oliguria)

保钾性利尿剂醛固酮↓

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2. K+ 从细胞内逸出(K+ shifts out of cells)

细胞损伤 (cell injury)

高钾性周期性麻痹 (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis)

酸中毒 (acidosis)

3. 入钾过多(increased K+ intake)

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K+

H+ H+

酸中毒 (acidosis)

H+

血 [K+]

Na+K+

H+ Na+

肾小管肾小管

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( 二 ) 对机体的影响(Effects)

1. 对神经肌肉兴奋性的影响 (effects on neuromuscular

excitability) 神经肌肉兴奋性先后↓

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血 K+ ↑ 细胞内外 [K+] 差↓

静息电位阈电位兴奋性↓ ( 重度)

静息电位↓

与阈电位距离↓

兴奋性↑ ( 轻度)

机制(mechanism)

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除极化阻滞除极化阻滞 (hypopolarized blocking)(hypopolarized blocking)

静息电位等于或低于阈电位使细胞兴奋性降低的现象。

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2. 对心脏的影响(effects on the heart)

◣ 心肌传导性

◣心肌兴奋性先↑后↓

◣ 心肌自律性

◣ 心肌收缩性

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3期 K+ 外流↑ ,复极加速→ T波高尖传导性↓ → P-R 间期延长 QRS波增宽

传导阻滞及自律性↓ →心律失常

◣心电图的变化

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高钾血症时心电图的变化

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3. 对酸碱平衡的影响(effects on acid-base balance)

高血钾 酸中毒

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( 三 ) 防治的病理生理基础(Pathophysiological basis

of prevention and treatment)

减少血钾来源 促进钾移入细胞 对抗钾的毒性 排钾

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ECFICF

0

40

80

120

160

Na+ K+ Cl- HCO3- HPO4

2-

ECF: Na+、 Cl- 、 HCO3-

ICF: K + 、 Mg2 + 、 HPO42- Pr-


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