全球客家研究3

Editor

/ Wei-an Chang/ National Chiao Tung University

Editorial Board Members

/ Fu-chang Wang/ Academia Sinica / Hsin-yi Lu/ National Taiwan University / Chin-hung Chou/ National Central University /Yu-tsuen Hsu/ National Kaohsiung Normal University / Yueh-chin Chan/ National Tsing-Hua University / J. Sonia Huang/ National Chiao Tung University / Mei-lin Pan/ National Chiao Tung University / Pao-tsun Tai/ National Chengchi University / Lieh-shih Lo/ National Chiao Tung University

Executive Editor

/ Wei-der Shu/ National Chiao Tung University

Vice Executive Editor

/ Yu-shan Liu/ National Chiao Tung University

Assistant Editor

/ Lu-yi Chen/ National Chiao Tung University

Cover Calligraphy

Shih-hsien Chen

Publisher

College of Hakka Studies National Chiao Tung UniversityInternational Center for Hakka Studies National Chiao Tung University302 No.1, Sec. 1, Liujia 5th Rd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan (R.O.C.) (http://ghk.nctu.edu.tw)Print and Digital Publishing / 5 11 Semi-Annual/ May and November

Sponsors

3 2014 11

Myron Cohen Columbia University

Li-jung Wang National Central University

Min-hsiu Chiang National Chengchi University

Xuejia Fang Jiaying University

Pen-hsuan Lin National United University

Hironao Kawai National Museum of Ethnology

Lan-hung Nora Chiang

National Taiwan University

Cheng-feng Shih National Dong Hwa University

David Faure The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Shieu-chi Weng Shih Hsin University

Han-pi Chang National Central University

Yin-chang Chuang Academia Sinica

Liang-wen Kuo National Chiao Tung University

Chunsheng Chen Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangshou

Chien-san Feng National Chengchi University

Danny Tze Ken Wong

University of Malaya

Shaw-herng Huang National Chiao Tung University

Sin Kiong Wong National University of Singapore

Li-sheng Huang National Taiwan Ocean University

Su-chuan Chan Academia Sinica

Hong Liu Nanyang Technological University

A-ron Liu Yuan Ze University

Feng-jiin Li National United University

Hsin-huang Michael Hsiao

Academia Sinica

Yong Luo Gannan Normal University

Seo-gim Lo National Central University

viii Editor's Notexv Cover Photo

Research Articles

1 ( ) From the Guest to the Hakka (3-1): The References and Identity of Hakka in Taiwan T'ien-fu Shih

111 The Belief in God, Human Relations and Social Organization: Penang Tanjong Tokong Thai Pak Koong and Its Ritual Organizations Han-pi Chang, Wei-an Chang, Leong-sze Lee

139 1850-1950 The Mechanism of the Hakka Imagination in Hong Kong: the Role Played by The Basel Mission in the 1850s-1950s Li-hua Chen

163 Concentration Camp or Freedom Zone? Narrative Histories of mid-20th Century Chinese Refugees in Indonesia Yen-ling Tsai

Issues and Debates213

Introduction: The Controversial Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement and Hakka/Ethnic Studies Wei-der Shu

230 Taiwans Dilemma under the Onslaught of Neoliberalism Ying-kuei Huang

Global Hakka Studies

245 Exploring the Meanings of Local Life Embedded in Globalization Hsiu-hsin Lin

255 The Impact on Social and Ethnic Culture in Economic Governance of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Han-pi Chang

261 Sinicization of Native Hakka under the Impact of Chinese Capitalism: on the Crises of Traditional Universalism and Newly-Formulated Taiwan Identity Shih-chung Hsieh

267 The Impacts of Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement on the Hakka Distinctive Industries Shi-ming Huang

279 The CSSTA, Economic Blind-spots, and the Future of Ethnic Co-existence Chih-huei Huang

301 Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement and Agriculture Shaw-herng Huang

307 The Impact of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement on the Hakka Population: From the Perspective of Health and Social Care Chieh-hsiu Liu

315 The Conflict between the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement and Hakka-Tourism Hsing-wei Chiu

Fieldwork Note

321 An Introduction to the Historical Documents Preserved by Lin Bao-Min Lieh-shih Lo

Book Review/ Comment

333 Book Review: Hakka: The Ethnic Boundary of Han Chinese in South China (by Segawa Masahisa) Ruizhi Lian

343 : Book Review: The Study of Hakka Ethnic Relations in Taiwan: Neipu and Wanluan Country in Pingtung (by Shu-ling Lin et al.) Ya-xuan Shi

Hakka Communities and Research Institutes

355 : Siniawan: A Hakka Community in Multi-Ethnic and Cultural Sarawak, Malaysia Lieh-shih Lo

373 Brief Introduction of Singapore Char Yong (Dabu) Association Phang-how Ho

381 : The Spiritual Homeland of Hakka in the World: An Introduction to Hakka Museum of China Xin-zhi Guo

References to Hakka Studies

389 2010-2013 Catalogue of Taiwan Journal Papers on Hakka: 2010-2013 Lu-yi Chen

423 Call for Papers

viii

2013 11 2014 5

420

2014

9 2

7

ix

3

11

294

4

3

x

Hakka

23

1850-1950 The Basel Mission

7

xi

Hakka

2014

1965-67

xii

2013

2010

7

3

Siniawan

3

3

2010-2013

319 4

xiii

2011-2012

xiv

2014.10.31

2014Hakka

21-114

xvi

1970

SiniawanBau,

Kuching, Sarawak

pasarkampung

15

1962-1974

1968

1973

1973

40

2014 11 3 1-110

1

*

Hakka

* 11529 130 2014 6 6 2014 10 1

Global Hakka Studies, November 2014, 3: 1-110

2

From the Guest to the Hakka (3-1): The Label and Identity of Hakka in Taiwan

Tien-fu Shih*

Adjunct Research Fellow, Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica

Chair Professor, Graduate Institute of History,

National Changhua University of Education

This paper attempts to answer the question what is Hakka? in the

context of the history of Taiwan. The most straightforward answer is that the

term Hakka generally refers to a language or cultural group but also signifies

an ethnic community in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the term Hakka did not stem

from Taiwanese society and is a relatively recent addition to the history of

Taiwan. It is a term of purely foreign origin. Although the term Hakka has

been institutionalized as a formal ethnonym, how the term was originally in-

troduced to Taiwan and utilized by the Taiwanese still lacks a conclusive an-

swer. As language itself is the most significant feature of Hakka, in addition

to other aspects such as territorial and kinship ties, this paper examines the

real linguanym of what has come to be known as Hakka within the context

of the history of Taiwan in order to comprehend how this said group obtained

the name of Hakka in postwar Taiwan.

