Antebellum Reform Antebellum Reform MovementsMovements

McElhaneyMcElhaney

APUSHAPUSH

AP OutlineAP Outline

12. Creating an American Culture12. Creating an American Culture Cultural nationalism Cultural nationalism Education reform/professionalism Education reform/professionalism Religion; revivalism Religion; revivalism Utopian experiments: Mormons, Oneida Community Utopian experiments: Mormons, Oneida Community Transcendentalists Transcendentalists National literature, art, architecture National literature, art, architecture Reform crusades Reform crusades

Feminism; roles of women in the nineteenth century Feminism; roles of women in the nineteenth century Abolitionism Abolitionism Temperance Temperance

Criminals and the insaneCriminals and the insane

Key Terms to Know and MemorizeKey Terms to Know and Memorize1.1. RomanticismRomanticism

2.2. Hudson River SchoolHudson River School

3.3. James Fennimore James Fennimore CooperCooper

4.4. Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman

5.5. Herman MelvilleHerman Melville

6.6. Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe

7.7. TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists

8.8. Ralph Waldo Ralph Waldo EmersonEmerson

9.9. Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau

10.10. Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience

11.11. Utopian SocietiesUtopian Societies

12.12. Brook FarmBrook Farm

13.13. New HarmonyNew Harmony

14.14. Oneida CommunityOneida Community

15.15. Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne

16.16. Margaret Fuller Margaret Fuller

2nd Great Awakening2nd Great Awakening

17.17. Protestant RevivalismProtestant Revivalism

18.18. ShakersShakers

19.19. MormonsMormons

20.20. Charles Grandison Charles Grandison FinneyFinney

21.21. Temperance CrusadeTemperance Crusade

22.22. Phrenology Phrenology

23.23. Horace MannHorace Mann

24.24. Asylum MovementAsylum Movement

25.25. Dorothia Dix Dorothia Dix

Feminism/Women’s Feminism/Women’s RightsRights

17.17. Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton

18.18. Lucretia MottLucretia Mott

19.19. Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony

31.31. Seneca Falls Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

32.32. ““Declaration of Declaration of Sentiments”Sentiments”

33.33. AbolitionismAbolitionism

34.34. QuakersQuakers

35.35. American Colonization American Colonization SocietySociety

36.36. LiberiaLiberia

37.37. William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

38.38. LiberatorLiberator

39.39. American Antislavery American Antislavery SocietySociety

40.40. Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

41.41. North StarNorth Star

42.42. AntiAntiabolitionist violenceabolitionist violence

43.43. Amistad Amistad

44.44. Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

45.45. Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe

ReformReform=Change for Improvement=Change for Improvement

Main impulsesMain impulses Faith in human natureFaith in human nature Goodness of the Goodness of the

individualindividual Desire for order and Desire for order and

controlcontrol Desire to remake Desire to remake

societysociety Religious/moral Religious/moral

impulsesimpulses

RomanticismRomanticism TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists Utopian SocietiesUtopian Societies Second Great Second Great

AwakeningAwakening Temperance CrusadeTemperance Crusade FeminismFeminism AbolitionismAbolitionism

Second Great Second Great AwakeningAwakening

Similar to First Great Awakening:Similar to First Great Awakening: Recall- Recall- EvangelistsEvangelists (Preachers) “Sinners in the (Preachers) “Sinners in the

hands of and Angry God”hands of and Angry God” Jonathan Edwards 1741Jonathan Edwards 1741

Popular Popular Revival MeetingsRevival MeetingsCampsCamps WASPsWASPs New Religious SectsNew Religious Sects BaptistsBaptists and and MethodistsMethodists Revivals increase popularity of reform Revivals increase popularity of reform

movementsmovements

RevivalsRevivals = “giving new life,” to bring back to life specifically = “giving new life,” to bring back to life specifically Popular Religion (1830s)Popular Religion (1830s)

►Spread Christian ideas of equality and morality.Spread Christian ideas of equality and morality.

Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening Widespread Christian MovementWidespread Christian Movement Revival meetings= new lifeRevival meetings= new life Emotional SermonsEmotional Sermons Increased the amount of people participating Increased the amount of people participating

in churches (particularly women)in churches (particularly women) AbolitionAbolition and Temperance movement are and Temperance movement are

directly linked to directly linked to 22ndnd Great Awakening Great Awakening

RomanticismRomanticism

How do the following represent How do the following represent concepts of American concepts of American Romanticism?Romanticism?

