ED 036 108

AUTHORTITLE

INSTITUTIONREEOET NOPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FRCM

DOCUMENT RESUME

EF 003 941

KCHN, SHERWOOD E.EXPERIMENT IN PLANNING AN URBAN HIGH SCHOOL: THEBALTIMORE CHARETTE.EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABS., INC., NEW YORK, N.Y.CASE STUDIES-13NCV 6951P.

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABORATORIES, 477 MADISONAVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10022

EDRS PRICE EDES PRICE MY-$0025 BC-$2.65DESCRIPTORS COMMUNITY INVCLVEMENT, *PLANNING MEETINGS, SCHOOL

BUILDINGS, SCHOCI CONSTRUCTION, *SCHOOL DESIGN,*SCHCCL PLANNING, *URBAN SCHOOLS

ABSTRACTA DESCRIPTION IS PRESENTED OF AN INTENSIVE DAY AND

NIGHT EFFORT INVOLVING THE CCMMUNITY, ARCHITECTS, AND EDUCATORS INTHE DESIGN OF AN URBAN SCHOOL FACILITY. FOLLOWING A DESCRIPTION OFTHE BACKGRCUND AND SETTING OF DUNEAR HIGH SCHOOL, WHICH IS LOCATED INA BALTIMORE GHETTO, THE ChARETTE PROCEDURES USED IN FORMULATING ASCHCOIHOUSE DESIGN ARE DISCUSSED. (FS)

Board of DirectorsMilton C. Mumford, CHAIRMAN

Chairman of the Board, Lever Brothers Company

Alvin C. Eurich, VICE CHAIRMAN

President, Academy for Educational Development, Inc.

Clay P. BedfordPresident, Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics

James C. Downs, Jr.Chairman of the Board, Real Estate Research Corporation

Henry DreyfussHenry Dreyfuss & Associates

Morris DuaneAttorney, Duane, Morris and Heckscher

Edwin D. EtheringtonPresident, Wesleyan University

Harold B. Gores?resident, Educational Facilities Laboratories

J. E. JonssonHonorary Chairman Gj the Board, Texas Instruments, Inc.

Philip M. KlutznickChairman of the Board,Urban Investment and Development Co.

Winthrop RockefellerGovernor, State of Arkansas

Howard S. TurnerPresident, Turner Construction Company

Benjamin C. WillisEducational Consultant(formerly General Superintendent of Schools, Chicagoan.)

OfficersHarold B. Gores, PRESIDENT

Jonathan King, VICE PRESIDENT AND TREASURER

Alan C. Green, SECRETARY

StaffRobert M. Dillon, AIA, CONSULTANT

Lucille Gordon, LIBRARIAN

Ben E. Graves, CONSULTANT

Peter Green, EDITOR

Lillian Sloves, PUBLICATIONS ASSOCIATE

Mary C. Webb, ASSISTANT TREASURER

Ruth Weinstock, RESEARCH ASSOCIATE

Educational Facilities Laboratories, Inc. is a non-profit corporation established by the Ford Founda-tion to help schools and colleges in the UnitedStates and Canada with their physical problems bythe encouragement of research and experimenta-tion and the dissemination of knowledge regardingeducational facilities.

Experiment in planning an

Urban High School:

TheBaltimore Charetteby Sherwood D. Kohn

A report from Educational Facilities Laboratories

Library of Congress Catalog No. 71-106009First Printing: November 1969

Additional copies are available fromEducational Facilities Laboratories477 Madison AvenueNew York, N.Y. 10022

Foreword

Charette:

"A final intensive effort to finish a project, particularly an architectural project . . ."

The Baltimore charette wasn't quite the dictionary definition of a cl, Jette. It was not the

final, but the opening, intensive effort to involve community, bureaucracies, architects, and

educators in the design of a schoolhouse.

Dunbar High School is old, tired, and in need of replacement. And, like so many of the used-

up buildings in American education, it's in a ghetto. There has been increasingly vocal dis-

satisfaction with schools built in the central cities and particularly in the ghettos and with

the process of building them which has often excluded effective community participation.