The paper approaches the Hakka issue mainly from the perspectives

of taxonomy, genesis, and territorial society, exploring the process from the

* Date of Submission: June 6, 2014 Accepted Date: October 1, 2014

2014 11 3 1-110

3

Guest (the principle of Bon-gwan) to the Hakka (the principle of vernacu-

lar language). Section One investigates the influence of the state institution

and Western construction. Section Two discusses the labels adopted by the

folk society.

Keyword: Guest, Hakka, Quangdong Dialect, Quangdong People, Missionar-

ies

()

4

1

2

3

Hakka

21

1 19921992003239-240 201349319845211990591991 81 2Leong (1998: 19-21)2005 169-1832007 32-363 40 Cohen (1968: 237-292)

5 Global Hakka Studies

1

23

6 1741

2002782005b158

()

6

2006150-151

18

200837

6 1741


50

1711-1720

12

3

2003147162

3

2006150

1

+

+

()

8

2005a123-

124

+

21

1980


1980

200356-57121

35

1946

45 1956 55 1966

55

200574-81

38 1905

2005145-147

()

10

19

19

19

19

2006223272279314

19 1980

1980

1980

19

Hakkas


20118-1040-41

2013191194

1926 14 1925

45

1956

20124-7

()

12

20133

283

21

1

381905

2


1 21

2003.12 1980

2005.06 ---

2005.12 ---

2006.03

---

2011.12 Hakkas

2012.12

2013.01

2013.03

2

i ii

+ i ii

HakkaHoklo

HakkaHoklo

HakkaHoklo

12013a22 22

2the Amoy

Chinesethe Chinese

()

14

1684-18951895-1945

1945- 320

23 1684

501711

2013b28-45

1.

23

1684


195885 196164 52

1713 50

1736

1961185 12 1747

1962172 196390-91

2.

19363

1958224

4

()

16

1

1

(1) 5 1727


20111364

(2) 3 1738

2005

44

(3) 54 1789

1961804-805

(4) 3 1853

19992175

(5) 3 1853

19992179

()

18

(6) 18 1892

1957127

(7) 21 1895

1959a17

(8) 21 1895

1959b23

2005105-110 200626-

34


3.

(1) 2 1724

195793

(2) 6 1728

()

20

197031

(3)61728

1995805

(4) 36 1771

2006255

(5) 18 1813

19583

(6) 20 1840

196031


(7) 10-14 1884-1888

196626

(8) 21 1895

1960428

5

5 2003164-167 2005 118 200634-39

()

22

4.

26 1687

4 1739

6

20083-4

2004478

8 1828

1963216223-224 1958300

195811 1962138

200276-78


60 1721

5.

28 1895

()

24

Hakka Hakka

38 1905

1.

19

Hakka 201458-66

28 18957 13

6

6 Hakka


189580-81

2002186-187

28 19859 10

1895a5

11

11 10

1995437

1995361

29 18962

()

26

Hakkas7

189624

Hakkas

1896167

Charles P. Piton 1893

8

Hakkas

Hoklo Punti

Hakka 1896168-171

7 Hakkas 8Charles P. Piton, 1835-19051864 1865 1874 8 1876 4 Piton (1870, 1874, 1880, 1892-1893)


195793

1896171-172

29 1896

30 5

190038429

30 5 23 12

6 29

199215-1631-51

113-129

31 1898

1897

244-249

32 18995

9

()

28

189919

189992-9410

38 19056

1905

71 2002188-189

9

Hoklo

Hakka

Piton

1892-189331-51

10 Hakka


1905187-189

38 190510

38 1905

1926

20

201471 46

193218-29

3

199338

()

30

3

1928.03 = 12952

1930.00 = 334

1930.01 =Guests=Strangers= 2177

1931.00 = 15175

1933.12 Tsong Shang-meu =Hak-ka nyin= 58528

1938.11 = 11142-143

1940.00 = 10-11

1940.01 = 6/167

1941.09 = 1/311

1942.02 = 2114116

1942.06 31951-52

1942.10 21/1010

1943.05 = 3/520

1943.05 37/568

1943.09 11-1294

1944.09 = =

4/939-40

1944.04 = 4/46

= =

= = / = =

= = =

= =


2.

28 189511

11 29

1895b10

28 189511 15

12 28

1896b8-22

51

60 1721

()

32

[

28 ]11 26

[ ] [

28 ]12 3

[ 28 1 ] 10

1896b

5-6

29 18961 14

1 20

118


1896c7-10

1 17

18

1896c7-1018-1922

24

()

34

1896a4

29 18967 6

250-260

1896

30

1897 2 16 206

3 12 15

10

11

15 54,306

303,133 6 2

11 1897a24 1897a26-27


1897a1-66

3.

28 189510 11

10 13

1995324

1995359 11 10

2008323-324 1995437

28 1895

11 26

()

36

1995359-361 11

28 11

1895c4

2008321-382 30 18974


30 5

22 25

265 5

1897b10

30

1897c9-10

()

38

30 4 21 29

1897d25

1897d8-22

12

32 1899

2 189893

12


2

3 189812313

Hakka

38 1905

13 1898124

()

40

3

31 18989

35 11 38 3

19021903a1903b1905a

1905b

34 1901

19014

321899

33 12 34 8


190069

33 190012

34 3 31

34 7

35 11

1902a1-3161902c1-360

37 1904

1

2,280,349

388,325 190478-79

()

42

190155-571984125-126

38 1905

32 1899

38 19056 39

10 1

22 3 11

1908a6-7 135

1908a121621

12 93


225 39 1 15

192519-50 10 19356 4

32

33

34

38 255

1935a 7

7 44

14 1925

1935b

38 1905 20 1945

38 1905

38

()

