Download - AP GOV energy independence
-
8/11/2019 AP GOV energy independence
1/6
Quine 1
Ever since the energy crisis in the 70s, the United States dependency on foreign oil has
been on the policy agenda. After the industrial revolution, the role of electricity and energy has
increased significantly in the United States and now governs many everyday activities from
transportation to computing. The omnipresence of energy in todays society has increased the
ability for energy producers, such as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC), to gain tremendous power over the United States. Since energy dependency generally
refers to the dependency on oil, the issue arises in areas where petroleum is the dominant source
of energy. In order to effectively combat foreign energy dependency, the United States should
increase the production and efficiency of petroleum, as well as fund technology for decreasing
the use of petroleum in the upcoming decades.
The main issue behind the United States energy dependency is the reliance on oil, which
the United States currently cannot produce enough of to match demand, and has to therefore rely
on foreign sources. As of 2012, the United States only produced 60% of oil consumed
domestically, which led to an estimated $2 trillion dollar loss during the second term of the Bush
Administration due to OPEC price manipulation.1The ability of a foreign organization to
significantly manipulate the US economy signifies how much of an issue energy dependency is
in modern society. 95% of the petroleum usage in the United States is contributed mostly to the
transportation sector (72%) and industry (23%).2 This is very difficult to change as virtually the
entire capital infrastructure of the countryroads and highways, electric power plants,
transmission lines, airlines, shipping, steel, chemicals, construction, and home heating and
1Reduce Oil Dependence Costs, last modified April 23, 2014, http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/oildep.shtml.2Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2012, U.S. Energy Information Administration, accessedApril 25, 2014, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#consumption.
-
8/11/2019 AP GOV energy independence
2/6
Quine 2
coolingdepends on fossil fuels.3This dependency makes the United States extremely
susceptible to the manipulation of petroleum producing countries and organizations, yet the
United States appears, at least on paper, to be close to solving this issue. As of April 18th, 2014,
the United States exported about 1.6 million barrels per day of petroleum products, yet still
imported 7.7 million barrels of crude oil per day.4Due to the current increase in fracking, some
are optimistic that the United States will be a complete net exporter of oil by 2020.5However, it
is important to note that oil production from fracking, which contributed to about 30% of the oil
produced in the United States in 2013, decreases about 70% per site after the first year.6Even
without the environmental issues of fracking (which will be discussed later), the current surge of
oil produced is only a short term solution and will not ultimately solve the issue of energy
dependency in the long run.
Since the main use of oil, which is the principal cause of energy dependency, is in the
transportation sector, the issue is mostly focused in transportation fuels. While there are many
alternatives to oil for transportation, these alternative fuels either have a negative public image
(due to environmental impact), or are not efficient enough with current technology, to
significantly decrease dependence on petroleum. While the United States has a large reserve of
natural gas, the controversial process of extracting it (through fracking) is not widely approved
of since the process results in elevated levels of arsenic in water supplies near fracking sites,a
3
Robert U. Ayres and Edward Ayres, Crossing the Energy Divide: Moving From Fossil Fuel Dependence to aClean-Energy Future(New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2009), 1.4Petroleum and Other Liquids: Weekly Imports and Exports, U.S. Energy Information Administration, lastmodified April 23, 2014, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_wkly_dc_NUS-Z00_mbblpd_w.htm.5Paul Davidson, U.S. May Be Inching Toward Oil Independence, USA Today, February 9, 2014, accessed April26, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/02/07/falling-oil-imports/5268819/.6Asjylyn Loder, U.S Shale-Oil Boom May Not Last as Fracking Wells Lack Staying Power, BloombergBusinessweek: Global Economics, October 10, 2013, accessed April 26, 2014,http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-10/u-dot-s-dot-shale-oil-boom-may-not-last-as-fracking-wells-lack-staying-power.
-
8/11/2019 AP GOV energy independence
3/6
Quine 3
possibility of earthquakes, as well as other water contaminants.7This ultimately leaves green
energy, which accounts for less than 5 percent of energy used for transportation.8While this
number has been increasing in the past decade, the energy attributed by renewable energy is still
fairly insignificant in decreasing the dependency on petroleum in transportation. The efficiency
and production of green energy is crippled by current technology as eventhe fastest conceivable
growth of wind, solar, and other renewable-energy industries cannot substantially replace oil,
coal, and natural gas for at least several decades.9Since the one source of energy with the
largest public approval cannot be effectively implemented, legislation dealing with energy is
very controversial and difficult to pass. Also, since the technology needs to be developed before
renewable energy can become a viable source of energy, Congress would have to increase
spending for something that does not yield immediate results, which would be hard to pass
legislation for with the current budget deficit issue.