The Dunbar charette was an experiment in participatory democracy and planning initiated

by the United States Office of Education.

Inside Dunbar High School, some of which dates back 54 years, the participants were in-

volved in night and day sessions of sufficient intensity to produce friction, frustration, and

creative synthesis of ideas and concepts. The fact that they were there in the school was a

constant reminder of the realities with which they had to deal. Stargazing was not part of

the curriculum.

Because of Educational Facilities Laboratories' long-standing interest in the improvement

of urban schools and in experimental approaches to that end, we agreed to report in depth

on the nature and results of the Baltimore charette. Obviously the U.S. Office of Education

was impressed with the results since they now have plans to assist in the funding of some 20additional school planning charettes.

Bringing together professional planners, architects, committee members, and the variousbureaucratic agencies involved in school planning in an intensive day and night effort toestablish the basic program, spirit, and preliminary design outline for a school is no substi-tute for the long professional planning necessary for a superior school building. But it did,

in this instance, provide basic inputs for design, and it did permit the various elements inthe community to have considerable positive influence on the design of the building whichwill result.

A school building, is, however, a thing not a process, and the process is valuable to the ulti-

mate architecture only as reflected in the building. So the jury will necessarily still be out onthe ultimate value of the Dunbar charette until the new Paul Laurence Dunbar High Schoolis up and functioning.

A charette is obviously not the only way to get a high level of community participation in

planning schools, but it is one new and exciting way to do this, and consequently we thinkthat those of you concerned with school planning, particularly in the older and larger cities,will find this report of real interest.

Educational Facilities Laboratories

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" `1/11

The Baltimore Charette

About 100 adults, most of them black residents ofEast Baltimore, gathered quietly in the girls' gym ofPaul Laurence Dunbar High School on the eveningof February 28, 1969. They listened with mountingimpatience as four community representativesdroned on, reporting the results of a two-week, in-tensive conference aimed at developing educationalspecifications for a new Dunbar High School.

The meeting in the gym, billed as a "confrontation,"but actually quite similar to an old-fashioned NewEngland town meeting, was peaceful, even boring.Baltimore's superintendent of public instruction, Dr.Thomas D. Sheldon, sat impassively in the audiencewith his administrative aide, Sterling Keyes. A gray-ing, firm-jawed man in his late forties, Sheldonlooked like an infantry colciiel waiting for the nextbarrage. He was the only member of the white powerstructure in the audience.

The opposing batteries were scattered all aroundSheldon, but on this night, at least, they weren'taimed in his direction. Some half-dozen Black Pan-ther Party agitators, who had been posting hand-lettered signs and distributing mimeographed hand-bills denouncing the gathering and its sponsors as"Uncle Tom," were stationed in the audience. TheirAfro hair styles and dashikis clearly set them apartfrom the rather middle-class crowd.

In a corner of the gym, behind a makeshift partitionof plywood panels, a group of architects and archi-tecture studentsconsultants to the planning con-ferenceworked feverishly to translate the tenets ofthe new Dunbar philosophy into graphic form. Theabstract designs, representing a fresh approach tosecondary education in the inner city, would be pre-sented to the conference's final meeting on the fol-lowing day.

As one of the discussion leaders explained site alter-

natives and land use to the assemblage, a BlackPanther, dressed in a black hat and black robe, inter-rupted, advocating forcible seizure of land for theschool. The atmosphere of the meeting was immedi-ately charged with apprehension. The note of vio-lence grew sharper.

"The only way for the black man to get anything,"shouted the Panther, "is to get a gun!" A short, bald-ing man leaped to his feet. "The only thing you'll getthat way is a bullet!" he shouted back. "You're likean Oreo cookie," bellowed the Panther, "black onthe outside, white on the inside!" The meeting eruptedinto a bedlam of shouts and recriminations.

