Transcript
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BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

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OUTLINE OF TOPICS :OUTLINE OF TOPICS :•INTRODUCTION•HISTORICAL, GEOLOGICAL, CLIMATIC, RELIGIOUS, AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND•CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES - DOMES AND PENDENTIVES•EXAMPLES – ST SERGUIS AND BACCHUS•EXAMPLES – ST SOPHIA•ASSIGNMENT.

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Geographical LocationGeographical Location

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1.1. Geographical Conditions:Geographical Conditions:• Byzantine is situated between Black Sea

and Mediterranean Sea and forms a link to Europe and Asia by means of a narrow strip of water.

• This helped to expand commerce and trade to eastern parts of the Roman Empire and further to Greece, Asia Minor, Russia etc.

• The early name was Byzantion and was later Romanized to Byzantium. Later it was renamed to Constantinople after the ruler Constantine

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2.2. Geological Conditions:Geological Conditions:• They used the similar materials that were

used by the Romans i.e. they continued the use of concrete.

• They also manufactured bricks for the dome construction.

• Marble was imported from other parts and used for ornamental work.

3. Climatic Conditions:Climatic Conditions:• They had flat roofs with small openings in

places of hot weather and sheltered arcades surrounding the open courtyard.

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4.4. Religious Conditions:Religious Conditions:• Constantine issued the free power to

everybody to follow the religion of their choice.

• As a result of the rise of Christianity many churched were built.

• In the beginning they were of the Basillican Christian type but later the dome became the prevailing motif of Byzantine Chruch.East : Circular West : Basilica

• Centralized church (Byzantine)• Mark specially sacred spot or to house a tomb or baptistery•seats for the faithful are banned•Combined the basilica’s horizontal axis with the vertical accent of a dome• Vertical •Greek

• Linear church• Congregational worship• To include choir, seats for the faithful• Horizontal• Latin

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Differences in DesignDifferences in Design

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5.5. Historical Background:Historical Background:• By the end of the 5th century AD, Rome had

completely declined• It had been sacked twice and was then under

occupation• Its influence was significantly reduced and the

Impetus for architectural innovation shifted to the Byzantine Empire

• This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilization to the Byzantine civilization

• Under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, the Byzantine style of architecture evolved

• His interest in church building led to the discovery of the groin vault and the evolution of the Byzantine style

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CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGNDESIGN

• Although it is impossible to identify two similar Byzantine churches, it is still possible to identify the basic characteristics of an ideal Byzantine church

• The attributes of the ideal church included: – The use of a centralized church plan – The use of surrounding isles– The use of pendentives and dome on

pendentives– And the use of a complex program of interior

structure, lighting and decoration to create fascinating interiors

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGNDESIGN

• The pendentive dome is derived by trimming the sides of a regular dome over a square plan as shown in A.

• The pendentive dome enables the transfer the total load of the dome to the four corners of a building, meaning that only the four corners need to be reinforced

• This allows the dome roof to be adapted for a square building as shown in B

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGNDESIGN

• Additionally, the top of the pendentive dome can be trim to introduce another dome on top of it as shown in C

• The additional dome can further be raised to introduce a cylinder between the pendentive dome and the additional dome as in D

• Windows can then be introduced in the cylinder enabling architects to creating dazzling interior light effects

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGNDESIGN

• Placing of small domes round large central dome was very commonly used.

• Domes were constructed without centering with thin radiating brocks of light weight pumic stones to lessen the side thrust on the walls

• The external facades were decorated in various design patterns of brick work and marble

• Byzantines used marble columns decoratively as well as structurally to support galleries and semi circular arches

• Mouldings were rare. The interiors were radiant with beautiful pavement. Walls were covered with marble mosaics and fresco decoration.

• This style was devoid of sculpture and was completely decorative.

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EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

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ST SERIGUS AND ST SERIGUS AND BACCHUS,ISTANBULBACCHUS,ISTANBUL

• It was built as a palace church between A.D. 527-536

• It is based on the four-lobed alternative church plan of early Christian architecture

• The church in plan consist of an octagonal core set in a very loose rectangular form

• The form of the church was not a perfect square

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ST SERIGUS AND ST SERIGUS AND BACCHUS,ISTANBULBACCHUS,ISTANBUL

• The central space was covered by a dome

• The octagon of the central dome has a small but true pendentive dome

• This church was constructed very shortly before Hagia Sophia and was believed to be a experiment

• The dome, its adaptation to a squarish form, the use of pendentive and the lighting and decoration scheme in the interior gives it its Byzantine characteristics

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL

• Hagia Sophia or the church of the holy wisdom is the most accomplished master piece in the history of architecture

• The church was constructed in 532 A.D. by Emperor Justinian in Constantinople now Istanbul

• Hagia Sophia was the greatest vaulted space without intermediate supports that has ever been built and it remained so throughout the history of the Byzantine Empire

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL• Its architects were

Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, professors of geometry at the University of Constantinople

• The church provides an expert solution to the problem of how to place a dome on a square base

• The solution was to use pendantives

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL• Hagia Sophia is covered by

a central dome 102 feet (31 m) across, slightly smaller than the Pantheon's

• The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of arched windows under it, which help flood the colorful interior with light

• The dome is carried on pendentives

• The weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL

• Between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches

• These four concave triangular sections of masonry solved the problem of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base

• The church form is a combination of centralized and longitudinal structure

• Longitudinal direction is defined by domes to the east and west

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL - HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL - PLANPLAN

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL - HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL - SECTIONSECTION

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL

• Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements build up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence never seen before in antiquity

• Of great artistic importance was its decorated interior with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings

• The combination of interior decoration with lights flooding from its domes creates a glittering internal environment

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL

• Hagia sophia dominated church architecture after the 6th century AD

• For over 900 years it was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for imperial ceremonies

• Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque at the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Mohammad II in 1453

• Its rich figurative mosaics were covered with plaster and replaced by Islamic motifs

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL• It was for almost

500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul

• Hagia Sophia served as model for many of the great Ottoman mosques of Constantinople such as the Shehzade Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, and the Rustem Pasha Mosque

•After continuing as a mosque for many years, it was in 1934 turned by Turkish authorities into the Hagia Sophia Museum

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL

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HAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBULHAGIA SOPHIA,ISTANBUL


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