44

1908a56 2002

195

38

14

14 41915


10 1

11

1905a

4

1918280

()

46

4 38 1905

190511-12124-125

190558 2005146-147 2012

4-5


1905b

5

5

(1)

30 1897

(2) 35 1902

(3)

38 1905

(4)

4 1915

(5)

9 1920

70 85

324 416

6

26 591 598

76 85 350 416 500 591 598

(1) 1897e5-28) 68 314

16 14 13 314 1

4 15 520(2)1902b

231(3) 1908b118-119(4)

191854-55(5) 192286-87

()

48

14 1925

1926

6

6

11926 21925

5863 1348 1546 2969 5728.53

43 18 6 19 87.10

3533 518 1332 1683 3649.84

1077 547 147 383 965.64

205 113 21 71 79.26

920 128 23 769 842.80

(1)19285 (2)1927

156-157

14 1925

1926

20126


1928215

5 1930

193091-9216

5 1930

3

15 2002201 3 1928 40 1907 19074-5 16 443-449 1931168-177

()

50

34 1945

35 1946

451956 551966

55

35 1946

1.

34 194510 25

12

35 194612


11 18 1936-1943

194690-

91

10 45 1956

9 16

1959321-608 38

1905

40 10

50

195631

38 1905

()

52

20126-71968Morton H. Fried

45 1956

Hoklos

Hakkas

1968xiiixxi17 59

1970

360

17


CantoneseHakkas

197018-21

20057991-93

55 1966

38 1905

2.

34 19458 15

8 29 10

25 33

34

2010280-282 35 1946

1 29 4 2

()

54

21 20058592-95100

20

1919 1920

9 192012 19 11 12 17

12 5 24

13 1 26

19281-1014-31 14 1925

1896

Von Monllendorff 189646-58

89 1925155-171

[ ]

192521-23

1930

60

(1) (2) (3) (4)


(5) (6) (7)

1934

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1986480-481

1986

480-481

1933 8 1939 7

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

193412 193914

()

56

1948 11

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

1948140

1989241-259

1936

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(5) (6) (7) (8)

Gan-

Hakka group

1944-1945Li Fang-Kwei 1936: 122-124

1944: 130-132

37 1948

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(6) (7) Gan-Hakka(8) Amoy-

Swatow(9) FoochowChao 1945: 6


1930 1940 10

1934

1939

1930

193518

8 1919 10

1921

14 1925

241935

18 [ 200386 1866] 19463

()

58

2010209-210269-277

14 1925

17

1928

18 1929

26 1937

29 1940

30 1941

34 1945

14 1925 34 1945 20

35 4 2

5 21

(1)

(2)

1946a


1946

18 10

15

1946b

()

60

35 19465 9

4

4

19

19 27 1938 301941 33 1944 35 1946 50 1961 601971


35 1946 4 1 1947 3 31

1947a1947b

19475-720

35

40 1951

9/10

1/10

20 1916-19951936 1940 1946 1946 199744-52 1991108-112

()

62

1951102

45

195631 57 45

1968xxi

1

2

3

7

56

196710 27


1967

7

Hakka

39

19604

1950/ 306-310

()

64

7 1951-2012 1951-1967 1868-1979 1980-2012 1951-2012 65 31 1,133 1,229 1,278 1,528 70,189 72,995 55 17 81 153 466 402 7,771 8,639 98 123 1,031 1,252 171 91 1,318 1,580 304 1,098 11,602 13,004 24 4 402 430 27 11 101 139 2,734 1,166 23,712 27,612 549 1,280 13,948 15,777 4,673 3,191 103,392 111,256

2012 9 12


Hakka

1840

Hakka Hoklo

1860 Hakka Hoklo

Hakka Hakka

201454-66

10 1860

198563-9021

199677-102

Hakka 22 Hakka

Hakka

Hakka

Hakka R.Swinhoe,1836-1877 1864

3 7

21 1859 8 16 1860 10 20 22 Pickreing (1898, 2010); Le Gendre (2012a, 2012b); Alsford (2010: 45-302); Steere (2002, 2009); Mackay (1896, 2007); Fix (2006).

()

66

Hakka Village Hakka

On my return to the plain from the hill valley, we passed a

village a little to the southward and westward of Lungkeaou.

This was peopled by Hakkas, colonists from north Kwang-tung

province, and a few of the older men spoke very fair Mandarin.

The head-man of this Hakka village showed us a letter from a

Dutch captain, who had been into the bay and got provisions

from his people.Swinhoe 1866; Fix 2006: 62

1867 6 Z

2 24

Hakka

a small Hakka

towna few Hakka womenZ 1867: 71-72

3 12 Rover

W. A. Pickering,1840-1907

C. W. Le Gendre,1830-1899

James Horn

1867 8

3 2


China Mail

Hakkas

Fokeen Chinese

Fokeen men Fokeen peoplePickering 1898: 183-193, 2004:

242-256 1860

HakkasChinese23

Chinese 1878 4

Hakkas Hoklos

The skulls of enemies are not so carefully kept among the

Bangas as among the Pai-chien

. They told me that they were deteriorating from too much

intercourse with the Chinese. The Hakkas are encroaching on

the savages gradually, and they are continually fighting also

with both the Pe-po-hoan and Hok-los (the Amoy Chinese).

They take women from the savage tribes as wives, and these

introduce many luxuries and wants amongst the tribes, which

gradually tell on their simple and hardy habits. (Pickering

1878: 31; Fix 2006: 209)

23 1869 Hakka Chinese Hakka Chinese Pickering 1898: 24

()

68

1860

Hakkas1873 9

the Hakkasthe Khaelang

A Former Resident 1873: 40-47; Chang

2008: 435

187310 J. B. Steere, 1842-1940

W. Campbell, 1841-

1921

Hakkas

Ke-lang StrangersFix 2006: 76-

97

1898 Hakkas

StrangersHoklosKheh-lang

In the villages between the lower ranges of the mountains and

at the South Cape, indeed everywhere on the borders of the

savage territory, we find another and totally distinct race, called

the Hak-kas or strangers, in their own language, and termed

by the Hok-los, Kheh-lang. Pickreing 1898: 66-67

Hakkas Hoklos Kheh-lang

Hak-nyin


Hakka James L.