Incongruously, the architects continued drawing be-hind their wooden screens. Their world had nothingto learn from the shouters. The disrupters were toolate The conference had made its proposals, andthere had been no objection to them, at least fromthe moderate element of the community. Racial an-tagonism was no longer meaniagful, and vandalismintellectual or physical--was no longer an effectiveforce. The black community had progressed fromprotest to planning.

"For one time," said a member of the audience,"everything was laid on the table. We found out thatlittle people can move big people."

About a million people live in Baltimore, Maryland,a 240-year-old city of red brick, rowhouses, and acongested downtown area that only recently began toemerge from a grayness that the sun failed to pene-trate and the city fathers neglected to relieve for morethan three generations.

Within the city limits, neither the area nor the popu-lation served by any one school can be neatly defined.Baltimore has no school districts. The city's Boardof School Commissioners, complying with the U.S.

Supr

eme

Cou

rt's

des

egre

gatio

n or

der,

dec

ided

infa

vor

of o

pen

enro

llmen

t in

1954

. The

oret

ical

ly, a

nych

ild w

ithin

the

met

ropo

litan

lim

its c

an a

ttend

any

one

of B

altim

ore'

s 20

7 pu

blic

sch

ools

.

The

are

a an

d po

pula

tion

serv

ed b

y Pa

ul L

aure

nce

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

, how

ever

, can

be

mor

e ea

sily

desc

ribe

d th

an m

ost,

beca

use

it is

vir

tual

ly is

olat

edfr

om th

e re

st o

f B

altim

ore.

The

deb

ilita

ting

effe

cts

of r

acia

l seg

rega

tion,

eco

nom

ic d

eter

iora

tion,

and

a hi

gh c

rim

e ra

te h

ave

cut o

ff th

e so

uthe

ast q

uadr

ant

of th

e ci

ty a

s ef

fect

ivel

y as

a w

all.

And

in o

ne in

stan

ceth

at o

f Jo

hns

Hop

kins

Hos

pita

lthe

phys

ical

barr

ier

was

pre

sent

dur

ing

the

time

of th

e ch

aret

te.

Prac

tical

ly s

peak

ing,

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

dra

ws

its1,

400

stud

ents

fro

m a

n ar

ea k

now

n on

ly a

s "E

ast

Bal

timor

e,"

an in

ner

city

slu

m c

over

ing

abou

t thr

eesq

uare

mile

s an

d in

habi

ted,

acc

ordi

ng to

off

icia

l est

i-m

ate,

by

mor

e th

an 8

1,00

0 pe

ople

. Uno

ffic

ially

, the

tota

l is

muc

h gr

eate

r, m

ore

than

202

,300

. In

any

even

t, at

leas

t 74

per

cent

of

Eas

t Bal

timor

e's

resi

-de

nts

are

blac

k, p

oor,

alie

nate

d, a

nd d

isgr

untle

d.

With

in E

ast B

altim

ore,

muc

h of

whi

ch is

des

tined

for

urba

n re

new

al, a

n av

erag

e fa

mily

con

sist

s of

fou

rpe

rson

s, a

vera

ge f

amily

inco

me

is a

bout

$2,

750

aye

ar, t

he u

nem

ploy

men

t rat

e is

16.

7 pe

r ce

nt, a

nd60

per

cen

t of

the

popu

latio

n is

18

year

s ol

d or

old

er.

Lik

e m

any

dete

rior

ated

urb

an r

esid

entia

l arc

as, E

ast

Bal

timor

e ca

n be

des

crib

ed b

y a

labe

l tha

t we

have

15

com

e to

ass

ocia

te w

ith s

ubur

bia;

it is

a b

edro

om c

om-

mun

ity. A

band

oned

by

its w

age

earn

ers

duri

ng th

eda

y, d

evoi

d of

mos

t com

mun

ity s

ervi

ce a

genc

ies,

and

lack

ing

a su

bsta

ntia

l num

ber

of lu

crat

ive,

res

iden

t-ow

ned

busi

ness

es, i

t off

ers

little

mor

e th

an a

pla

ceto

sle

ep.

