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Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1. The birth of double beta decay 2. From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties 3. The physics of rare events 4. Experimental approaches and difficulties 5. Present experimental status 6. The future 7. The nightmare of nuclear matrix elements 8. Something else 9. Conclusions Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

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Page 1: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else

1

1. The birth of double beta decay2. From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and

properties3. The physics of rare events 4. Experimental approaches and difficulties5. Present experimental status6. The future7. The nightmare of nuclear matrix elements 8. Something else9. Conclusions

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 2: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

2Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 3: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

3

Double beta decays

1935 M.Goeppert-Mayer, P.R. 48 (1935) 512 T>1020

Majorana, Nuovo Cimento 14 (1937) 171 Symmetric Theory of Electron and Positron G. Racah, Nuovo Cimento 14 (1937) 322

W.H. Furry Lepton number nonconservation

1967: 130Te, Geochemical Ogata and Takaoka, Kirsten et

1987: 82Se, Direct counting Moe et al .1987 : Source=detector 48Ca, 76Ge

3Ettore Fiorini Benasque March 19,2015

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4

1. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- + 2 e

Two neutrino double beta decay Allowed by the standard model Found in eleven nuclei ( 130Xe is new!) to ground state and in two

to excited state

2. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- + ( …2,3 ) Emission of a massless Goldston boson named Majoron (Gelmini and Roncadelli)

3. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e-

Neutrinoless double beta decay. The two electrons share the total transition energy E1 + E2 => E => a peak should appear in the sum spectrum of the two electrons

Other possible “L=2” decays- Double positron decay => + + - Positron decay + Electron Capture => EC- + - Double electron capture => EC-EC

4Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 5: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Two neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decay

5

Measurement of the CP phase in the decay

5Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

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66Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 7: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

7

e-

e-

Direct experiments

Source detectors Source = detector

Geochemical experiments82Se = > 82Kr, 96Zr = > 96Mo, 128Te = > 128Xe , 130Te = > 130TeRadiochemical experiments 238U = > 238Pu (non confirmed)

How to search for decay

7Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 8: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 8

Many types of detectors

Experimental challenges

• Cloud chambers

• Emulsions?

• Bubble chambers ? (yes for Dark Matter)

• Scintillators

• Double state liquids

• Time projectrion chambers

• Tracking and imagining devices

• Single atom counters 136Xe => 136Ba

• Bolometers

• Hybrid devices

Page 9: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

9Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

A first source = detector experiment

Page 10: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

RARE events One of the main problem => background

10

Cosmic rays => underground physics

10Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

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11

Where to go ?

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 12: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

12Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 13: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

13Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 14: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

The Jin Ping Laboratory (700 m.w.e)

14Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 15: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

15Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 16: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

16

Radioactivity

Benasque March 19,2015Ettore Fiorini

Page 17: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

17Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 18: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

18

The second mystery of Ettore Majorana

In 1937, Majorana [2] theoretically showed that the conclusions ofthe theory of β decay remain unchanged under the assumption of the existence of only one type of the neutrino having no antiparticle

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

e e

Page 19: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

→ → <= =>

Majorana =>1937

Dirac or Majorana neutrino?

RIGHT

LEFT:

:

19Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 20: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

20Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 21: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

21

EXO-200 => 2.71±0.017(stat.)±0.06(sys.)×1021 yr.

Kamland-Zen 2.38 ± 0.02(stat) ± 0.14(syst) × 1021 yr GERDA I 1.84 +0.14 -10(stat) × 1021 yr

21Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 22: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

22

Neutrino oscillations

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Sterile neutrinosLSND,Miniboon,Gallex,reactors

Great discovery requires great evidence (P. de Bernardis)

Page 23: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

23Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 24: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

2424Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

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25Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 26: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

26

<m> ~ 0.34eV

Bracking news then 0 in 76Ge

26Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 27: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 27

GERDA

Page 28: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

28Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Complain by H.Klapdor

Page 29: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Future experiments on DBD