Maxwell1836-1921 1864 3 1 2

1865 5 26 C.

Douglas1830-1877A.Wylie1815-

1887 29

3 1990279-282

6 16

7 9

7 12 13

Maxwell 1865: 358-360 3

1866 6 2

10 20

Maxwell 1867: 21-22

1867 London College

Hugh Ritchie 1840-1879

1867 6 17

7 15 11 18

12 13

199233-35 1867a174 1867b239Ritchie

1868: 33-34Maxwell. Ritchie 1868: 56-57 4

1868 4 11

()

70

1867 7

Maxwell 1868: 167-170 8

200069-125 12

2 11 1167

186958-59

12 25 Maxell 1869: 86-

88

1.

1868 1869 1875

7

1871 12 G.

L. Mackay

199233-34

9

1869 3 1872 5

1873 2 3 1871 3

1872 4 2 1872

1871 1 1871 11

1875 12 3 5Maxwell 1879: 207-

210 Hakkas


5

1876

1871 11 30 Tek-A-kha

199518

Ritchie 1872a: 4418721 14

300

Ritchie 1872b:

112 199520 6 30

11 8 3 4

45 Hakkas

()

72

Hoan

tribe

On Sabbath (June 30th) eight men and three women were

baptized. Four of these were Hakkas, or persons speaking the

Canton dialect. They also use, of course, the popular dialect

of Formosa. Two of the scattered people of

this island have already submitted to the faith the Amoy

Chinaman and the Hoan and now a third tribe, the Canton

Chinaman, is found on our communion-roll. (Ritchie 1872c:

235)

Hakkas

The Presbyterian Messenger

24

Maxwell 1879: 208

1875

Maxwell 1876: 131

24 Ritchie (1873: 192) Ritchie (1874: 239) Barclay (1875: 297)


2.

1875 8 1876

1 5

Giok-tienRitchie

1880: 14 1877 7 20

our dialect of Chinese [ ]

(Campbell 1996: 442-443; 2007: 219-220)

1877 12 14 Campbell

2004: 85 A-Thiam

Campbell 2004: 128

1877 1

10 Campbell 2004: 4489

()

74

1878

199234

1879

2 12

199550

200 9

Hoklo 3 Hakka 3

Hoklo 4.5

Hakka 4.5 Hoklo

Barclay 1879a: 187

1879 8 29

Tek-thau-kak


Giok-tien

1879

Thiam-hin

Lai-paw-a

Ritchie 1880: 14

D.Smith1876-

1882

Smith 1880a: 69

8

()

76

70Pi-thau-

Hok-kien barbarians the Pe-Pau

Hoan

strangers

Barclay 1879b: 223-224

200093-94

3.

1879 9 29


1880

(1)

1879 5 8 7 Pi-

thau-a

Campbell 2004: 85

1879 9 11

Campbell 2004: 130

12

10 Campbell

2004: 133 25

Pho-thau-eCampbell 2004: 133

The Presbyterian Messenger

Pho-thau-ey

()

78

Smith 1880a: 69

1880 6 2 16

90

120

1880 2 17 Smith 1880b:

136324

3 25

Barclay 1880: 152


1880 3

Smith

1882: 69

1882 10 21 W.Thow1880-1894

1882.10.16

()

80

3 73

D.MacIverWm.Riddle

1882 11

Campbell 2004: 198

300

(2)

1882 11 300

Barclay 1885: 193-195 1884

2 101

300 Campbell 2004:

236; Barclay 1884: 122-123

A-haw 1

Campbell 2004: 236; Barclay 1884:

122-1231884 3 26


100

Campbell 2004: 2391884 3 27

H.B.M.Consul

Campbell 2004: 240 6

Campbell 2004: 255

1884 9 10

1884.8.5-1885.4.15

Thow 1885a: 94, 1885b: 129-131

1885 4 15 6

3A-hwan

Campbell 2004: 275

6 21

6 30

Campbell 2004: 276

7 18

()

82

7 19 20

Barclay

1885: 193-195 2000146-147

1885 7 19

30

Spence 1885a: 377-378 2000147-148


I have the honor,therefore, to request that you will approve

of my settlement of the case of assault and robbery of

the Reverend Thomas Barclay and of my letter to him

communicating it, and authorize me to prohibit the return of

members of the English Presbyterian mission to Erh Lun and

their preaching in Hakka villages. I do not wish the prohibition

to be permanent, but I strongly recommend it to be made

absolute until such time as some English member of the

mission can speak to the Hakkas in their own language. I make

this request in order to prevent a riot. (Spence 1885a: 379)

I should gladly see all attempts at proselytizing amongst the

Hakka abandoned until some members of your mission can

speak their dialect. It is not for me to dictate to you how you

should carry on your work, but it seems to me that it could

()

84

be not only a much less difficult and risky task to preach to

the tolerant Chinese whose language you speak, than to the

intolerant Hakkas of whose language you are ignorant, but a

much more profitable one. (Spence 1885b: 383-384)

1915

Campbell 1996:

249-250, 2009: 23

Hakka George L.

Mackay1844-1901 1871 10 10 19

12

Hakkas

G. Smith1857-1897

10 12

12 Smith


1872: 90; Mackay 1896: 27-31

1872

Formosan dialect,

Mackay 1896: 31, 2007: 21

1872 3 7

Dr. M. Dickson 2 3 9

193327

1873 1901

J.B.Fraser,

1875-1877K.F.Junor, 1878-1882J. Jamieson

1883-1891, W.Gauld, 1892-1923

()

86

1896

60

MacKay 1896: 285-317330-339, 2007: 274-

306313-328; 1995473-476

1905 1911

1925

1907 D. MacLeod, 1907-1949

19572

1922 50

25

11

There are eleven preaching stations among these people, but,

they have never had a foreign missionary who could preach

in their own dialect. This district needs at least one ordained

missionary and two women evangelists.(MacLeod 1923: 227)


The Sinchiku plain has a population in the city of 20,000, and

three times that number in the surrounding villages. In the city

a fine plot of land has been bought, and a mission station is to

be opened in the near future. Several missionaries should be

located here to carry on the work among the Hakkas and the

Hoklos of this extensive territory. (MacLeod 1923: 227)

1925

1933291926 10 6

192613-14

1925

19262-3

1927

1927 3

192715

1901

()

88

Kheh-lng

Hakka

Hakka

Hakka

23 1684

50


28 1895

Hakka

38

1905

34 1945

35

1840 20

HakkaHoklo

1860 Hakka

Hoklo 10 1860

Hakkas 4

1865

1880

()

90

Hakka

Hakka

Hakka

Hakka

25

2013 6 26-27


1935.6.424065-20

1935.7.7243416-21

1897

1907

______1928

2

______1930

333-336

153 1985

1896

1928

12951-63

______1930

194337(5)60-75

,1867a, Foreign Mission: China The Presbyterian Messenger

1867.6.1: 174-175.

