Dorsal View

SFS

SPL

M1

S1

IPS

Fronto-parietal attention/Working memory

networksIPSDLPFC

IPS

FEF

Ventral PFC- regulation, response inhibition

Lateral, Medial OFC

Relational Complexity testRelational Complexity test

Kroger, Sabb, Fales, Bookheimer, Cohen, Holyoak 2002

Distractor Control

Memory systems

• Hippocampal– New associations– Episodic - temporal signature– Case examples– Tests– Paired associate learning– Effect of retrieval cues

R vs. K• Eldridge et al have shown the HC is

selectively involved in R, not with K.

Frontal contributions to memory

• Attention to incoming information

• Organization of incoming information– Pre-organized– Semantic categorization

• Working memory capacity

• Organized memory retrieval

Frontal lobe memory deficits

• Information size effects (supraspan)– LM story 2 second rep;

• Interference (proactive)– Eg: CVLT 5,7,10,9,8

• Benefit from cues• Reduced spontaneous categorization• Confabulation• Prospective memory impairment

Basal Ganglia and learning

• HM and tower of Hanoi

• Probabalistic classification

• Language learning and grammar

• Sequence learning

• Parkinsons vs HC amnesia patterns

• Social learning

Striatum is Involved in Language & Striatum is Involved in Language & CommunicationCommunication

(14,6,0)

• Artificial grammar learning (Lieberman et al., 2004)

• Other forms of statistical learning

• Individuals with autism have deficits in syntax after acquisition of language (Tager-Flusberg &

Joseph, 2003)

Grammatical > Non-GrammaticalGrammatical > Non-Grammatical

Lieberman et al., 2004 J Cog Neuro

Word Segmentation & Language Word Segmentation & Language LearningLearning

• Language delay is a core feature of autism

• Identifying word boundaries is one of the earliest steps in language learning (Kuhl 2002)

• Infant studies suggest heavy reliance on statistical learning for word segmentation (Saffran et al., 1996; Aslin et al., 1998)

• Prosodic cues (e.g., stress) aid speech parsing (Johnson & Juscyzk, 2001; Thiessen & Saffran, 2003)

• Adapt well-established paradigm from infant literature

Implicit Language Learning StudyImplicit Language Learning Study

ga

ba vupo

no ko

mu

gi

ka fifu

vi

novuka pofimuvikoga bafugi

lidura vorifamanuto nimolu

ri

vo

ra mo

li

fadu

lu

nu

mato

nipabiku daropigolatu tibudopa

la

tu pitibu

goku da

do ro

bi

UnstressedLanguage

Transitional

Probabilities

Only

nimoluvorifaliduramanuto…

RandomSyllables

No Transitional

Probabilities

No Prosodic Cues

kagipovuganomubakafufibako…

StressedLanguage

Transitional

Probabilities

+ Prosodic Cues

pabikugolatudaropitibudo…

Implicit Language Learning Implicit Language Learning ParadigmParadigm

StressedStressed

LanguageLanguage

UnstressedUnstressed

LanguageLanguage

RandomRandom

SyllablesSyllables

TIME (seconds)

144s144s 144s30s 30s

Comparisons with Baseline (Rest) in typical adults

Random Syllables

LHRH

Unstressed Language

Stressed Language

LHRH

LHRH

McNealy et al., under review

Implicit Learning and Reward• Probabilistic Classification Task• Reported by Knowlton and Squires- impaired in PD, intact in amnesia• Inversely related to hippocampal activity• Reward variant- social vs monetary

– Stimuli predict a given outcome (1 or 2) either 17% 50% or 83%– Reward and Cognitive (Correct / Incorrect) feedback

• Reward type varied: Monetary Rewards or Social Rewards

– Equal number of reward and cognitive feedback trials

Source: D. Ghahremani

“1”or“2”

Response

3.75 - 6.25 s

2.5 - 5 s

MonetaryFeedback

Facial Emotions: Experimental Paradigm

“Match” “Label” Control

Match Expressions: Perception only; implicit emotional processingLabel Expressions: Explicit cognitive analysis

Match Affect- normal adults

Hariri et al., 1999

amygdala

face area

-seeing negative face expressions activates Face and Fear brain centers

Label Affect

Hariri et al., 1999

amygdala

-interpreting negative face expressions activates Face brain center …

Cortical Influence During “Label”

Hariri et al., 1999

-this frontal lobe region regulates and controls Fear brain centers

Bipolar Disorder- Manic State: Altshuler et al 2005

fMRI in Mania (Altshuler et al 2005)

fMRI of Panic Imagery (Bystritsky et al 2001)

Emotional Face Processing in OCD (S. Rausch)

Disgust and Threat Responses in OCD (Shapiro

2002)

Threat

Disgust

Control OCD

• A dysfunctional mirror neuron system (MNS) in autism? (Williams et al 2001)

Mirror Neurons and Autism

• Mirror neurons: class of neurons first discovered in ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the macaque (Gallese et al 1996; Rizzolatti et al 1996); Pars opercularis (BA 44), inferior frontal gyrus, is human homologue.

• Neurons fire during both the performance and observation of motor behavior; respond to intention: only fire for meaningful actions

Mirror Neuron function in autism: Imitating and Observing

emotions

2 Separate Functional Runs“Just look at the expression on each face”“Imitate the expression you see on each face”

2 s

2 s

2 s

+

+

+

facesAngryFearfulHappySad

Neutral

I. Watch facesII. Imitate expressions

ASD Imitate t

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

p<.05, corrected at cluster level

LR

TD Imitate

LR

Activity During ImitationActivity During Imitation

Imitate:TD > ASD

LR

Visual areas

Motor areas

Mirror neuron area

Imitation: TD > AutismImitation: TD > Autism

z: 8

L R

Anterior Insula

Connection from mirror centers to emotion centers

z: -12

L R

Amygdala: fear centersNegative faces

Ventral striatum:Reward Centers(happy faces)