BELLWORK1. Explain the causes of the March Revolution. 2. Why did the provisional government in Russia
fail?3. Describe the two sides of the Russian Civil War. 4. Who was Vladimir Lenin? What did he promise
the Russian people? 5. What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? 6. What was the outcome of the Civil War?7. THINKER: Why do you think Russians found
communism appealing at the time?
“Freedom in a capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in ancient Rome; freedom for slave owners.”
REVIEW: U.S. Involvement• Explain Germany’s use of submarine warfare. • What ultimatum did President Wilson issue to
Germany in 1915?• Why didn’t the U.S. declare war after the Lusitania?• What was proposed in the Zimmerman Note?• What finally caused President Wilson to declare war?• How would U.S. entrance into the war change the
balance of power?
The End of WWI
Collapse of the Central Powers and German Surrender
Towards the End of War• British blockade was
starving Germany• British began using tanks• American convoy system
shut down U-boat attacks• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:
March 3, 1918; Russia makes peace with Central Powers; loses territory of Poland, Finland, and Baltic states.
• Both sides became fearful of revolutions spreading throughout Europe.
U.S. Convoy System• A convoy is a group of
vehicles (usually motor vehicles or ships) traveling together for mutual support and protection.
• Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support.
Ending the War• Allied powers launch huge
offensive on August 8, 1918• The Central Powers began to
collapse under constant Allied attacks.
• Germany’s allies, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire made peace with the Allied Powers.
• Separate states began declaring their independence from Austria-Hungary.
End of WWI• 11/3/1918: Berlin is
occupied by Allied powers
• 11/11/1918: Germany surrenders
– Leader steps down and a provisional government is established
End of WWI• Extremely high death toll…… why?
• At the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919, the Allied leaders signed the Versailles Treaty.
The Treaty of Versailles (June 1919)• We are now going to take a closer look at the implications of the Treaty of
Versailles.• As I go through the powerpoint, take notes on:
• What each country wanted from the Treaty• Everything Germany had to do
• Be ready to discuss!
The Big Four
• Woodrow Wilson (US)
• Georges Clemenceau (France)
• David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
The Big Four at Versailles in 1919
What did France Want?• Security• Revenge• Reparations
– Germany should pay for the damage caused by invasion!
• Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future.
What did Britain Want?• Publically, Lloyd-George said he
wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war.
• Privately, he realized that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner.
• He was also worried about the “disease from the east…….”, communism. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it.
What did America want?• Wilson wanted an international
organization to protect peace
• He believed Germany should be punished, but not severely. He wanted a fair settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful
• The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The USA became more isolationist.
Discussion• What would Italy want out of the Treaty?• Which countries were left out of the Treaty of
Versailles? Why?• Do you think all countries should have been
included, even if they were on the losing side?• Do you think the losing side should be
punished for their acts/crimes during the war? How could this lead to future problems?
11 new countries created
Creation of the League of Nations
• Worldwide organization aimed at ensuring security and peace for all its members.
• Based off of Wilson’s 14 points for peace (called for an end to alliances)
What were the terms under the Treaty of Versailles?
• With Germany’s armed forces:• The German army was to be reduced to 100,000
men. • It was not allowed to have tanks.• Germany was not allowed to have an air force• The German navy was to have no submarines or
large battle-ships• The Rhineland was to be de-militarized.
Territorial Losses
Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies
Alsace-Lorraine was given to France
"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." (Article 231)
The War Guilt Clause
GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR
REPARATIONS
Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at $31.4 billion!
($389 billion in 2013)
Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
Make a prediction…..• How do you think German citizens responded to the
Treaty? • Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was
unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war
• The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.
• Many felt this would cripple the economy
German Reaction to the Cease-Fire• As you know, Germany was not involved in the
Treaty of Versailles and were heavily punished for their involvement in WWI.
• You are now going to read a short article that addresses viewpoints of the Germans and how they reacted to the treaty and cease-fire.
• Answer the 6 questions after you read!
WWI Timeline Events• Europeans colonizing Africa
(imperialism)• Collapse of Ottoman/Austria-
Hungarian empire• Germany expands navy (militarism)• Treaty of Versailles• Formation of the Triple Alliance &
Triple Entente• Austria-Hungary declares war • Lenin establishes communist
control• U.S. declares War• First signs of a stalemate
• Zimmerman Note • The use of the Schlieffen Plan • Russia overthrows Czar Nicholas
and establishes Provisional government
• Russia breaks into Civil War • Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand • Russia declares war• Germany surrenders • Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic
territory (nationalism)• Sinking of the Lusitania
