CONCENTRATION CAMPS CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND THEIR LIBERATIONAND THEIR LIBERATION "First they came for the Communists but I was not a "First they came for the Communists but I was not a Communist so I did not speak out;Communist so I did not speak out;

Then they came for the Socialists and the Trade Then they came for the Socialists and the Trade Unionists but I was not one of them, so I did not speak Unionists but I was not one of them, so I did not speak out;out;

Then they came for the Jews but I was not Jewish so I Then they came for the Jews but I was not Jewish so I did not speak out.did not speak out.

And when they came for me, there was no one left to And when they came for me, there was no one left to speak out for me." speak out for me."

Martin Niemoller, 1892-1984Martin Niemoller, 1892-1984

ANTI SEMITISMANTI SEMITISM

• Was created in 1879 • First used by Wilhelm Marr

• German agitator to explain the current anti-Jewish campaigns in Europe

• The hostility or prejudice against the Jewish race and ethnic group• Extremism in Germany made by Hitler leads to . . .

THE FINAL SOLUTION THE FINAL SOLUTION

Plan to exterminate all of Jewish Plan to exterminate all of Jewish peoplepeople Implemented in stagesImplemented in stages

Nazis and Hitler rose to powerNazis and Hitler rose to power State-enforced racism in Jewish State-enforced racism in Jewish legislation legislation Boycotts Boycotts ““Night of Broken Glass” Night of Broken Glass”

All leading to isolation of Jews All leading to isolation of Jews

1939 CAMPS1939 CAMPS

CAMPSCAMPS

AuschwitzAuschwitz Poland (Monowitz, Poland (Monowitz, Birkenau)Birkenau)

DachauDachau Munich, GermanyMunich, Germany MajdanekMajdanek Lublin, PolandLublin, Poland Buchenwald Buchenwald Weimar, Germany Weimar, Germany BelsenBelsen Celle, GermanyCelle, Germany

DACHAUDACHAU

First camp to be createdFirst camp to be created March 1933March 1933

Empty munitions factoryEmpty munitions factory 10 miles west of Munic, Germany10 miles west of Munic, Germany

CAMP STRUCTURECAMP STRUCTURE

AuschwitzAuschwitz– Largest camp establishedLargest camp established– Broken down three campsBroken down three camps

Auschwitz I: Auschwitz I: – Concentration campConcentration camp

Auschwitz II: Auschwitz II: – Birkenau Killing CenterBirkenau Killing Center

Auschwitz III: Auschwitz III: – Monowitz Forced Labor campMonowitz Forced Labor camp

– 1.1 million Jews eliminated1.1 million Jews eliminated– Other victumsOther victums

Christian PolesChristian Poles Roma GypsiesRoma Gypsies Soviet Prisoners of war Soviet Prisoners of war

DEPORTATIONSDEPORTATIONS

ENTERING CAMPSENTERING CAMPSBrought from cities

on box car trains

OPTION 1Fit and healthy able

To work in camp

OPTION 2Healthy and used forMedical experiments

OPTION 3Most unable to work

Taken straight to gas chambers

Taken off trains And separated

Shaved heads and strippedNaked given alternative

clothing

HOW?

GAS CHAMBERSGAS CHAMBERS

Gas vansGas vans Gas used:Gas used:

Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Zyklon BZyklon B

Tested on Gypsy childrenTested on Gypsy children Delousing to control TyphusDelousing to control Typhus September 3, 1941 first killing September 3, 1941 first killing 600 Soviet 600 Soviet

POW’sPOW’s

Most deaths from GasMost deaths from Gas

CREMETORIUMSCREMETORIUMS

►Put in all campsPut in all camps►Auschwitz campAuschwitz camp

Estimated killing capacity up to 340 every Estimated killing capacity up to 340 every 24 hours24 hours

►Normally dead firstNormally dead first

MEDICAL EXPIRAMENTSMEDICAL EXPIRAMENTS

Three main groupsThree main groups 1) Tests aimed at easing survival of military 1) Tests aimed at easing survival of military

personnelpersonnel 2) Testing pharmaceuticals treating military 2) Testing pharmaceuticals treating military

and occupation personnel. and occupation personnel. 3) Advancing racial ideological tenets of Nazi 3) Advancing racial ideological tenets of Nazi

worldview worldview

Other testingOther testing Sterilization experiments in Auschwitz and Sterilization experiments in Auschwitz and

Ravensbrueck on “unfit” races Ravensbrueck on “unfit” races

ALL INVOLVEDALL INVOLVED

Hitler – creator of “Final Solution”Hitler – creator of “Final Solution” Dr. Josef Mengele – experimented on Dr. Josef Mengele – experimented on

prisonersprisoners Many SS officers – killed and controlled Many SS officers – killed and controlled

Jewish and other prisonersJewish and other prisoners U.S. troops – liberated campsU.S. troops – liberated camps Soviet troops – liberated camps Soviet troops – liberated camps

NEWS OF LIBERATIONNEWS OF LIBERATION

• News of the U.S. and Soviet troops News of the U.S. and Soviet troops moving forward set off alarm for moving forward set off alarm for GermansGermans

• Began Death marches Began Death marches

• Destroyed crematories and gas Destroyed crematories and gas chambers chambers

• Prisoner riots began Prisoner riots began

DEATH MARCHDEATH MARCH

1944-1945 Largest took place1944-1945 Largest took place Nine days before reaching Nine days before reaching

Auschwitz 60,000 marched toward Auschwitz 60,000 marched toward Wodzislaw then put onto trains Wodzislaw then put onto trains

One march consisted of 6,000 One march consisted of 6,000 women 1,000 menwomen 1,000 men 600 died600 died The remainder were forced into the The remainder were forced into the

ocean and shotocean and shot

PUSHED FORWARDPUSHED FORWARD

FINAL LIBERATION

• Camps liberated by Soviet Union:– Majdanek – July 1944– Belzec, Sobiber, Treblinka – summer of 1944– Auschwitz – January 1945– Stutthof– Sachsenhausen– Ravensbrueck

LIBERATION cont’dLIBERATION cont’d

• Liberated by U.S.:– Dachau – April 1945– Buchenwald – April 11, 1945– Dora-Mittelbau – April 1945– Mauthausen – May 1945– Flossenbuerg

AFTER LIBERATION

• No homes to go to

• Many died weeks after liberation from malnutrition

• Many had louse-borne Typhus fever and had to be treated

• Treated with doxycycline 200 for 24 hours

• Never could fully return to their lives before

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF NON-ESTIMATED NUMBER OF NON-COMBAT DEATHSCOMBAT DEATHS

UkrainiansUkrainians 5.5-7 million 5.5-7 million

Jews (all countries)Jews (all countries) 6 million +6 million +

Russian POW’sRussian POW’s 3.3 million +3.3 million +

Russian civiliansRussian civilians 2 million +2 million +

PolesPoles 3 million +3 million +

Gypsies Gypsies 200 – 500 200 – 500 thousandthousand

Disabled Disabled 70 – 250 thousand70 – 250 thousand

HomosexualsHomosexuals tens of thousandstens of thousands

CREDITSCREDITS

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