Download - Breeds of Livestock
Breeds of LivestockFall 2009
Breed Animals of common origin having
characteristics that distinguish them other groups within the same species.
Most breeds were developed to fit a set of environmental constraints
-climate, forage, supply, specific, production goals
Utility of Breeds Cattle
-British-Continental-Bos Indicus
General-Sire breed-Maternal breed-Dual Purpose breed
Ranking Breeds Sire Breed: fast growing, muscular,
late maturing, low milking Maternal Breed: early maturing
sexually, inherently fertile, moderate to heavy milking, small to moderate size
Dual Purpose breed
Why use Crossbreeding? Heterosis (hybrid vigor): ability of
offspring to out perform the average of the parents breed
Complimentary of traits: take advantage of parent’s desirable traits
British Breeds
Angus (Scotland) Black, naturally polled, moderate size Excellent marbling, early compositional
maturity Excellent maternal breed, easy fleshing,
good milk production Early maturing sexually Largest number of annual registrations
in the USA Recessive gene: Red Angus
Angus
Red Angus
Hereford (England) Red with white face, also white on
underline, switch, etc. Moderate size, adaptable to many
environments, good disposition Poorest marbling of the British breeds U.S. registry Assn. of Hereford and
Polled Hereford; merged in 1995 2nd Largest in annual registrations in
the U.S.
Hereford
Bos Indicus Breeds
Brahman (India) American Brahman is a cross of three Indian
breeds Both red and gray strains of Brahmans exist,
both have black pigmentation, horned Noted for heat tolerance, disease and insect
resistance, and crossing ability Poor marbling ability, and slow sexual
maturity Brahman composites: Brangus, Santa
Gertrudis, Beefmaster, Braford, Simbrah, etc.
Brahman
Brangus (United States) 5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman, black and
naturally polled Excellent mothering ability, early
sexual maturing, heat tolerance and forage ability result from crossbreeding
Most “widespread” composite breed in the U.S.
Brangus
Santa Gertrudis (United States)
5/8 Shorthorn and 3/8 Brahman, dark red, both polled and horned
Developed on the King Ranch in Kingsville by founder Robert J. Kleberg
Breed traces back to single sire Noted for maternal ability, productivity
under hot, adverse conditions
Santa Gertrudis
Beefmaster (United States) Developed by Tom Lasater in the 1930’s in
Texas 50% Brahman, 25% Shorthorn, 25%
Hereford, composite breed No set color pattern Developed on the 6 essentials: weight,
conformation, fertility, hardiness, disposition, and milking ability
Noted for longevity, hardiness, rapid growth, and maternal ability
Beefmaster
Continental or European (Exotic) Breeds
Charolais (France) White/Off White, cream coloration Extremely fast growing, muscular
breed Large framed with relatively heavy
birth weights and large mature size Produce lean, muscular carcasses Below average maternally, problems
with dystocia
Charolais
Chianina (Italy) White coat with black skin pigmentation One of the world’s oldest breeds Extremely large framed, late maturing
that is fast growing Tremendous impact on the “show steer”
industry Produce lean, muscular carcasses,
marbling in suspect, “out of the box” Not considered a maternal breed
Chianina
Limousin (France) Reddish gold in color Moderate size Below average maternally, lack in milk
production Produce extremely lean, muscular
carcasses Fastest growing breed in the country (%
increase in registrations) 3rd in annual U.S. registrations
Limousin
Texas Longhorn (Texas, were of Spain Origin)
Long, distinctive horns Lived as feral cattle for approx. 300 years from 1550-
1850, then we began to drive cattle north for slaughter (ex. Lonesome Dove
In the 1800s, began to improve Longhorns with British bulls, by the early 1900s the Longhorn was diluted nearly to extinction
1927: Dept. of Interior paid $3000 to buy a purebred Longhorns to be maintained in Oklahoma.