2929Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 30: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

GERDA Majorana Supernemo

30Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

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Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 31

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Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 32

Page 33: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 33

SNO+

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Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 34

Page 35: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 35

NEXT

Page 36: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Incident particle

absorber crystal

Thermal sensor

Energy resolution <1 eV ~ 1eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV

VC

Q T

J/K )( v

v 1944 C 3

m V

T

36

Thermal detectors

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 37: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 37

Page 38: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

CUORICINO CUORE0 CUORE

38Ettore Fiorini Benasque March 19,2015

Page 39: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

3939Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Hybrid techniquesHeat+ scintillation , light, Cherenkov light

Page 40: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Ettore Fiorini 40

Crystal made from

ββ-isotopes

Thermometer

Light detector

Heat sink

Heat sink

0νββ emitters: 130Te, 82Se, 100Mo & few others

Crystals: TeO2 , ZnSe, ZnMoO4, CaMoO4

Operation at <20 mK:

Cuore (w/o light detection)

Lucifer, Lumineu, Amore(with light detection)

Lucifer

Benasque March 19,2015

Page 41: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 41

Qββ (82Se) = 2995 keVArray of 32-36 enr. (95%) Zn82Se crystals

Total 82Se nuclei: (6.7-8.0) 1025

Single detector: 460 gBI (goal): 1-2 x10-3 cts / (keV kg yr)

ΔE (FWHM): 10-15 keV • Bgd (internal α’s):17.2±4.6 μBq/kg (232Th)24.6±5.5 μBq/kg (238U)• Isotope delivery:

9/15 kg 82Se delivered final batch for

02/2015 • Crystal growth:

Schedule for Jan - June 2015Current yield: 70%

‘anomalous β/γ-quenching’

Page 42: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Now a competitor AMORE

Advanced Mo based Rare process Experiment

42Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 43: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 43

Before the nightmareFrancesco Jachello entering the field

The nightmare of matrix elements

Page 44: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Robertson idea

4444Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini

Page 45: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 45

Page 46: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015

Ettore Fiorini 46

Is Francesco Iachello right ?

Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritasPlato is a friend , but truth even a better one

Page 47: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 47

Detectors of unprecedentent sensitivity Environmental radioactivity Trace elements Archaeometry

Reactors => friends and enemiesIs neutrinoless double beta decay the only way to test lepton conservation?

A possible experiment to search

e =>

A favor to be returned => reactor physics

=> Measurement of the position of the fire inside the reactor=> Displacement of the Uranium column in the core

Majorana neutrino and consequences

Page 48: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Ettore Fiorini

Radionuclide OriginGamma Peak (keV)

Branching ratios (%)

Absolute detection efficiency εabs (%)

Min (μ Bqm−3)Max (μ Bqm−3)

Mean (μ Bqm−3)

7Be Cosmogenic 477 10.3 0.69 ± 0.10 200 ± 40 970 ± 190 470 ± 90

131I Fukushima284 81.2 1.08 ± 0.16 23 ± 4 410 ± 82 82 ± 16

364 60.6 0.88 ± 0.13

134Cs Fukushima604 97.6 0.57 ± 0.09 1.3 ± 0.3 80 ± 16 9.2 ± 1.8

796 85.4 0.47 ± 0.07

136Cs Fukushima 818 100 0.46 ± 0.07 0.005 ± 0.001

137Cs Fukushima 661 84.6 0.54 ± 0.08 1.6 ± 0.3 93 ± 19 10 ± 2

The Fukushima accident. Agreement by groups =>Measurements of air contamination in Osaka, Berkeley, Seattle etc. Only partially related to the distance Detection of air contamination a factor of million less in Milan with respect to Fukushima

Benasque March 19,2015 48

Page 49: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 49

Majorana theory for electron and positron

Application to neutrino => can a ½ spin particle be its own antiparticle? In superconductors Cooper pairs, being boson like particles, form condensates. Cooper pairs can be added to semiconductors with hole producing spin ½ exitons.Superconductors can contain magnetic wires acting as quasiparticlesCan the Majorana rule be applied to these quasiparticles?