Since energy dependency is an ongoing issue, the first step is to create a temporary, short
term solution by immediately increasing oil production. This is currently being implemented, as
United States crude oil production has increased 700 million barrels in two years, which is a 35%
increase from the 2011 production levels of 2 billion barrels per year.10As a result, in just eight
years, the U.S. has more than halved its dependence on energy imports due to an increase in
fracking.11It is important to emphasize, however, that this needs to be only a temporary solution.
The solution of increasing supply to keep up with the domestic demand of oil should not be
7Clay Naff, Can Fracking Lead the Way to Clean Energy?Humanist, March-April 2014, 12, accessed April 22,2014. SIRS Issues Researcher.8Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2012.9Ayres and Ayres, Crossing the Energy Divide, 1.10Petroleum and Other Liquids: U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil, U.S. Energy Information Administration, lastmodified September 27, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a.11Anna Bernasek, Two Numbers: Americas Energy Jolt,Newsweek, January 17, 2014, accessed April 21, 2014.Opposing Viewpoints in Context (GALE|A355849767).
-
8/11/2019 AP GOV energy independence
4/6
Quine 4
relied on as energy usage will only increase in the upcoming decades, as well as the fact that the
method of increasing energy production, fracking, is considerably harmful to the environment
and other natural resources such as fresh water. Therefore, there needs to be a balance between
oil production and environmental impacts, which can be achieved by creating oil production
legislation that includes a sunset clause, or alimit on how long the increased levels of oil
production can continue for.
A more viable step that should be taken to decrease the United States foreign oil
dependence is increasing the efficiency of petroleum in transportation and industry. One simple
way of increasing efficiency of petroleum in transportation is by increasing the Environmental
Protection Agencys (EPA) miles per gallon (mpg) acceptance level on a yearly basis to
encourage efficiency. The EPA currently has a plan to reduce Americas dependence on oil by
more than 2 million barrels per day in 2025 by increasingthe required passenger vehicle mpg
standards to an estimated 54.5 mpg by 2025, since passenger vehicles account for 60% of
petroleum used in transportation.12This is a good start to increasing efficiency of petroleum use,
yet it is important to also provide monetary incentives and funding for reaching these limits
rather than just creating a new mandated level. The solution of increasing efficiency is not an
immediate solution, yet it is faster in decreasing petroleum dependence than renewable energy as
little or no ingenious new technology is needed.13Increasing the energy produced per fuel
consumed will decrease the amount of petroleum used in both transportation and industry, but it
will still not remove our dependence on oil.
12Regulations and Standards: Light-Duty, United States Environmental Protection Agency, last modified April25, 2014,http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regs-light-duty.htm.13Ayres and Ayres, Crossing the Energy Divide, 6-8.
-
8/11/2019 AP GOV energy independence
5/6
Quine 5
The ultimate long term solution for eliminating energy dependency on foreign oil is to
simply switch to other renewable fuels instead of petroleum. While the public generally
encourages the principle of increasing funding for renewable energy, in practice people want a
faster, more immediate solution to rising oil prices. The idea of replacing petroleum cleanly and
cost-effectively is written clearly on a government energy website, yet unlike the EPAs
strategy of increasing mpg regulations, there is no plan on this website to incorporate this idea of
replacing petroleum.14The recent former U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu declared that the
answer to the energy crisis is to change how we power our cars and trucks from foreign oil to
new American-made fuels and batteries.
15
Unfortunately, this is not an overnight solution, yet is
the most preferable solution to increasing energy independence. Even though this will not be
achieved for a few decades, it is important to increase funding and research in the renewable
energy and energy storage fields while implementing the temporary solutions of increasing
production and efficiency of oil.
The issue of foreign dependency on oil has been on the policy agenda for 40 years, yet it
continues to be a problem today. It is important to decrease the price manipulation power of
OPEC and other foreign oil companies immediately, but the solutions that can temporarily fix
this issue are too easy to depend on. The idea of the United States being a net exporter of
petroleum by 2020 through fracking has decreased peoples willingness to increase funding for
technology that can permanently achieve energy independence without damaging the world
around us. Ultimately, there needs to be a short term solution for directly addressing foreign oil
14Reduce Oil Dependence Costs.15Journey to Energy Independence, accessed April 26, 2014, http://www.americanenergyindependence.com/.
-
8/11/2019 AP GOV energy independence
6/6
Quine 6
dependency for the time being, yet there needs to be steps in place to decrease oil usage through
increasing efficiency and moving to alternative forms of energy.