Mos

t of

the

mon

ey e

arne

d by

Eas

t Bal

timor

eans

flo

ws

out o

f th

e co

mm

unity

. Ver

y lit

tle r

emai

ns to

hel

pim

prov

e co

nditi

ons.

The

eco

nom

ic e

nerg

y of

the

area

is c

onst

antly

sap

ped.

The

fac

t tha

t its

res

iden

ts la

ckbu

sine

ss a

cum

en, f

inan

cial

res

ourc

es, a

nd m

anag

e-ri

al s

kills

con

trib

utes

imm

easu

rabl

y to

war

d an

alm

ost

colo

nial

sta

te o

f de

pend

ence

.

Act

ually

, Eas

t Bal

timor

e ba

rely

qua

lifie

s as

a c

om-

mun

ity. I

n th

e pa

st, i

t has

lack

ed a

n ov

erri

ding

sen

seof

pur

pose

, an

unde

rlyi

ng a

ltrui

sm th

at c

omes

fro

mse

lf-r

espe

ct. M

uch

of it

s vi

talit

y is

dis

sipa

ted

in c

on-

stan

t int

erna

l pow

er s

trug

gles

that

pre

vent

its

resi

-de

nts

from

act

ing

toge

ther

for

the

com

mon

goo

d.

The

are

a sp

read

s in

to B

altim

ore'

s 1s

t and

2nd

vot

ing

dist

rict

s, a

nd is

alm

ost a

pol

itica

l vac

uum

vir

tual

lyig

nore

d by

the

pres

s. T

heor

etic

ally

, Eas

t Bal

timor

eis

rep

rese

nted

by

six

coun

cilm

en, b

ut o

nly

one,

abl

ack

Dem

ocra

t, is

act

ive.

At t

his

wri

ting,

var

ious

fact

ions

, inc

ludi

ng th

e B

lack

Pan

ther

Par

ty, a

revy

ing

for

cont

rol o

f E

ast B

altim

ore'

s po

tent

ial a

s th

ela

rges

t blo

c of

bla

ck v

otes

in th

e ci

ty. F

or b

ette

r or

16

wor

se, i

ts p

oliti

cal g

roup

s ha

vebe

en f

ragm

ente

d to

swin

g in

any

dir

ectio

n.

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

is s

ituat

ed a

lmos

t in

the

cent

erof

bla

ck E

ast B

altim

ore.

Dir

ectly

sou

th o

f th

e sc

hool

lies

a pu

blic

hou

sing

pro

ject

. Its

res

iden

ts a

re r

e-ga

rded

as

stab

le, i

ts h

omes

are

wel

l-ke

pt, a

nd th

ere

is r

elat

ivel

y lit

tle c

rim

e. A

noth

er h

ousi

ng p

roje

ct to

the

wes

t is

badl

y lit

and

cri

me-

ridd

en. T

he n

eigh

bor-

hood

to th

e no

rth,

muc

h of

whi

ch is

sch

edul

ed f

orur

ban

rene

wal

, is

the

wor

st o

f al

l. C

rim

e of

all

kind

sfl

ouri

shes

ther

e, r

un-d

own

bars

and

res

taur

ants

oc-

cupy

alm

ost e

very

cor

ner,

the

dope

traf

fic

is h

eavy

,an

d on

wee

kend

s lo

cal s

port

s cl

ose

off

a sh

ort b

lock

with

par

ked

truc

ks a

nd r

un a

n al

l-ni

ght "

big

mon

ey"

crap

gam

e. J

ohns

Hop

kins

Hos

pita

l occ

upie

s m

osto

fth

e la

nd to

the

east

of

the

scho

ol.

A o

nce-

prou

d in

stitu

tion

that

num

bers

U.S

. Sup

rem

eC

ourt

Jus

tice

Thu

rgoo

d M

arsh

all a

mon

g its

for

mer

stud

ents

, the

hig

h sc

hool

nam

ed f

or a

maj

or N

egro

poet

had

, in

the

win

ter

of 1

968-

69, s

unk

to a

n al

l-tim

e le

vel o

f im

pote

nce.

