Download - Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program

4 ‰ INITIATIVESoils for food security and climate

H. Saint Macary (Cirad)D. Pot (Cirad)J. F. Soussana (Inra)J. L. Chotte (IRD)

4 ‰ INITIATIVE : MULTIPLE ROLES OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER (SOM)

PHYSICALQUALITY

CHEMICALQUALITY

SOIL ORGANICMATTER

(SOM)

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL

QUALITY

BIOLOGICALQUALITY

INITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000

UNCCD


A PERFORMING AGRICULTURE

QUALITÉPHYSIQU

E

FERTILITÉ

ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU

E

Matière organique des sols (mos)

SOMBetteruse of

nutriments,conservation

of water

> Produce as much or more, with limited renewable resources

QUALITÉPHYSIQU

E

FERTILITÉ

ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU

E


SOMBuffering effects on

temperatures,reduction of

erosion


A RESILIENT AND ADAPTATIVE TO CC AGRICULTURE

QUALITÉPHYSIQU

E

FERTILITÉ

ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU

E


> Reduce pollutions

A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AGRICULTURE

SOMBiological activity and

depollution



QUALITÉPHYSIQU

E

FERTILITÉ

ET QUALITÉ CHIMIQU

E


> Today, agriculture releases 14 % of GHG

SOMIt is carbon (as in CO2)

The more carbon in soils, the less in the

atmosphere

A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AGRICULTURE

8,9


12.5

4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION

3 200 GT CO2

12.5

3 200= 4‰

AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME

> Mecanisms and potentials

> Cropping systems performances evaluation

> Appropriate policies

> Monitoring and verification


4 ‰ INITIATIVETWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION

… and others : OSU, WUR, ARC…

A MULTIPARTNER PROGRAM OF ACTIONS

> Integration in the LPAA (Lima Paris Agenda for Action)

> Encourage stakeholders to get involved in a coordinated effort

> Official launch in Paris COP 21 on 1st december


4 ‰ INITIATIVETWO MAIN STRANDS OF ACTION

> Develop agroecological practices

Conservation agriculture,

improvement of pastures

Agroforestry Recycling of organic residues


HOW ?

> Preserve and restore soils

> Support innovation with appropriate policies


HOW ?

and…what about biotechnologies ?

8,9


4 ‰ THE ASSUMPTION

10.6 10.6Net biome

productivity

INITIATIVE 4 POUR 1 000

Another way of looking at the question

GPP451 GtCO2 yr

Plant Resp220 GtCO2 yr

Net Primary Productivity231 GtCO2 yr

Heterotrophic Respiration

Exportations194 GtCO2 yr

Net Ecosystem Productivity37 GtCO2 yr

Disturbance(Fire, ..)

26,4 GtCO2 yr

Net BiomeProductivity

10,6 GtCO2 yr

Sorghum : a good model to improve Carbon sequestration



GPP451 GtCO2 yr







26,4 GtCO2 yr


10,6 GtCO2 yr

Increase the Gross Primary

Production (GPP)

Improve tolerance to heat, water stress, nutrient deficit is a key to maximize Carbon sequestration in the soil

Tin gene in Wheat : Shoot / root ratio impacts on water uptkake efficiency and drought tolerance

Optimize Productivity under biotic and abiotic stress

Change annual crops to perennial : genes identification in grain sorghum Ratoon sorghum : stay in the field over season + take advantage of early precipitations

Perennial plants : decrease management and soil disturbance . Optimize Carbon sequestration !

Wild sorghum relatives are perennial (Sorghum propinqum) : understand genetic determinism of perenniality and rhizome development

Washburn et al 2013 Molecular breeding

Transcriptome sequencing of rhizomes and aerial shoots of S Propinquum (Zhang et al 2014)

Optimizing light interception : genetically optimizing leaf angle represents a promising way to sustainably increase sorghum productivity (Truong et al 2015 Genetics)

K= Light extinction coefficientSmall K => less PAR intercepted by Upper leaves and more PAR available at lower levels of canopy

Dwarf3 gene affects Leaf Angle, it encodes a P-Glycoprotein, that regulates polar auxin transport

A potential tool to monitor leaf angle in Sorghum breeding



GPP451 GtCO2 yr







26,4 GtCO2 yr


10,6 GtCO2 yr

Reduce respiration

Sorry…no obvious gains demonstrated until now

Reduce / optimize plant respiration (C02 production)



GPP451 GtCO2 yr







26,4 GtCO2 yr


10,6 GtCO2 yr

Modify ratios :- Shoot / root

Monitor :- Soil & Rhizosphere

Allocation of C to the root systems : Impacts on Soil C sequestration

• Soil deposition of C through allocation to deep roots=> long term C sequestration (Direct positive effect)

• C loss through root exudates boosts soil respiration and negatively affects both C sequestration (…but soil improvement has to be taken into account)

=> Need to unravel the genes involved in carbon partitioning and exudation

Control the Shoot-Root ratio

SOIL FUNCTIONS MONITORING:THE METAGENOMICS PROCESS

DETERMINE WHO IS THERE(Sequence-based metagenomics)• Identify organisms, genes and metabolic pathways• Compare to other communities• Compare treatments and cultural practices

DETERMINE WHAT THEY ARE DOING(Function-based metagenomics)• Screen to identify functions of interest,

such as nitrate reduction, or carbone fixation

• Find the genes that code to functions of interests

Extract all DNA from microbial community insampled environment

DNA sequencing



GPP451 GtCO2 yr







26,4 GtCO2 yr


10,6 GtCO2 yr

Monitorplant quality

Sorghum for biofuels : increasing cell wall digestibility, and reducing lignin in the aboveground biomass are favorable traits

But reduced recalcitrance is not an advantage for C sequestration

The more recalcitrant the soil organic C, the longer it will escape to microbial respiration and reentry in atmosphere

=> Need to be able to modulate C allocation, and C use differentially to roots and stem

Monitor biomass quality

Optimization of the plant compartment through biotechnologies :The targets

Reduce plant respiration Modify Shoot-

Root ratio

Biochar

Productivity under biotic and

abiotic stress

Optimize their use as bioenergy / biomaterials

Increase Plant Photosynthetic

efficiency

Increase Phytoliths

Monitor biomass qualityPerenniality / optimize plant to new crop

management

Ecosystemic services : reduce soil erosion

With Soil Organic Matter increase, food security and combating climate change (adaptation + mitigation) are complementary

http://www.4p1000.org/

Agriculture is already part of the solution : local agroecological practices, public policies, funding mechanisms

Biotechnologies will helpINITIATIVE 4 PER 1 000

4 ‰ INITIATIVE




4 ‰ INITIATIVESoils for food security and climate

THANK YOU

Download - Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program

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