Page 50: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

Massive detectors (now expensive) of unique sophistication

The reduction of the background which could hide neutrinolessevents has reached an unprecedented sensistivity

The quenching due to the new value assummed for gA could reduce the expecttion of the neutrino mass limit by a factor 4 to 5. If true it strongly reduces our hope to reach the invers hierarchy region

The validity to extend to neutrinoles DBD the gA obtained from

two neutrino and single beta decay should be justified

The sophistication reached and to be reached in serches for DBD could have appplications in other fields of science

Aplication to solid state physics of the Maiorana theory could bring to results as important as in elementary particle physics

Benasque March 19,2015 Ettore Fiorini 50

Conclusions

Page 51: Double beta decay, neutrino physics and something else 1 1.The birth of double beta decay 2.From low energy nuclear physics to neutrino mass and properties

51

There are more things in Earth and Heaven , Polonius, that can be dreamt of by your Philosophy Hamlet

Benasque March 19,2015

Ettore Fiorini


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Integral Equations in Neutrino Mass Searches from Beta Decay · 2019. 1. 9. · massive sterile neutrino has been sought [5] [6]. In this work, we will abbreviate neutrino “eigenstate”

Double-Beta Decay and the Neutrino Steve Elliott Nuclear Physics

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Beta decay: the neutrino - Michigan State Universitywitek/Classes/PHY802/neutrino.pdf · Cherenkov neutrino detectors Neutrinos do oscillate! Super-Kamiokande SNO 50,000 ton tank

Double-Beta Decay and the Neutrino

Double Beta Decay and Neutrino Masses Amand Faessler Tuebingen

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The elusive Neutrino: how double beta decay and the EXO ... · Discovery of neutrino oscillations requires adjustments to the . SM. How to build neutrino masses into the Langrangian?

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Determining the neutrino mass: The search for the neutrinoless double beta decay Tobias Bode

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AMORE neutrino-less double beta decay experimenticssnp.inr.ac.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Baksan_AMoRE_hjkim.pdf · AMORE neutrino-less double beta decay experiment AMoRE (Advanced

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Renato Angelo Ricci - sif.it · PDF fileRenato Angelo Ricci ... The beta-decay and the ... I have enjoyed Renato’s friendship for over 40 years. DOUBLE BETA DECAY AND NEUTRINO MASSES

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XMASS experiment and its double beta decay option XMASS experiment for dark matter search and low energy solar neutrino detection Double beta decay option

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Probing Lepton Number Violation in Double Beta Decay … · Probing Lepton Number Violation in Double Beta Decay and at the LHC ... Solar neutrino oscillations ... tree level contribution

Solar Neutrino Cross Sections and Nuclear Beta Decay* · Solar Neutrino Cross Sections and Nuclear Beta Decay* JOHN N. BAHCALL CiJUfornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Search for neutrino-less double beta decay of 76 Ge in the GERDA experiment

Revelations of the neutrino: Weak interaction (beta decay, double beta decay) Sebastian Liebschner 15.11.2012

Neutrino Physics Neutrino mass and mixing No neutrinoless double beta decay K.Nishikawa ＠ XXXIV International Meeting on Fundamental Physics April 3-7,2006

The neutron beta decay correlation program at SNSgalileo.phys.virginia.edu/.../slides/...pocanic.pdf · A, the electron asymmetry in neutron decay, B, the neutrino asymmetry in neutron

Neutrino group at CENBG Study of neutrino properties ……. Nature and mass of the neutrino Neutrinoless double beta decay search NEMO 3 experiment SuperNEMO

Double beta decay primer Neutrino mass, Double beta decay, Low background, Low energy, deep underground ex- experimental partical physics. Dr. Vladimir

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