Its

cur

ricu

lum

off

ered

onl

yco

urse

s .ti

at w

ere

stan

dard

in s

econ

dary

sch

ools

20

year

s ag

o, s

tude

nts

foun

d m

ost o

f its

inst

ruct

ion

irre

l-ev

ant t

o th

e re

aliti

es o

f co

ntem

pora

ry li

fe, a

nd it

neith

er r

aise

d no

r su

stai

ned

the

leve

l of

lear

ning

ex-

peri

ence

d in

its

feed

er s

choo

ls.

At t

his

wri

ting,

Dun

bar

stud

ents

are

gen

eral

ly n

eg-

lect

ed b

oth

in a

nd o

ut o

f sc

hool

. As

one

stud

ent p

utit,

"K

ids

don'

t get

atte

ntio

n fr

om te

ache

rs o

r pa

rent

s.T

he o

nly

atte

ntio

n th

ey g

et is

fro

m th

e po

lice.

"

Furt

herm

ore,

stu

dent

s ar

e of

ten

too

poor

and

too

busy

wor

king

for

a li

ving

to a

ttend

sch

ool o

n a

full-

time

basi

s. F

amili

es a

re la

rge

and

neig

hbor

hood

scr

owde

d. S

tude

nts

lack

the

priv

acy,

tim

e, a

nd s

pace

nece

ssar

y fo

r pr

oper

lear

ning

and

gro

wth

. It i

s ap

-pa

rent

to v

isito

rs th

at te

ache

rs a

s v%

311

as s

tude

nts

lack

mot

ivat

ion

and

seem

onl

y u.

o pe

rfor

m th

e m

otio

nsof

edu

catio

n. T

he o

ffic

ial d

rop-

out r

ate

at D

unba

r,

as o

f M

arch

, 196

9, w

as 1

4.2

per

cent

high

er th

anan

y ot

her

high

sch

ool i

n B

altim

orea

nd m

any

ofth

edr

opou

ts s

pend

thei

r le

isur

e tim

e, w

hich

is a

bund

ant,

urgi

ng o

ther

s to

join

them

.

The

sch

ool's

phy

sica

l pla

nt is

a p

atch

wor

k of

fiv

ebu

ildin

gs, s

ome

of w

hich

dat

e ba

ck 5

4 ye

ars.

The

mai

n w

ing,

a f

our-

stor

y br

ick

stru

ctur

e bu

ilt a

s a

juni

or h

igh

scho

ol in

193

1 (t

he d

rink

ing

foun

tain

sw

ere

neve

r ra

ised

to a

dult

leve

l) ,

is la

id o

ut in

an

L s

hape

, with

the

mai

n en

tran

ce a

t the

ang

le, t

heau

dito

rium

and

gym

nasi

ums

stac

ked

at th

e en

d of

the

east

-wes

t leg

, and

the

adm

inis

trat

ive

offi

ces

and

mos

t of

the

clas

sroo

ms

occu

pyin

g th

e no

rth-

sout

h le

g.T

he b

uild

ing

is a

ging

and

its

desi

gn is

infl

exib

le, b

utth

e st

ruct

ure

rem

ains

sol

id a

nd is

kep

t in

fair

con

di-

tion.

Dr.

Tho

mas

D. S

held

on, B

altim

ore'

s su

peri

n-te

nden

t of

publ

ic in

stru

ctio

n, r

egar

ds it

as

a us

able

plan

t in

need

of

reno

vatio

n, f

eelin

g th

at "

ther

e is

no

phys

ical

just

ific

atio

n fo

r a

new

sch

ool,

but t

he c

om-

mun

ity d

esir

es o

ne. I

thin

k th

at's

terr

ibly

impo

rtan

t."

Com

mun

ity s

entim

ent,

whi

ch f

ocus

ed o

n th

e ph

ysic

alde

fici

enci

es o

f D

unba

r H

igh

Scho

ol, a

ctua

lly a

rose

from

a c

ompl

ex o

f ne

eds,

mos

t of

them

roo

ted

inra

cial

pro

blem

s. P

rim

arily

, the

Dun

bar

area

res

i-de

nts

harb

or lo

ng-s

tand

ing

feel

ings

of

inju

stic

e an

dde

priv

atio

n.

