Download - 04 Tensile
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 1
Pneumatic TrussedAnticlasticStayed Suspended
Tensile structures
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 2
Stayed
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 3
McCormick exhibit hall ChicagoArchitect/Engineer: SOMTo span railroad trucks underneath, the truss roof issuspended by stay cables from concrete pylons.1 Axon2 Section3 Center joint4 Exterior jointA Pylon topB Stay cableC Truss web barD Stay bracketE Edge stay, resists wind uplift
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 4
Imos factory, Newport, UKArchitect: Richard Rogers Engineer: Anthony Hunt
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 5
Patscenter PrincetonArchitect: Richard RogersEngineer: Ove ArupStays resist both gravity load and wind uplift
Design alternates Lines meet = concentric joints
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 6
Renault Center Swindon, UKArchitect: Norman Foster
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 7
Golden Gate Bridge, photo courtesy Peter Craig
Suspended
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 8
Suspension span/sag ratios:
Small sag = large stress
Large sag = small stress but tall supports
Optimal span/sag ratio = 10
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 9
New York bridges:
George Washington Bridge, top
Roebling Bridge, bottom & left
(diagonal hangers resist deformation)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Roebling
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 10
Stability issues:1 Point load deformation2 Wind deformation3 Stabilizing cable to resist wind uplift4 Dead load to resist wind uplift
(increases seismic load)6 US pavilion Expo 57, Brussels
Circular compression ring resistslateral thrust effectively
6
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 11
Oakland Coliseum (1967)Architect: SOMEngineer: Ammann and Whitney
Diameter 400 ft Outer concrete compression ring Inner steel tension ring Steel strands for main support Concrete ribs resist unbalanced load X-columns resist lateral seismic load
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 12
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 13
Dulles Airport Terminal Left: Initial structure Below: 1990 expansion
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 14
Exhibit Hall HanoverArchitect: Thomas HerzogEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann
Roof features: 3x40 cm steel suspender band Prefab wood panels with ballast gravel Skylights provide lighting and ventilation
(prevent balanced suspender support) Prestressed glass wall avoids buckling of
mullions due to roof deflection
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 15
Anticlastic
Anticlastic = saddle shape, inverse curvatures
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 16
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
Minimal surface equations (Schierle, 1977 *)Y= f1(X/S1)(f1+f2)/f1 + X tan Y= f2 (Z/S2)(f1+f2)/f2
* Published in Journal of Optimization Theory and Application
The minimal surface conditions: Minimum surface area between any boundary Equal and opposite curvature at any point Uniform stress throughout the surface f1/f2 = A/B (Schierle, 1977 *)
Minimal surface vs. Hyperbolic Paraboloid
1 Minimal surface of square plan2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid of square plan3 Minimal surface of rhomboid plan
(membrane center below mid-height)4 Hyperbolic Paraboloid of rhomboid plan
(membrane center at mid-height)
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 17
Anticlastic Surface1 Opposing strings
stabilize a point in space2 Several opposing strings
stabilize several points
3 Anticlastic curvaturestabilizes a membrane
4 Membrane shear causes wrinkles in fabric
5 Stress without wrinkles
6 HP-surface Quadratic equation
7 Minimal surface
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 18
Fiber Orientation (Schierle, 1968)1 Orthogonal (causes shear stress)2 Principal curvature (avoids shear stress)3 Principal curvature vs.4 Generating lines5 Principal curvature orientation (small deflections)6 Generating line orientation (large deflections)Lesson: Orient fibers in principal curvature Avoid generating line orientation
T
e
s
t
m
o
d
e
l
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 19
Edge Conditions
1, 2 Edge Cable
3, 4 Edge Arch
5, 6 Edge Frame
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 20
Edge Cable
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 21
Edge Arch
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 22
Edge Frame
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 23
Surface Conditions
Saddle shapes
Arch shapes
Wave shapes
Point shapes
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 24
Saddle Shapes
1 Square / cable edge
2 Hexagon / cable edge
3 Square / arch edge
4 Oval / arch edge
5 Square / beam edge
6 Hexagon / beam edge
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 25
Saddle Shapes
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 26
Expo 64 LausanneArchitect: Saugey / SchierleEngineer: Froadvaux et Weber
26 restaurants featured regional cuisines Symbolized sailing and mountain peaks
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 27
Arch Shapes
1, 2 Single arch / edge cable
3, 4 Twin arch / edge cable
5 Twin arch / edge arch
6 Single arch / edge arch
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 28
Arch Shapes
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 29
Skating rink MunichArchitect: AckermannEngineer: Schlaich / Bergermann
Prismatic steel truss arch, 100 m span Anticlastic cable nets Wood slats Translucent fabric
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 30
Wave Shapes
1 Ridge/valley cables,cable edge
2 Ridge/valley cables,beam edge
3 Ridge/valley beams,beam edge
4 Ridge beam/valley cablebeam edge
5 Ridge/valley cables,closed end
6 Ridge/valley cables,circular plan
5 6
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 31
Wave Shapes
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 32