1.1. Hudson River SchoolHudson River School2.2. James Fennimore James Fennimore

CooperCooper3.3. Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman4.4. Herman MelvilleHerman Melville5.5. Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe

RomanticismRomanticism Artistic movementArtistic movement Emerges 1800-1820Emerges 1800-1820 MessageMessage “That would “That would

express their nation’s express their nation’s special virtues.”special virtues.”

Discovering American Art Discovering American Art as an American creation.as an American creation.

Inspired by expression of Inspired by expression of inner spiritinner spirit

Work to unleash capacity Work to unleash capacity for good and joyfor good and joy

Nostalgic-Nostalgic- looking looking fondly back on earlier fondly back on earlier timestimes

Nature and God togetherNature and God together

N.I.N.E.S

Motifs in RomanticismMotifs in Romanticism

Individual REBELLION Individual REBELLION The Nostalgic (sympathetic fondness) The Nostalgic (sympathetic fondness)

interpretation of the historic PAST interpretation of the historic PAST Subjects from MYTH and FOLKLORE Subjects from MYTH and FOLKLORE Glorification of NATURE, faraway settings Glorification of NATURE, faraway settings SENTIMENTALISM SENTIMENTALISM Nobility of the uncivilized man and simple life Nobility of the uncivilized man and simple life GOTHIC themes – supernatural, mysterious GOTHIC themes – supernatural, mysterious

Romanticism in PaintingRomanticism in Painting

Hudson River School Hudson River School (NY)(NY)

First Natural First Natural LandscapesLandscapes

Power of NaturePower of Nature SublimeSublime (feeling of (feeling of

awe, feeling of awe, feeling of wonderment)wonderment)

Grandeur of NatureGrandeur of Nature Nature offers promiseNature offers promise Sense of Nostalgia in Sense of Nostalgia in

naturenature

Church

•Fredric Fredric ChurchChurch

Thomas Thomas ColeCole

Thomas Thomas DoughtyDoughty

Asher Asher DurandDurand

Romanticism in Romanticism in Literature Literature linklink

Washington IrvingWashington Irving (1809) (1809) Legend of Sleepy HollowLegend of Sleepy Hollow American theme, Dutch in American theme, Dutch in

New York, early AmericaNew York, early America James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper

(1820s)(1820s) Wrote about American Wrote about American

wildernesswilderness Leather Stocking TalesLeather Stocking Tales ““Last of the Mohicans” Last of the Mohicans” Reflected American Ideals:Reflected American Ideals:

Independent Independent IndividualIndividual Natural Inner GoodnessNatural Inner Goodness Need for orderNeed for order

Romanticism in Romanticism in Literature 2Literature 2

Walt Whitman (Walt Whitman (LinkLink)) ““Poet of American Poet of American

Democracy”Democracy” NYCNYC Themes Themes Celebrated DemocracyCelebrated Democracy Spirit of the IndividualSpirit of the Individual Liberation of individualLiberation of individual Pleasures of the FleshPleasures of the Flesh American SpiritAmerican Spirit Emotional and Physical Emotional and Physical

ReleaseRelease Personal fulfillmentPersonal fulfillment HomosexualHomosexual

Leaves of Grass

Greatest collection

“When Lilacs Last in the dooryard bloom’d”

Lincoln tribute

Captain My Captain about Lincoln’s Assassination

Stop this day and night with me, and you shall Stop this day and night with me, and you shall          possess the origin of all poems,          possess the origin of all poems, You shall possess the good of the earth and sun — You shall possess the good of the earth and sun —          there are millions of suns left,          there are millions of suns left, You shall no longer take things at second or third You shall no longer take things at second or third          hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead,          hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead,          nor feed on the spectres in books,          nor feed on the spectres in books, You shall not look through my eyes either, nor You shall not look through my eyes either, nor          take things from me,          take things from me, You shall listen to all sides, and filter them from You shall listen to all sides, and filter them from          yourself.          yourself.

Romanticism in Literature 3Romanticism in Literature 3 Herman Melville (link)Herman Melville (link) NY, 1819 NY, 1819 Best of his eraBest of his era Moby Dick pub 1851Moby Dick pub 1851 Human spirit was Human spirit was

troubled troubled Self DestructiveSelf Destructive Man against natureMan against nature

Romanticism in Romanticism in Literature 4Literature 4

•Edgar Allen Poe (link)Edgar Allen Poe (link)

•Died 1849Died 1849

•Poems and stories Poems and stories

•Sad and MacabreSad and Macabre

•1845 the Raven1845 the Raven

•Theme of Theme of individualsindividuals rising above to see rising above to see deeper world of spirit deeper world of spirit and emotionand emotion

Poe exposes… “the underside of the American dream of the self-made man and showed the price of materialism and excessive competition -- loneliness, alienation, and images of death-in-life.”

