Angiology 脉管系统

山东大学医学院 解剖教研室 李振华

Composition Cardiovascular system

心血管系统 Lymphatic system

淋巴系统

The cardiovascular systemOrganization Heart 心

A muscle pump to maintain the flow of blood,

Consist of four chambers (right and left atria, right and left ventricles)

Artery 动脉 a. carry blood away from the heart

Veins 静脉 v. carry blood back to the heart

Capillary 毛细血管 microscopic vessels, the area of exchange between blood and tissue fluid

Blood circulation Systemic circulation 体循环

left ventricle→aorta and its branches→capillaries of body→superior and inferior vena cava→right atrium

Pulmonary circulation 肺循环 right ventricle→pulmonary a.→capillaries of lung→pulmonary v.→right atrium

Vascular anastomosis 血管吻合 Anastomosis between a. Anastomosis between v. Arteriolovenular anastomosis

动静脉吻合 Collateral vessels 侧副管 Circulation 侧支循环

Rectal venous plexus

The ArteriesCharacteristics Symmetry 对称 In the trunk of the body consi

st parietal and visceral branches 壁支和脏支

Shortest possible course Run on flexor surfaces Usually do not pass directly

through muscles, avoiding compression

Together with the veins and nerves in a sheath of fascia to form neurovascular bundle 血管神经束

Arteries of pulmonary circulation 肺循环的动脉

Pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干 Arises from right ventricl

e Runs up, back ,and to t

he left Bifurcates inferior to aor

tic arch into right and left pulmonary arteries, one for each lung

Arteries of systemic circulation 体循环的动脉Aorta 主动脉 Ascending aorta 升主动脉 Aortic arch 主动脉弓

Brachiocephalic trunk 头臂干 right common carotid a. 右颈总动脉 right subclavian a. 右锁骨下动脉

Left common carotid a. 左颈总动脉 Left subclavian a. 左锁骨下动脉

Descending aorta 降主动脉 Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉 Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉

Arteries of head and neck Common carotid a. 颈总动脉

External carotid a. 颈外动脉 Internal carotid a. 颈内动脉

Subclavian a. 锁骨下动脉

Arteries of upper limb Axillary a. 腋动脉 Brachial a. 肱动脉 Radial a. 桡动脉 Ulnar a. 尺动脉 Superficial palmar arch

掌浅弓 deep palmar arc 掌深弓

Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉 Parietal branches 壁支

Nine pairs posterior intercostals arteries 肋间后动脉

One pair subcostal 肋下动脉 Visceral branches 脏支

Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉Visceral branches 脏支 Paired branches

Middle suprarenal artery 肾上腺中动脉

Renal artery 肾动脉 Testicular (ovarian) artery

睾丸（卵巢）动脉 Unpaired branches

Celiac trunk 腹腔干 Superior mesenteric a.

肠系膜上动脉 Inferior mesenteric a.

肠系膜下动脉Parietal branches

Arteries of pelvis Common iliac a. 髂总动脉

Internal iliac a. 髂内动脉 External iliac a. 髂外动脉

Arteries of lower limb Femoral a. 股动脉 Popliteal a. 腘动脉 Posterior tibial a.

胫后动脉 Anterior tibial a.

胫前动脉 dorsal a. of foot

足背动脉

The Veins 静脉

General feature Thin walls, larger lumens, v

enous valves, venous plexus, venous rete

Two sets Superficial vein Deep veins

Special structures: sinuses of dura mater 硬

脑膜窦 diploic veins 板障静脉

Venous valve

Diploic veins

Sinuses of dura mater

Superior vena cava and its tributaries

Veins of head and neck Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Brachiocephalic vein: ve

nous angle

Veins of upper limb Deep vein: have the sa

me names as their companion arteries

Superficial veins: cephalic v. 头静脉 basilica v. 贵要静脉 median cubital v.

肘正中静脉

Veins of thorax Superior vena cava

上腔静脉 Azygos v. 奇静脉 Hemiazygos v. 半奇静

脉 accessory hemiazygos

v. 副半奇静脉 Veins of vertebral colu

mn 椎静脉丛

Inferior vena cava system

Veins of lower limb Deep vein: have the sa

me names as their companion arteries

Superficial veins: great saphenous v.