Maintained as a hobby breed Light muscled breed, low birth weight, excellent
hardiness and known for longevity and ability to utilize forage
Texas Longhorn
Dairy Cattle
Holstein-Friesian (Netherlands)
Dominant breed of dairy cattle (over 90% of all commercial dairy cattle)
Black and white color pattern (red and white do exist), large frame, easy going nature
Unparalleled milk production ability (20,121 lbs. of milk average in 305 days)
Lowest percentage in butterfat. Butterfat: solids that are used for cheese,
butter, and non-fat dry milk
Holstein
Jersey (Isle of Jersey) Small, refined animal as surpassed
femininity (big brown eyes) Light tan to dark brown shades. Highest percentage of butterfat Many herd in Texas (Bluebell) Very heat tolerant than other dairy
breeds, thus popular in the south Very fertile and early maturing sexually
Jersey
Swine Breeds
Chester White (USA) White hair with drooping ears Noted for large ears, excellent
mothering ability
Landrace (Denmark) White in color with huge drooping ears Most prolific swine breed that is longer
than other breeds because of an extra vertebrae
More confinement adaptable than many other breeds
Landrace
Yorkshire (England) “Mother breed”, white erect ears, large
and white Noted for large litters, relatively lean
carcasses and good feed conversion
Yorkshire
Duroc (USA) Reddish brown (range from light red to
dark red) with drooping ears Excellent growth rate and feed
efficiency, generally considered a sire breed
Tends to be fatter than Hampshire sired pigs
Duroc
Hampshire (USA) Black with a white belt around
shoulders, erect ears Known for lean, muscular carcasses,
primarily a sire breed
Pietrain (Belgium) Black and white spotted with erect ears Extreme muscularity and leanness Normally stress positive Terminal sire breed
Sheep Breeds
Sheep Breeding Dual Purpose
-Dorset-Columbia-Corriedale
Important traits: Meat/Wool Sire/Dam breeds
Fine Wool Species
Merino (Spain) Most dominant breed in the world wide
sheep industry Very fine fleeces Merinos are typically smaller than
other wool breeds and slower growing Very hardy, long lived sheep with
excellent flocking instinct White face breed
Merino
Rambouillet (France) Descended from the Spain Merino, but
larger and faster growing Louis XVI purchased 366 Spanish Merinos
from the King of Spain and developed the Rambouillet at the King’s estate in Rambouillet, France
Dominant range ewe in Western U.S and Texas
White faced breed that is not extremely prolific under range conditions
Rambouillet
Crossbred Wool Breeds
Columbia (USA) Developed at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station
in Dubios, Idaho Crossbred of Lincoln rams and Rambouillet ewes Largest of the crossbred breeds Coarser wool than rambouillet Ewes are relatively prolific and productive (10-
16#’s of wool/year) Lambs are faster growing than Rambouillets &
Merinos White faced, polled
Columbia
Medium WoolMeat Breeds
Dorset (England) Horned and polled strains Known for ability to breed out of
season, very prolific, and high milking ability
Hampshire (England) Sire breed noted for rapid growth and
muscularity Face, legs, and ears are dark brown to
black. Should possess a wool cap on their head
Hampshire and Suffolk are the two most popular sire breeds in the commercial sheep industry
Hampshire
Finnsheep (Finland) Most noted for their incredible
prolificacy (mature ewes produce 3+ lambs)
Noted for milk production, and easy lambing
Very poor fleeces and slow growing/light muscled
Require intensive management
Finnsheep
Southdown (England) One of the oldest sheep breeds,
imported into the U.S. in 1803 Medium to small sized with light brown
face and legs Farm flock breed used to produce meat Low maintenance breed with average
prolificacy and milk production
Southdown
Suffolk (England) Very old breed used as a sire breed in
commercial production Free of wool on the head and legs
(black) Alert, active sheep that grow fast with
lean carcasses Ewes are prolific and heavy milking but
produce very poor fleeces
Suffolk
Goat Breeds
Angora (Turkey) Produces mohair, a luxurious fiber that
commands a higher price than wool Sheared twice a year Over 90% of the nations Angora goats
reside in Texas, primarily in the Edward’s Plateau
Finest hair ( the world’s most valuable) is produced by the kid goats with the hair getting coarser as the goat gets older
Angora
South African Boer Goat (South Africa)
Hardy, fast growing meat-type goat Medium size with prominent horns and
broad drooping ears Good meat type confirmation with
superior spring of rib, body length, and muscling
Boer
Spanish Goat (Spain) Term Spanish goat is used in the U.S. to
refer to goats of mixed breed origin Kept largely for meat production Very prolific and hardy, utilize a great
deal of browse, thus used to clear brush and clean up re-growth in cleared areas
Spanish Goat
Nubian (Africa) Most popular registered dairy breed in
the U.S. Noted for high butterfat Long drooping ears and “Roman Nose”
Poultry
Leghorn (Mediterranean) Single comb, white leghorn is the most
prolific egg laying breed
White Plymouth Rock (USA) Used as the female line in broiler
production Lays brown eggs, are large, relatively
fast growing chickens
White Cornish (England) Sire line in broiler production Large, fast growing chickens that are
marginal egg producers Broad breasted, heavily muscled Tougher meat and stronger connective
tissue
Broad Breasted White Turkey (USA)
Birds are so heavy and muscular they are no longer capable of natural reproduction, also have problems with leg structure
Breeds Quiz 1. Which breed of cattle is ranked 3rd in
the annual registration? 2. Which breed of swine is more prolific
because of an extra vertebrae? 3. What two ovine breeds are fine wool
species: 4. Which breed of sheep is the most
prolific breed? 5. Which breed has the higher butterfat &
which breed has the higher milk volume?
Breeds Quiz 6. What is the most popular breed of
dairy goat in the USA? 7. What percentage of our nation’s
Angora goats reside in Texas? 8. What are 4 of the 6 essentials
described for a Beefmaster? 9. Which bovine breed has a recessive
red gene? 10. Which Texas bovine breed
originated from Spain?
Breeds Quiz 11. Which poultry breed is the most
prolific egg laying breed? 12. Which breed of poultry is so heavy &
muscular they are no longer capable of natural reproduction?
13. Which breed of swine is called the “mother breed”?
14. Which breed of cattle was developed on the King Ranch by Robert J. Kleberg?
15. Which bovine species has the largest number of annual registrations in the U.S.?
Breeds Quiz 16. Which breed of medium wool breeds
has a wool cap? 17. Which breed of swine is normally stress
positive? 18. Which bovine breed has poor marbling
ability but is offset by their ability to thrive in hot, humid environments, disease/insect resistant, and crossability.
19. Name two sire breeds & two maternal breeds.
20. What livestock would you raise and why?