,1867b, Foreign Mission: China The Presbyterian Messenger

1867.8.1: 239-240.

,1869, Foreign Mission: China The Presbyterian Messenger

1869.3.1: 58-59.

1896

3 7 6

()

92

19044(1)78-

79

1905a

2 7 12

1905b

5 9 29

1934

19271415

1942319

48-61

1967

6 / 10 27

1948

2005

1999 10

1995

1986

2003

_____2005

959-117

2005


7169-183

1932

1942 2108-

116

1900

1996

193811136-146

1992

1905

1956

12(2)31

1943

1366-75

19444(4)6-13

1931

15 168-177

159 1985

2003

31141-168

_____2008

59(3)1-38

Li Fang-Kwei19362

()

94

122-124

_____19447130-132

19894241-259

1899

1962 159

19471947(1)

5-7

1960 82

1958 141

1962 156

2006

101-61

_____2013

1933

58129

2002

111(7)60-84

_____2005a

74(1)103-129

_____2005b


50(1)137-

160

194221(10)6-17

2013a

7422-24

_____2013b

11-55

_____2014Hakka

21-114

1936

2011

1961 105

1933 / 9

27

1995

1958 30

1970

280

1992

1928

()

96

15/161-1017/1814-31

1940

1895

19433(5)20

1935

______194683

1901

1(4)55-59

1984

1(4)125-126

1900669

1961 103

1963 172

1926102-3

1968

______1970

2011 1860-1980

481-49

_____2013

20(1)169-199

1939


1934

1930

2177-183

1957 4

1995

2005

179-107

19933

39 37-42

1866 [2003]

1926913-14

20131907

12 367-

548

1997144-

52

2012 4-14-

10

2012

20051895-1960

()

98

12(2)121-166

1966 229

1991

3108-112

1958 20

1925

2006 27

1959

1950

1946

1946

/ 2 5 28

______1947a

42-3

______1947b

43-4

1959a

43

_____1959b 52


______1961 102

______1963 176

1922

_____1927

1895a9 10

14 34

______1895b12 9

27 12

______1895c

11 22

27 10

______1896a

2 7 23 2

______1896b

3 4

27 14

______1896c

5 5 27

15

()

100

______1897a

51110942

______1897b

5 1 9774

10

______1897c1 1

9785 8

______1897d7

1 4518 9

______1897e2 1

9759 19

______1902a

1 1

781 1

______1902b

6 14

781 1

______1902c


1 1

782 1

1928

1918

1901

()

102

2008

1958

27

2004

17 478

1957 6

19587(4)22

2000

1995

1957

1951

1960 73

1990

_____1992

_____2000

1944a4(9)39-43

19411(3)10-


13

2002

1902

_____1903a

_____1903b

_____1905a

_____1905b

1905

_____1908a

_____1908b

118-119

1905

1925

621-23

1990 18

_____1991

23 80-83

()

104

19406(1)

65-75

1995

1946a / 1 5

21

_____1946b /15828

_____2010

1899

2006

1984

19055(6)71

A Former Resident, 1873, A Gossip About Formosa. The China Review

2(1): 40-47.

Alsford, Niki J. P., 2010, The Witnessed Account of British Resident: John

Dodd at Tamsui. Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.

Barclay Thomas, 1875, Formosa-from The Rev. Thomas Barclay. The

Presbyterian Messenger 1875.12.1: 269-297.

______,1879a, Some Views of Formosa Mission Work. The Presbyterian

Messenger 4(22): 187-189.

______,1879b, Opposition amongst the Hak-kas, Formosa. The

Presbyterian Messenger 4(24): 223-2295.

______,1880,Recent Mission Events, Etc., Formosa. The Presbyterian

Messenger 5(32): 152-155.


______,1884, Letter from The Rev. T. Barclay. The Presbyterian Messenger

9(78): 121-123.

______, 1885, Formosa-Violent Attack on Mr. Barclay and Native

Christians. The Presbyterian Messenger 10(94): 193-195.

Campbell, W., 1889[1996] , An Acount of Missionary Success in the Island of

Formosa. London: Trbner & Co., 1889; Taipei: SMC publishing Inc.

______2004

______2007

_____2009

Chang Hsiu-Jung ed., 2008, A Chronology of 19th Century

Writings on Formosa: From the Chinese Repository, the Chinese

Recorder, and the China Review. Taipei: Tsao Yung-ho Foundation for

Culture and Education.

Chao Yuen-Ren, 1945, Manderin Primer. CambridgeHarvard

University.

Cohen, Myron L., 1968, The Hakka or Guset People: Dialect as a

Sociocultural Variable in Southeastern China. In Ethnohistory 15(3):

237-292.

Fix, Douglas L. and Charlotte Lo2006

Le Gendre, Charles W., edited by Douglas L. Fix, and John Shufelt, 2012a,

()

106

Notes of Travel in Formosa. Tainan, Taiwan: National Museum of

Taiwan History .

______Robert Eskildsen2012b

Leong,Sow-Theng, 1998, Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese

History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Taipei: SMC Publicing

Inc.

Li Fang-Kwei, 1936-1937, Language and Dialects, The Chinese Year Book2

pp.122-124, 7 (1944-1945), pp.130-132.

Mackay, George Leslie, 1896, From Far Formosa: The Island, Its People

and Missions. London: Qliphant Anderson and Ferrier.

______2007

MacLeod Duncan, 1923, The Island Beautiful. Toronto: Bord of Foreign

Missions of The Presbyterian Church in Canada.

Maxwell J. L., 1865, Letter from Dr. J. L. Maxwell. The Presbyterian

Messenger 1865.11.1: 358-360.