Circular Wave Shapes
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 33
Point Shapes1 Mast punctures fabric2 Radial cables
3 Ring with radial cables4 Loop cable
5 Dish top6 Eye cable
7 Twin mast rows8 Three mast rows
9 Suspension cables10 Supporting cables
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 34
Point ShapesSea World Africa USAArchitect: SchierleEngineer: ASI
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 35
G
e
r
m
a
n
P
a
v
i
l
i
o
n
,
M
o
n
t
r
e
a
l
E
x
p
o
1
9
6
7
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
:
R
o
l
f
G
u
t
b
r
o
t
/
F
r
e
i
O
t
t
o
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
:
F
r
i
t
z
L
e
o
n
h
a
r
d
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 36
German Pavilion Montreal Expo 67Architect: Rolf Gutbrod & Frei OttoEngineer: Leonhard & Andrea
Cable net of 75x75 cm meshes Translucent membrane
suspended from cable net
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 37
Retractable roof Bad Hersfeld Architect: Frei Otto
R
e
t
r
a
c
t
a
b
l
e
u
m
b
r
e
l
l
a
s
M
e
d
i
n
a
A
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
:
B
o
d
o
R
u
s
h
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 38
Design Process
Stretch fabric models
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 39
Design Process computer models Cutting patterns by triangulation
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 40
Erection
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 41
Edge cablePrestress turn buckle
Fabric holder webbing
Details
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 42
Balance Forces
Balanced Unbalanced
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 43
Balance Forces
Balanced tension ring
UnbalancedTension ringrequirescostly footings
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 44
Olympic facilities MunichArchitect: Guenter Behnisch / Frei OttoEngineer: Fritz Leonhard
Design competition model
Design metaphor:Spider web over landscape
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 45
Olympic Stadium MunichArchitect: Guenter BehnischEngineer: Leonhardt und Andrae
The roof consists of 7 saddle-shape cable nets Anticlastic curvature provides stability: Concave cables support gravity Convex cables resist wind uplift Cable net supported by:
Masts at rear Ring cable Flying buttress
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 46
Stretch fabric model
Piano wire model
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 47
Cable net of 75 cm (2.5 ft) square mesh(flat squares formed anticlastic rhomboids)
e
d
g
e
c
a
b
l
e
e
d
g
e
c
a
b
l
e
s
o
i
l
a
n
c
h
o
r
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 48
Cable net lifted into space
Twin cables facilitate the deformation
Flat squares meshes deformed into rhomboids to assume anticlastic curvature
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 49
Cable net assumed anticlastic shape
Anticlastic net with acrylic glass roof
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 50
Arena roof Translucent skin below cable net:
Two layers of translucent fabric 4 thermal insulation between fabric
Glass wall with cantilever trusses
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 51
Swim arena
Point shape cable net (high and low points) Translucent skin below net consists of:
Two layers of translucent fabric 4 thermal insulation between fabric
External mast support
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 52
Acrylic panels of 3x3m (10x10) with neoprene joints are supported by75x75 cm (2.5x2.5) net of twin cables
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 53
Cable details
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 54
Mast details
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 55
Pneumatic
Air Supported Air InflatedFuji pavilion Osaka Expo 1970
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 56
Pneumatic structure types:
Left: Air inflated
Right: Air supported
1 Air inflated cushion
2 Air inflated vault
3 Air inflated dome
4 Air inflated dome grid
5 Air supported dome
6 Air supported vault
7 Air supported vault with cables
8 Air supported dome grid
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 57
US Pavilion Expo Osaka (1970)Architect: Davis Brody Engineer: Geiger, Berger Size: 465 x 265 ft Steel cables Teflon-coated fiberglass fabric
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 58
Silverdome Pontiac, MI (1975)Architect: O'Dell Hewlett & Luckenbach Engineer: Geiger/Berger
Building data: Capacity: 90,000 Size: 770 x 600 Air pressure: 5 psf 10 - 75 hp fans 15 - 100 hp fans 50 revolving doors 93 pressure balance doors
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 59
Cable TrussG G Schierle & UC Berkeley students
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 60
Cable trusses
1 Lintel trusses
2 Concave trusses
3 Lintel truss with compression braces
4 Lintel truss with compression struts
5 Concave truss with tension braces
6 Concave truss with tension struts
7 Concave/lintel truss with braces
8 Concave/lintel truss with struts
9 Gable truss with radial strut
10 Gable truss with center compression struts
11 Radial brace truss
12 Flat chord truss with compression struts
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 61
Auditorium Utica, NYArchitect: Gehron & SeltzerEngineer: Lev Zetlin
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 62
Olympic pool 4 multipurpose gyms Cable trusses, 120 span
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 63
Loyola University PavilionArchitect: Kahn, Kappe, Lottery, BoccatoEngineer: Reiss and Brown Consultant: Dr SchierleSpanning the long way provides openings to join outdoor seating for large events
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 64
Watts Tower CrescentArchitect: Ado / SchierleEngineer: ASI
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 65
Stadium roof Oldenburg, GermanyEngineer: Schlaich BergermannCable truss & anticlastic membrane panels
-
Tensile structures Prof Schierle 66
Tensile structures are fun