Segr

egat

ion,

de

fact

o an

d ot

herw

ise,

acc

ount

s fo

rm

uch

of th

e re

sent

men

t. A

nd th

e at

titud

e of

Joh

nsH

opki

ns H

ospi

tal a

dmin

istr

ator

s ov

er th

e ye

ars

also

cont

ribu

ted

subs

tant

ially

tow

ard

the

gene

ral d

issa

tis-

fact

ion,

mis

trus

t, an

d ho

stili

ty w

hich

is f

elt b

y bl

acks

in E

ast B

altim

ore.

The

Joh

ns H

opki

ns H

ospi

tal c

ompl

ex, a

n ex

pand

ing

com

plex

that

now

cov

ers

mor

e th

an 3

2 ac

res,

lies

dire

ctly

eas

t of

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

. In

fact

, jus

tac

ross

the

stre

et f

rom

the

scho

ol, J

ohns

Hop

kins

med

ical

res

iden

ts a

nd th

eir

fam

ilies

hav

e liv

ed f

orm

any

year

s be

hind

a b

lock

-cir

clin

g, c

hain

-lin

k an

d

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trElmtImIllthE REWRITE- d1311 VOLPIVEILIRWil.

AIL

barb

ed w

ire

fenc

e (

refe

rred

to b

y ar

ea r

esid

ents

,si

gnif

ican

tly e

noug

h, a

s "t

he w

all"

).

Iron

ical

ly, w

orkm

en b

egan

inst

allin

g he

avy

wir

em

esh

over

the

outw

ard-

faci

ng w

indo

ws

of s

ever

alho

mes

on

the

sam

e da

y th

at th

e ch

aret

te o

pene

d at

the

high

sch

ool.

The

fen

ce, r

emar

ked

one

of th

e pe

o-pl

e in

the

neig

hbor

hood

, pla

inly

say

s, "

'Civ

iliza

tion

nere

, sav

ager

y th

ere,

' " a

nd th

at k

ind

of im

pres

sion

tend

s to

ling

er.

Mor

eove

r, D

unba

r ar

ea r

esid

ents

ref

er to

the

hosp

i-ta

l's e

nclo

sure

as

"the

com

poun

d,"

whi

ch it

is, l

iter-

ally

, sin

ce th

e fe

nce

gate

is c

lose

d an

d lo

cked

eve

ryev

enin

g at

fiv

e. T

he h

ospi

tal p

erso

nnel

and

thei

rfa

mili

es li

ve in

the

"com

poun

d" a

s if

they

wer

e m

em-

bers

of

the

fore

ign

colo

ny in

Sha

ngha

i. A

nd th

e si

tua-

tion

is f

urth

er ir

rita

ted

by th

e fa

ct th

at th

e ho

mes

occu

pied

by

John

s H

opki

ns r

esid

ents

orig

inal

ly in

-te

nded

as

low

-cos

t hou

sing

wer

e su

ppos

ed to

hav

eac

com

mod

ated

mem

bers

of

the

loca

l com

mun

ity.

Abo

ut 2

5 ye

ars

ago,

the

city

dem

olis

hed

the

bloc

k to

the

east

of

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

, rel

ocat

ing

its r

esi-

dent

s an

d pr

omis

ing

its h

omeo

wne

rs th

at th

ey c

ould

buy

back

into

the

area

as

soon

as

new

hou

sing

was

cons

truc

ted.

Unh

appi

ly, t

he p

rom

ise

was

not

kep

t,an

d Jo

hns

Hop

kins

was

allo

wed

to m

ove

in in

stea

d.T

he h

ospi

tal b

ore

the

maj

or b

urde

n of

ill w

ill th

atw

as g

ener

ated

by

the

tran

sact

ion

and

its la

ck o

f go

odfa

ith to

war

d th

e bl

ack

com

mun

ity.