Transcendentalists Transcendentalists (Link)(Link)

Emerges out of RomanticismEmerges out of Romanticism New England New England Reaction against traditional Logic and Reaction against traditional Logic and

Enlightenment- non-conformist valuesEnlightenment- non-conformist values Independent thinkingIndependent thinking Referred to reason as the ability to grasp Referred to reason as the ability to grasp

beauty and truth through---beauty and truth through--- InstinctInstinct and and EmotionEmotion

(the highest human faculties)(the highest human faculties)

More TranscendentalismMore Transcendentalism TRANSCENDENTALISM = a philosophy that asserts the TRANSCENDENTALISM = a philosophy that asserts the

primacy of the primacy of the SPIRITUAL over the MATERIAL SPIRITUAL over the MATERIAL and EMPIRICAL and EMPIRICAL

According to According to KantKant, there are some ideas and aspects of , there are some ideas and aspects of knowledge which are beyond what the senses can knowledge which are beyond what the senses can perceive, perceive, but are but are INTUITIONSINTUITIONS of the mind itself – he named them of the mind itself – he named them

TRANSCENDENTAL FORMS TRANSCENDENTAL FORMS

The TRANSCENDENT is the fundamental reality The TRANSCENDENT is the fundamental reality

The ultimate truth transcends the physical The ultimate truth transcends the physical world world

Transcendentalists Transcendentalists and Natureand Nature

Nature was the source of Nature was the source of deep deep Human inspirationHuman inspiration

Helps individuals see Helps individuals see truthtruth within their soulswithin their souls

Genuine Genuine SpiritualitySpirituality come come through through communioncommunion with with naturenature

Super Super individualismindividualism was at their core. was at their core. Philosophically though, there was a center and it was about the Philosophically though, there was a center and it was about the

notion of spontaneous reason. notion of spontaneous reason.

people are capable of discovering a truth solely on the basis of people are capable of discovering a truth solely on the basis of intuition. intuition.

Walter Harding, in The Days of Henry Thoreau, Walter Harding, in The Days of Henry Thoreau, says Kant and says Kant and Hegel argued that there is a body of knowledge within man, innate, Hegel argued that there is a body of knowledge within man, innate, and that this knowledge transcended the senses, thusand that this knowledge transcended the senses, thus Transcendentalism. Transcendentalism.

This knowledge was the This knowledge was the voice of God within Manvoice of God within Man. It was central to . It was central to the Transcendentalists' belief that the child was born with an ability the Transcendentalists' belief that the child was born with an ability to tell right from wrong. His moral sense became calloused as he to tell right from wrong. His moral sense became calloused as he grew and listened to the world rather than that inner voice. grew and listened to the world rather than that inner voice. Particularly Alcott called for a return to a childish innocence and for Particularly Alcott called for a return to a childish innocence and for one to heed the voice of God within. one to heed the voice of God within.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (link)Ralph Waldo Emerson (link)

Leader, Unitarian Minister, devoted to Leader, Unitarian Minister, devoted to TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

Wrote Essays, Lectures, Very PopularWrote Essays, Lectures, Very Popular

Advocated the commitment

of the individual to

full exploration of

the inner capacities.

Emerson: the NationalistEmerson: the Nationalist

Wanted cultural IndependenceWanted cultural Independence 1837 “The American Scholar” 1837 “The American Scholar” American dependence on culture & art is American dependence on culture & art is

over over Truth & beauty can be derived from Truth & beauty can be derived from

instinct & creative genius instinct & creative genius ““Let the single man plant himself Let the single man plant himself

indomitably on his instincts there abide. indomitably on his instincts there abide. And a huge world will come round to him.”And a huge world will come round to him.”

R.W. Emerson Essay “Nature” 1836R.W. Emerson Essay “Nature” 1836

In the quest for Self-Fulfillment In the quest for Self-Fulfillment Individuals should work for Individuals should work for Communion Communion

with Nature with Nature ““In the woods, we return to reason and In the woods, we return to reason and

faith… Standing on the bare ground my faith… Standing on the bare ground my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes… I am part and particle of God.”vanishes… I am part and particle of God.”

