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BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
• Includes sugars, starches, and cellulose• Function to store energy and to provide
shape to organisms• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
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Carbohydrates (cont.)
• Can be divided into 3 groups based on their size:– Monosaccharides: simple
sugars like glucose, galactose and fructose
– Disaccharides: double sugars like sucrose, lactose and maltose
– Polysaccharides: chains of sugars like starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin
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Monosaccharides• Glucose - "Blood sugar" is the immediate
source of energy for cellular respiration. It is a moderately sweet sugar found in vegetables and fruit.
• Galactose - Galactose is not normally found in nature, but is mostly hydrolyzed from the disaccharide lactose, which is found in milk.
• Fructose - Fructose is also called the fruit sugar. Fructose is found in fruits, honey, and the sole sugar in bull and human semen.
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Disaccharides• Lactose is the second most common double
sugar and is found in milk. It is a combination of glucose and another small sugar called galactose.
• Maltose is the third most double common sugar. It is not found in the foods that we eat. Instead, the body makes it when a person eats foods that contain starches such as potatoes and bread.
• Sucrose is the most common double sugar that people eat in common foods. It is found in fruits, potatoes, pasta, breads, cereals and other common foods.
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Polysaccharides• Starch: a storage polysaccharide in plants • Glycogen: a highly branched storage
polysaccharide in animals. • Cellulose: a structural polysaccharide in plants.
Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls.
• Chitin: a structural polysaccharide in fungi and animals. Chitin stiffens the cell walls of fungi and some algae and is an important component of the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.