______, 1867, Letter from Dr. J. L. Maxwell.The Presbyterian Messenger

1867.1.1: 21-22.

______, 1868, Letter from The Rev. J. L. Maxwell. The Presbyterian

Messenger 1868.8.1: 167-170.

______, 1869, Letter from Dr. Maxwell. The Presbyterian Messenger

1869.4.1: 86-88.

______, 1876, A Sketch of the English Presbyterian Mission in Formosa.

The Presbyterian Messenger 1: 129-133.


______, 1879, The Late Rev. Hugh Ritchie of Formosa. The Presbyterian

Messenger 4(23): 207-210.

Maxwell J. L. and H. Ritchie,1868, Letter from Formosa The Presbyterian

Messenger 1868.3.2: 56-57.

Pickering, William A., 1878, Among the Savages of Central Formosa, 1866-

1867,II, The Presbyterian Messenger 2: 29-31.

______,1898, Pioneering in Formosa: Recollections of Adventures among

Mandarins, Wreckers, and Head-hunting Savages. London: Hurst and

Blackeet.

______2010

Piton, Charles, 1870, The Hia-kah in the Chekiang Province, and the Hakka

in the Canton Province. The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal

2: 218-220.

______, 1874, On the Origin and History of the Hakkas. The China Reivew

2: 222-226.

______, 1880, Remarks on the Syllabary of the Hakka Dialect by Mr. E.H.

Parker, China Review 8(5): 316-318.

______, 1892-1893, Une Visite au pays des Hakkas dans la province de

Canton. Bull Soc. Neuchate loise de Geogn. Tom. : 31-51.

Ritchie H., 1868, Letter from The Rev. Hugh Ritchie. The Presbyterian

Messenger 1868.2.1: 33-34.

______,1872a, Formosa. The Presbyterian Messenger 1872.2.1:43- 44.

______,1872b, Formosa. The Presbyterian Messenger 1872.5.1: 112-113.

______,1872c, Formosa-from The Rev. Hugh Ritchie. The Presbyterian

()

108

Messenger 1872.10.1: 235-236.

______,1873, Formosa-from The Rev. Hugh Ritchie. The Presbyterian

Messenger 1873.7.1: 191-192.

______,1874, Formosa-from The Rev. Hugh Ritchie The Presbyterian

Messenger 1874.10.1: 239-240.

______, 1880, Closing Labours. The Presbyterian Messenger 5(25): 14.

Smith David, 1880a, The Gospel in China-Mission Notes. The Presbyterian

Messenger 5(28): 69

______, 1880b, Some of the Southern Stations, Formosa. The Presbyterian

Messenger 5(31): 136.

______, 1882, Formosa: Chinese Courts and Cases of Persecution. The

Presbyterian Messenger 7(51): 68-69.

Smith G., 1872, Swatow-The Canadian Mission to China. The Presbyterian

Messenger 1872.4.1: 90

Spence D. ,1885a, Outrage at Erh Lun on a British Missionary. Foreign

Office Documents 228/807, No.38: 372-379, October 4.

______,1885b,Outrage at Erh Lun on a British Missionary, Foreign Office

Documents 228/807, No.38, Enclosure 1: 383-384, October 2.

Steere, Joseph Beal, edited by Paul Jen-kuei Li, 2002, Formosa and Its

Inhabitants. Taipei: Academia Sinica, Institute of Taiwan History

(Preparatory Office).

______200919

Swinhoe, Robert, 1866, Additional Notes on Formosa. Proceedings of the

Royal Geographical Society of London 10: 122-128.


Thow W., 1885a, Report of Formosa Mission for 1884. The Presbyterian

Messenger 10(89): 93-94.

______, 1885b, Formosa: Letter from Rev. W. Thow. The Presbyterian

Messenger 10(91): 129-131.

Tsong Shang-meu, 1933, Kwan-si

58528

Von Monllendorff, P.G.,1896, On the Foreign Languages Spoken in China

and the Classification of the Chinese Dialects. The China Mission

Hand-book. Shanhai, pp.46-58American Presbyterian Mission Press.

______,1925

155-

1711985

Z, 1867, Notes of an Overland Journey from Takao to Tamsui in the Early

Part of 1867. Notes and Queries on China and Japan 1(6): 71-72.

2014 11 3 111-138

111

:

*

* E-mail: [email protected] 2014 8 5 2014 10 18


112

18

2014 11 3 111-138

113

The Belief in God, Human Relations and Social Organization: Penang Tanjong Tokong Thai Pak

Koong and Its Ritual Organizations

Han-pi Chang *

Professor, Department of Hakka Language and Social Sciences

National Central University

Wei-an ChangProfessor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,

National Chiao Tung University

Leong-sze LeeAssociate Professor, Graduate Institute of Hakka Culture Studies,

National Kaohsiung Normal University

The Tanjong Tokong Thai Pak Koong belief can be seen as a collective

representation of the society within which it exists, both in terms of the

sacred and the profane. As this organization is a kind of platform for various

united ritual organizations, it reveals the underlying social order during the

British colonial era. This social order emanated from the background of

the organization's immigrant members, with historical class divisions and

conflicts from the mainland being brought overseas. However, coupled with

the impact of social and economic policies after migrating to Penang, these

class divisions were expressed in a social order that differed from that on the

* Date of Submission: August 5, 2014 Accepted Date: October 18, 2014


114

mainland and in other Malayan regions. The temple of Tanjong Tokong Thai

Pak Koong, located in the northeast corner of Penang, has over a hundred

years of history and is now co-managed by five Hakka associations. Though

they did not establish their ritual organizations at the same time, leaders

from the five associations each developed social networks based on their

shared faith and constructed the Thai Pak Koong ritual organizations, which

combined religious and regional alliances. Concentrating on the Tanjong

Tokong Thai Pak Koong ritual organizations, this paper will clarify the basic

context of the Thai Pak Koong organizations from the 18th centuries to

today, and the change of societal relationships and social order in the context

of homeland, local communities and colonial politics.