RW Emerson: essay 1841 “Self RW Emerson: essay 1841 “Self Reliance”Reliance”

Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind”your own mind”

Self Reliance:Self Reliance: was a quest for unity of the Universewas a quest for unity of the Universe The wholeness of godThe wholeness of god The great spiritual force/essence of spiritual The great spiritual force/essence of spiritual

soulsoul Each person has innate capacity to find Each person has innate capacity to find

divinity personallydivinity personally

Henry David Henry David ThoreauThoreau

TranscendentalistTranscendentalist Repudiated repressive forcesRepudiated repressive forces Individuals should:Individuals should:

Work for self-realizationWork for self-realization Resist conformityResist conformity Should respond to own instinctsShould respond to own instincts

Walden-Walden- in the Concord (Mass) Woods in the Concord (Mass) Woods Most famous bookMost famous book Lived alone for 2 yearsLived alone for 2 years

ThoreauThoreau ““I went to the woods because I wished to I went to the woods because I wished to

live deliberately, to confront only the live deliberately, to confront only the essential facts of life and see if I could not essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what It had to teach.learn what It had to teach.

And not when I came to die I discover that And not when I came to die I discover that I had not lived”I had not lived”

ThoreauThoreau

Went to jail brieflyWent to jail briefly Refused to pay a Refused to pay a Poll TaxPoll Tax ProtestedProtested Slavery Slavery 1849: Essay “1849: Essay “Resistance to Civil GovernmentResistance to Civil Government”” An individual’s personal morality has first claim An individual’s personal morality has first claim

on his actionson his actions Government that violated personal morality had Government that violated personal morality had

no legitimate authority no legitimate authority An individual response should be An individual response should be

Civil Disobedience or Passive ResistenceCivil Disobedience or Passive Resistence

Utopian Societies, Brook Farm, Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida Community, MormanNew Harmony, Oneida Community, Morman

Utopian movements are radical Utopian movements are radical manifestations of the reform impulse.manifestations of the reform impulse.

They have the common vision to remake They have the common vision to remake society in a “more perfect way”society in a “more perfect way”

Communal characteristicsCommunal characteristics Separate from mainstream societySeparate from mainstream society CooperativeCooperative

Utopian MovementsUtopian Movements

Brook FarmBrook Farm Massachusetts 1841-47Massachusetts 1841-47 TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists Individual strives for Self- Individual strives for Self-

RealizationRealization CommunalCommunal Leisure is key Leisure is key

New HarmonyNew Harmony Robert OwenRobert Owen ““A village of cooperation”A village of cooperation”

Oneida Community Oneida Community 18481848 NYNY Rejected traditional family Rejected traditional family

and marriage valuesand marriage values

Oneida CommunityOneida Community

Oneida Community Oneida Community 18481848

NYNY John Humphrey John Humphrey

NoyesNoyes Rejected traditional Rejected traditional

family and marriage family and marriage valuesvalues

All residents were All residents were married to all other married to all other residents residents

No permanent No permanent conjugal tiesconjugal ties

Sexual behavior was Sexual behavior was monitored to prevent monitored to prevent abuse.abuse.

Children raised Children raised communallycommunally

Liberation from the Liberation from the demands of male lust.demands of male lust.

ShakersShakers Religious extremistsReligious extremists Re-defined traditional sexualityRe-defined traditional sexuality Founded 1770sFounded 1770s Northeast + Northwest 1840sNortheast + Northwest 1840s ““Shaking” ecstatic movement- Shaking” ecstatic movement-

would “would “shake themselves free shake themselves free from sin”from sin” while performing a while performing a loud chant.loud chant.

Commitment to Commitment to CelibacyCelibacy!?!?

VoluntaryVoluntary No children born into ShakerismNo children born into Shakerism Contact between men and women Contact between men and women

was limitedwas limited Social discipline was importantSocial discipline was important

A view of Shaker Meeting from 1885. A photographer from the Poland Spring Hotel took this image. The Shakers are seated in the front benches. The spectators and guests from the Poland Spring Hotel are in the back rows.

