Chapter 12
Recovery and Rebirth:
The Renaissance
Timeline
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
Renaissance = Rebirth
Jacob Burkhardt Civilization of the Renaissance
in Italy (1860)
Urban Society
Age of Recovery
Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture
Emphasis on individual ability
The Making of Renaissance Society
Economic RecoveryItalian cities lose economic supremacy
Hanseatic League
Manufacturing• Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy
Banking• Florence and the Medici
Lorenzo de Medici
The Polish City of Gdansk An Important Member of the Hanseatic League
Social Changes in the Renaissance
The NobilityReconstruction of the aristocracy
Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population
Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)The Book of the Courtier (1528)
Service to the prince
Peasants and TownspeoplePeasants
Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population
Decline of manorial system and serfdom
Urban SocietyPatricians
Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen
The poor and unemployed
Slaves
Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
Husbands and WivesArranged Marriages
Husband head of household
Wife managed household
ChildrenChildbirth
Sexual Norms
The Italian States in the RenaissanceFive Major Powers
MilanVeniceFlorence
• The MediciThe Papal StatesKingdom of Naples
Independent City-StatesMantuaFerraraUrbino
The Role of WomenWarfare in Italy
Struggle between France and SpainInvasion and division
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
Modern diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy
Changing concept of the ambassadorResident ambassadors
Agents of the territorial state
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)The Prince
Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power
Cesare Borgia
Italian Renaissance HumanismClassical RevivalPetrarch (1304 – 1374)Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy
Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)• New Cicero
Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457)Humanism and Philosophy
Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)• Translates Plato’s dialogues• Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
Renaissance HermeticismFicino, Corpus HermeticumGiovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man
Leonardo Bruni
Marsilio Ficino
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Education, History, and the Impact of PrintingEducation in the Renaissance
Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and musicEducation of womenAim of education was to create a complete citizen
Humanism and HistorySecularizationGuicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence
The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg
• Movable type (1445 – 1450)• Gutenberg’s Bible
(1455 or 1456)The spread of printing
Johannes Gutenberg
Art in the Early Renaissance
Masaccio (1401 – 1428)Perspective and OrganizationMovement and Anatomical StructurePaolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475)
The Martyrdom of Saint SebastianSandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510)
PrimaveraDonato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)
DavidFilippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)
The Cathedral of FlorernceChurch of San Lorenzo
Donatello’s David
Masaccio, Tribute Money
Sandro Botticelli - Primavera
The Artistic High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Last Supper
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
The Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo’s David
Raphael, School of Athens
The Artist and Social Status
Early RenaissanceArtists as craftsmen
High RenaissanceArtists as heroes
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441)
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
Adoration of the Magi
Music in the RenaissanceBurgundy
Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474)
The Renaissance Madrigal
The European State in the Renaissance
The Renaissance State in Western EuropeFrance
• Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483)England
• War of the Roses• Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)
Spain• Unification of Castile and Aragón• Establishment of professional
royal army• Religious uniformity• The Inquisition• Conquest of Granada• Expulsion of the Jews
Louis XI of France
Map 12.2: Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century
Central, Eastern, and Ottoman EmpiresCentral Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg DynastyMaximilian I (1493 – 1519)
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe
PolandHungaryRussia
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine EmpireSeljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territoryConstantinople falls to the Turks (1453)
Maximilian I
Map 12.4: The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe
The Church in the RenaissanceThe Problems of Heresy and Reform
John Wycliff (c. 1328 – 1384) and LollardyJohn Hus (1374 – 1415)
• Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy
• Burned at the stake (1415)Church Councils - Sacrosancta & FrequensThe Papacy - 1460 Execrabilis
The Renaissance PapacyJulius II (1503 – 1513)
• “Warrior Pope”NepotismPatrons of Culture
• Leo X (1513 – 1521)
Pope Leo X
John Hus