大隐静脉 small saphenous

小隐静脉

Veins of pelvis Internal iliac v. 髂内静

脉 External iliac v. 髂外静

脉 Common iliac v. 髂总静

脉

Inferior vena cava and its tributaries

Hepatic portal v.

The Lymphatic System

Heart

Artery

Capillaries

Vein

Cell Tissue fluid Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic vessel

Lymphatic node

Lymphatic trunk

Lymphatic duct

Composition Lymphatic vessel

Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic vessels: two

sets, superficial and deep Lymphatic trunks: nine Lymphatic ducts:

thoracic duct, right lymphatic duck

Lymphatic organ Lymphatic nodes Tonsil, spleen, thymus

Lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic capillary

Lymphatic node

Afferent vessels

Afferent vessels

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duck

Lymphatic vessels

Introduction of the nervous system

山东大学医学院 解剖教研室

李振华

The Nervous System --Divisions Central nervous system (CNS) 1. Brain （脑） 2. Spinal cord （脊髓） Peripheral nervous system (PN

S) 1. Cranial n. （脑神经 12 pairs) 2. Spinal n. ( 脊神经 31 pairs) 3. Visceral n. （内脏神经）

Visceral sensory n. Visceral motor n.

Sympathetic part （交感神经） Parasympathetic part （副交感神经）

The Cranial Nerves 脑神经 Ⅰ Olfactory nerve 嗅神经 Ⅱ Optic nerve 视神经 Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve 动眼神经 Ⅳ Trochlear nerve 滑车神经 Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经 Ⅵ Abducent nerve 展神经 Ⅶ Facial nerve 面神经 Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve 前

庭蜗神经 Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal nerve 舌

咽神经 Ⅹ Vagus nerve 迷走神经 Ⅺ Accessory nerve 副神经 Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve 舌

下神经

31 pairs spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 s

acral, and 1 coccygeal nerve. Formation: each spinal nerve is for

med by union of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral foramen

1.The anterior root Contains motor fibers for skeletal m

uscles. Those from T1 to L2 contain sympathetic fibers; S2 to S4 also contain parasympathetic fibers.

2. The posterior root Contains sensory fibers whose cell

bodies are in the spinal ganglion.

General description

Functional components1. Somatic efferent nerve fibers 躯体传出纤维 (SE): fibers that transmit motor i

mpulses from spinal cord to skeletal muscles.2. Visceral efferent nerve fibers 内脏传出纤维 (VE): fibers that transmit motor i

mpulses from spinal cord to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands.3. Somatic afferent nerve fibers 躯体传入纤维 (SA): fibers that transmit exteroc

eptive and proprioceptive impulses from body to spinal cord 4. Visceral afferent nerve fibers 内脏传入纤维 (VA): fibers that transmit interoc

eptive impulses from the viscera to spinal cord

Branches of spinal nerves1. Anterior branch 前支 : largest , innervates anterolateral body wall and

limbs ， the great nerve plexus, e.g. the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral, are formed by anterior rami

2. Posterior branch 后支 : innervates the back of the trunk3. Communicating branch 交通支 : connect the spinal nerve to the symp

athetic trunk4. Meningeal branch 脊膜支 : re-enters vertebral canal through interverte

bral foramen to dura mater

Cervical plexus 颈丛 Formation: formed by ante

rior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves

Position: lies in front of the origin of levator scapulae and scalenus medius and deep to the superior part of the sternocleidomastoid

Brachial plexus 臂丛 Formation:

Formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves

Position:

Passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords

Anterior branches of thoracic nerves Intercostal nerves 肋间神经 (an

terior rami of T1- T11) Subcostal nerve 肋下神经 (ant

erior ramus of T12) Distribution: distributed to inter

costales and anterolateral abdominal muscles, skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum

Lumbar plexus 腰丛 Formation: formed by anteri

or rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12and L4

Position: lies within substance of psoas major

Branches Iliohypogastric n. 髂腹下神经 Ilioinguinal n. 髂腹股沟神经 Lateral femoral cutaneous n.

股外侧皮神经 Femoral n. 股神经 Obturator n. 闭孔神经 Genitofemoral n. 生殖股神经

Sacral plexus 骶丛 Formation: formed by anterior r

ami of L4 and L5 spinal nerves (the lumbrosacral trunk) and anterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves

Position: lies in pelvic cavity, anterior to sacrum and piriformis