MormonsMormons

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS)(LDS)

Joseph SmithJoseph Smith (prophet for Mormons) (prophet for Mormons) 1830s Book of Mormon1830s Book of Mormon Translation of set of Golden TabletsTranslation of set of Golden Tablets Ancient Civilization in America (one of lost tribes Ancient Civilization in America (one of lost tribes

of Israel)of Israel) Dark Skin = SinDark Skin = Sin Story of “American Hebrews”Story of “American Hebrews”

Joseph Smith Brigham Young

Mormons ContinuedMormons Continued

Smith creates the movement and obtains Smith creates the movement and obtains convertsconverts

Rigid way of life:Rigid way of life: PolygamyPolygamy SecrecySecrecy Life Style (very prescriptive, foods, behavior)Life Style (very prescriptive, foods, behavior)

New York, Illinois, New York, Illinois, Smith Arrested and killed by mobSmith Arrested and killed by mob Brigham Young takes the 12000 converts Brigham Young takes the 12000 converts

WEST to UtahWEST to Utah

Temperance= Movement Against Temperance= Movement Against Alcohol (link)Alcohol (link)

Religious based Social Reform MovementReligious based Social Reform Movement CrusadeCrusade ““The church must take… on subject of The church must take… on subject of

Temperance, the moral reform, all the Temperance, the moral reform, all the subjects of practical morality.”subjects of practical morality.”

Crime, disorder, povertyCrime, disorder, poverty caused by caused by alcoholismalcoholism

Drinking was especially a problem for Drinking was especially a problem for Women- husband abuse them, and kids, Women- husband abuse them, and kids, and drink the money.and drink the money.

Temperance Temperance (Really good link)(Really good link)

1826 American Society for the Promotion of 1826 American Society for the Promotion of TemperanceTemperance

Preached abstinencePreached abstinence Large meetingsLarge meetings ““Going on the Wagon”Going on the Wagon” Will later evolve into national movementWill later evolve into national movement Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1878Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1878 Anti-Saloon League 1880sAnti-Saloon League 1880s Eventually, under Eventually, under ProgressivesProgressives, will lead to , will lead to

prohibition of prohibition of Alcohol 18Alcohol 18thth Amendment Amendment to the to the Constitution last 1920-1933.Constitution last 1920-1933.

EducationEducation

Public Education not Public Education not widely establishedwidely established

Some progress in Some progress in MassachusettsMassachusetts

New interest in Pub New interest in Pub EdEd To create a stable To create a stable

social social values=conformityvalues=conformity

Horace Mann is the Horace Mann is the leaderleader

““Train up a child in the Train up a child in the way he should go, and way he should go, and when he is old he will when he is old he will not depart from it.”not depart from it.”

EducationEducation MannMann ““An educated electorate is An educated electorate is

essential to the working of a essential to the working of a free Political system.”free Political system.”

Education Education “only way to “only way to counter…the tendency to counter…the tendency to domination of capital and domination of capital and servility of labor.”servility of labor.”

Advocated protestant Advocated protestant valuesvalues- - thrift, order, discipline, thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, respect for punctuality, respect for authorityauthority

Not wide spread change Not wide spread change comes from this movement.comes from this movement.

Medical ReformsMedical Reforms

PhrenologyPhrenology FoolishFoolish

Germ Theory Germ Theory

Asylum (link) and Asylum (link) and Prison ReformsPrison Reforms

RehabilitationRehabilitation is the key is the key Asylum=mental healthAsylum=mental health Prison= criminalsPrison= criminals Rise of the Rise of the PenitentiaryPenitentiary ““A place to cultivate penitence”A place to cultivate penitence” Through Through disciplinediscipline

Problem- Mentally ill and Problem- Mentally ill and criminals kept in terrible criminals kept in terrible conditionsconditions

Reform is keyReform is key

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix Some progressSome progress

FeminismFeminism Women were active in reform Women were active in reform

and Revival- 2and Revival- 2ndnd Great Great AwakeningAwakening

TemperanceTemperance AbolitionAbolition Women’s rightsWomen’s rights Many women begin to call for Many women begin to call for

women’s rightswomen’s rights ““Men and women were Men and women were

created equal. They are both created equal. They are both moral and accountable beings moral and accountable beings and whatever is right for man and whatever is right for man to do is right for women to do.”to do is right for women to do.”

Women’s Rights Women’s Rights MovementMovement

Lucretia MottLucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady

StantonStanton Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Strong connection Strong connection

between Women’s between Women’s Rights and Abolition Rights and Abolition movementmovement

Seneca Falls Seneca Falls

Convention 1848Convention 1848 (link) (link)

Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Lucretia MottLucretia Mott Fredrick DouglassFredrick Douglass

Declaration of Declaration of SentimentsSentiments Emulated Declaration Emulated Declaration

of Independenceof Independence