Keywords: Penang, Malaysia, Tanjong Tokong Thai Pak Koong, Ritual

Organizations, Social Order


1

19

1786 Francis Light

1819 Stamford Raffles

1826

1786

171

19

18

1 2013

116

200594

1801 1819 1822

2005106


1940

1940 1951

Tokong 1956

1957

1964

1981

1982

194021-22

1800

1824

118

194026

Tuapekong Tapkong Pekong

Tuapekong Toh Long

194019-20

1951

1929 1939 1951 J. D. Vanghan The

Manners and Customs of the Chinese in Straits Settlements1879

1938

1851-1861


1939

1951Purcell1948

The Chinese in Southeast Asia

1950

19517

120

To Pekong

195223

1

1

1. J. D. Vanghan2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dr. V. Purcell

1. 2. 3.

1.

1. 2. 3.

2002104


2001

2002

2004

20062011

2001

18

200121

200118-19

20024

2004

122

200466

200470200667

2011156 1865

1801

1823


2011156

2

3

23

124

1996

2010204-2052091850

1900

1820

1792 1786


19 1975

Lebuh Armenian

200

2011

126

2013

2005161


1816

Vaughan 1971

1786

1790

Logan

128

a valuable acquisition

2010100-101

1843-18691842

2010106-107

Dunlop

Pickering

2010107


1889

Morse1926 2,000 3,000

Tan Teik

ecologocal invasion

1985

130

3

3

1. Bishop Street2. Church Street3. Love Lane4. Chuliah Street 5. Penang Street

Armenian LanePitt Street

1. Armenian LanePitt Street2. Acheen Street3. Cannon Street

1. King Street2. Queen Street3. Market Street

1985


1991106

19 Low1972

132

poens

free-masonryoaths

tribescongsis

clubes

2010163

1935

1991113 19

1806-1830

2010168


1867 8 3

14

1877

1991115-116

1882 1889

1890

1920

134

Emile Durkheim1992: 9-10

brotherhood


1877

1882

1889 1890

1920

99-2410-H-007-079-MY2

136

19644(1)25-

28

1978

2011

17117-175

1996 147-159

2002

313-336

2010

2002

2013

33-54

19517(2)

6-10

______19528(2)19-24

1990

2001

57-84


1951TOKONG 7(2)38-40

2006

59-68

1985

1981

3

1929

2004 35-46

19401(2)18-26

19505

28

______195713(1)53-

58

1991

______2005

______2010

1939(2)

Emile Durkheim1992

Low, J., 1972, The British Settlement of Penang. Oxford: Oxford University

138

Press.

Morse, H. B., 2004, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading To

China, 1653-1834. Global Oriental.

Purcell, V., 1948, The Chinese in Malaya. London: Oxford University Press.

Vanghan, J. D., 1879(The Manners and

Customs of the Chinese of the Straits Settlements). Singapore: Printed at

the Mission Press.

Vaughan, J. D., 1971, The manners and customers of the Chinese of the

straits settlements. Singapore: Oxford University Press.

2014 11 3 139-162

139

1850-1950

*

The

Basel Mission1847

150

25 7

20

20



140

The Mechanism of the Hakka Imagination in Hong Kong: the Role Played by The Basel Mission in the

1850s-1950s

Li-hua Chen*

Research Center for Humanities and Social Science, Academia Sinica

Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong evolved from The Basel Mission, a

Protestant missionary society founded in Switzerland in 1815. The mission-

aries came to Hong Kong in 1847 and preached to Hakka-speaking people

there. Over the course of a century, they founded more than 150 Christian

churches and gathering spots, all of which were distributed throughout the

Hakka regions of the Hong Kong and Guangdong provinces. Hong Kong,

which has 7 chuches, is one of the 25 parishes. For many scholars, this was

one of the most important elements in the development of Hakka identity

in Hong Kong. This paper explores the regional and historical context sur-

rounding the creation of these Hakka churches. The author argues that the

growth of Hakka Christian communities by the Basel Missionary Society in

Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories reflects the

expansion of the ambulatory immigrant society and small traditional Hakka

villages during British colonial rule. After the 1920s, these churches decided

to establish the Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong and split from both the

Basel Mission in Switzerland and the Chinese Headquarters in Guang-dong.

* Date of Submission: November 24, 2013 Accepted Date: February 20, 2014

2014 11 3 139-162

141

From then on, the Tsung Tsin Mission built up its influence over the Hak-

ka people in Hong Kong and also gradually gained dominance over Hong

Kongs Hakka discourse.

Keywords: Hong Kong, Hakka, Christianity, The Basel Mission, Tsung Tsin

Mission of Hong Kong

142

2011

130

The Basel Mission 1815

1846

1851 1860

2008

4419 20

150

1876 1948

1953 20

1995


1921

70 19952

2007146-164

Nicole Constable

Constable 1994

144

19 20

The

Basel Mission

1931

19 20


190631

19969

1846

Theodore HambergRudolph Lechler

Karl Friedrich August Gulzlaff

1842

Lutz 2008: 215-

332

146

1851

40 20

200847

1860

200865

200867-68

1861

1862

200867

1963 10

199643-44

198810-325; Eitel 1895: 132


20034

19

19

20 1860 1898

1890

1897

199681

2011119

1896

1905

148

1974

89

197489

2010309

19

2007216

1905

1987245

1905


1898

1899

1910

Constable 1994; 2007146-164

19

150 25

1948

1953 1940 45

7

1996349-352

1898

255

36,000 64,000

20101921

1 Faure 1986: 15-16

150

19

Lutz and Lutz 1998: 6-11

1933

93-98

16

Leong 1997: 43-

63


Lutz

17 Leong

1997: 64-65; Lutz and Lutz 1997: 11

1852

200820-42

199640 19 1867

196885

1860

152

199639-40

1810 1907

190917-19

19

1862 1865

Ernest John Eitel

Puntis

Hakkas

Eitel 1895: 132

19691485


195053-

54

1855

1860

194893-94

Constable 1994: 37

19 20

1930

154

Constable 1994: 53

1934

1968

19 20

1927

1944

196883-87 1999


1920

1923 2 18

197444

1924

200295 20

192519 194825

19533

201046

156

1914

201044-45

1842

1850 1960

2 200399-120

199643-44

1996229

1865

20086571

1923


1927

200974 1928

197474 1930

1931

12 1933 1940

196850-54

196889

158

2

20 7

19 20

19

2 20 2010 44


20 20

1923

1949

AoE/H-01/08

160

19881841-1870

1953

1906

1948

1969

2007 205-229

2007 146-164

1974

______1987 140 1847-1987

Wilhelm SchlatterRichard Deutsch

20081839-

1915

Hermann WitschiWilhelm Schlatter

Richard Deutsch2010

2003

2011


1995 1-6

2002

1968

1867-1967

2009 160

1963

1999

2003

1996[1941]

J. H. Stewart Lockhart2010[1898]

180-238

1925

11(1)1-56

201019

29(2)303-312

1933

______1950 1-106

1-106

1909 42

9 15 17-20

162

Constable, Nicole, 1994, Christian Souls and Chinese Spirits: a Hakka Com-

munity in Hong Kong. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Eitel, Ernest John, 1895, Europe in China The History of Hongkong from the

Beginning to the Year 1882. London: Luzac.

Faure, David, 1986, The Structure of Chinese Rural Society: Lineage and

Village in the Eastern New Territories, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford

University Press.

Leong, Sow-Theng, 1997, Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History Hak-

kas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Stanford: Stanford University

Press.

Lutz, Jessie Gregory and Lutz, Rolland Ray, 1998, Hakka Chinese Confront

Protestant Christianity 1850-1900. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

Lutz, Jessie Gregory, 2008, Opening China: Karl F.A. Gutzlaff and Si-

no-Western Relations, 1827-1852. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B.

Eerdmans Pub. Co.

2014 11 3 163-212

163

?

*

20

20

1965-67

1965-66



164

Concentration Camp or Freedom Zone?:Narrative Histories of mid-20th Century Chinese

Refugees in Indonesia

Yen-ling Tsai*

Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,

National Chiao Tung University

The decolonization of Indonesia during the period of 1945-1966 had a

profound impact on its local Chinese community. It was during this time that

the trans-border social geography of overseas Chinese or Huaqiao gradually

became fractured by the geography of the newly independent nation-states.

Blending oral history narratives with news archives and manuscripts, this

paper revisits the exodus of non-native Chinese from Aceh to Medan during

the period 1965-67, and attempts to understand their lives inside the various

makeshift refugee camps that peppered the suburban Medan. Paying special

attention to the modes of collective production and consumption being ex-

perimented with in the camps, this paper demonstrates the extent to which

such experiences of social suffering remain a powerful source of identity for

ex-refugees even until today. I argue that this strong sense of identity can

only be understood by situating Chinese-Indonesians within the complex and

intersecting trajectories of de-colonization, imperialism, and the formation of

the cold war.

Keywords: Indonesia, Aceh, Alien Chinese, Refugees, 1965-66 Massacres,

Overseas Hakka

* Date of Submission: March 14, 2014 Accepted Date: May 26, 2014


1966 8

Aceh

Medan1 1

1966 8 17

Ishak Djuarsa

alien Chinese

Meulaboh

Banda Aceh SigliBireuen

LhokseumaweLangsaKuala Simpang

600

1 1

166

Metal

Muliorejo

2012 7 11

40

20

timeless

vs

vs

20

1950


2006277

20

19

1930

baba-nyonya or peranakan 19

singkeh or totok

20

168

Chinese nationals

Williams 1960

Dutch colonial subjectsLiu

2014 1950

20

Skinner 1963; Willmott 1961

20

Sai and Hoon 2013: 2-92 10

transnational

trans-local

Ong and Nonini 1997; Ho 2006; Tagliacozzo 2009, 2010; Tagliacozzo

and Chang 2011

2


20

Kwartanada 2013; Sai 2006, 2013Liu 2014

20 Hui 2013

emergence of Chinese subjectivities in the

interstices between nation-states Hui 2013: 104

Chinese-Indonesianness

historicization

20

20

2006

21 20

170

Wallerstein 2010: 24

Roosa 2013

historicity

re-situate

foreground 1950-65

1965

identity claim

1966


problematize

15

kongsi 19

Trocki 1997longue duree

20

172

Heidhues

20063

Sai

200620

Hoa Kiau orang Tionghoa

Aguilar 2001

Liu 2014

3


Karl

2002

17

Tagliacozzo 2005: 319-3214

19

Siegel 1969: 20-21 1871

1873

30

Reid 1969, 2006: 13-4

4 2

174

17

1637-41 1680

Reid 2005: 195William Dampier

1689

China campCaptain

Lombard and Salmon 1993: 108 17

1838-70

Reid 1979: 6 n7

1870

1880 Lev

2006: 102-3

1871

Anthony Reid 2006:

6

Reid 2005: 202,

215 Bangka

Muntok Lev 2006: 102-3

1870

kapitien Pontianak


Lev 2006: 103 n.10

1870

1930

21,795

8,887 40.8%6,045 27.7%

Reid 2005: 396 n.72 1930

20

5

lingua franca

201370

2005

5

176

1942

20

1949

Nanyang diaspora

ethnic minority

Furnivall 1967: 446

1945

1965

Chandra 2012

Prameodya

1960 orang asing yang tidak asing

19


20

synergy

revolutionary affect

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30 Lee 1995

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182

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20

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118

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1967

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Audrey Kahin

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190

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196

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202

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*E-mail: [email protected] 2014 8 29 2014 10 20

231 Global Hakka Studies, November 2014, 3: 230-244

Taiwans Dilemma under the Onslaught of Neoliberalism

Ying-kuei Huang*

Distinguished Professor, Interdisciplinary Program of Humanities

and Social Sciences

This paper will look at the recent Sunflower Movement, the nation-state

and ethnicity in Taiwan from the perspective of the historical conditions pro-

duced by neoliberalism and political-economic structure. It asserts that if we

cannot face the changes induced by neoliberalism, both in the role of finance

capital in the economy and in the nature of the nation-state and ethnicity, it

will be impossible to escape the burden of the notions of modernization left

over from the previous century or move beyond the limitations inherent in

the old concepts and the perceptions of mainstream society. In such a scenar-

io, it postulates, we will go down the same path Japan took in the 1980s.

Keywords: Sunflower Movement, Neoliberalism, Ethnicity, Nation-state

* Date of Submission: August 29, 2014 Accepted Date: October 20, 2014

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236

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San

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Sch