But

the

raci

al te

nsio

n be

twee

n Jo

hns

Hop

kins

and

the

blac

k ne

ighb

orho

ods

that

com

plet

ely

surr

ound

it c

anbe

trac

ed b

ack

muc

h fu

rthe

r th

an th

eir

diff

eren

ces

over

hou

sing

. Bla

cks

and

whi

tes

asse

rt th

at in

the

past

the

hosp

ital b

ehav

ed li

ke a

"So

uthe

rn"

inst

itu-

tion.

Bas

ical

ly, t

his

mea

nt th

at it

for

med

a s

olid

pill

arof

the

whi

te P

rote

stan

t Est

ablis

hmen

t in

a So

uthe

rn-

orie

nted

city

, and

inci

dent

ally

, tha

t few

, if

any,

Neg

roes

cou

ld w

ork

ther

e in

res

pons

ible

pos

ition

s.

Dur

ing

its f

irst

74

year

s in

ope

ratio

n, f

or in

stan

ce, t

heJo

hns

Hop

kins

Hos

pita

l Sch

ool o

f N

ursi

ng h

ad a

c-ce

pted

onl

y on

e bl

ack

trai

nee.

For

tuna

tely

, atti

tude

sbe

gan

chan

ging

abo

ut 1

964,

and

ther

e ar

e no

w s

ixN

egro

gir

ls e

nrol

led

in a

cla

ss o

f so

me

200,

but

the

bias

and

the

reac

tion

to it

has

left

a r

esid

ue th

atis

dif

ficu

lt to

dis

solv

e.

Such

vis

ual e

vide

nce

as th

e fe

nce

and

the

win

dow

scre

ens,

and

eve

n th

e ar

chite

ctur

e of

the

hosp

ital's

new

er b

uild

ings

, tes

tifie

s to

the

pers

iste

nce

of m

istr

ust

and

anta

goni

sm. T

he la

test

of

John

s H

opki

ns' a

n-ne

xes,

the

luxu

riou

sly

appo

inte

d, c

onte

mpo

rari

lyst

yled

Joh

n F.

Ken

nedy

Ins

titut

e, is

sur

roun

ded

by a

high

bri

ck w

all,

and

its w

indo

ws

face

inw

ard

onto

an

encl

osed

gar

den.

Whe

n th

e vi

sito

r pa

sses

thro

ugh

the

inst

itute

's g

ate,

he

leav

es E

ast B

altim

ore

and

ente

rsan

othe

r, m

ore

grac

ious

, wor

ld.

Bot

h si

des,

of

cour

se, m

ust c

arry

a s

hare

of

the

blam

efo

r su

ch a

sta

te o

f ill

will

. Bla

ck v

anda

ls c

reat

e ap

-

prehension and hostility by smashing windows andshattering bottles in the area, the neighborhood isconsidered "dangerous" by blacks as well as whites,and the center of the riots resulting from MartinLuther King's death lies only a few blocks to thenorth of Dunbar High School.

Obviously, these are not conditions conducive topleasant relations between the black and white com-munities. They lay the groundwork for a striving thathas been directed, for want of a more tangible sym-bol, toward the improvement of the only sizablepublic facility in the entire three-square mile sector:its high school.

The most recent campaign for a new Dunbar HighSchool dates back to 1965, when teachers, students,and members of CORE staged a sit-in at the adminis-trative offices of the Baltimore public school system.But the school's problems can be traced much fartherback than that. It is almost certain that Dunbar was adisadvantaged school from the moment its studentbody became totally black. Perhaps it was alwaysthat way. In any event, the problem reached crisisproportions during the 1950's.

At that time, the school's 1,800-student-capacitypatchwork bulged with 4,000 students. Some classesnumbered as many as 50 students, teachers "floated"among several groups, and even the addition of fivetemporary classroom buildings in the schoolyardcould not accommodate the overflow.

Crowding was eased somewhat by the school system'sopen enrollment policy and by a trickle of emigrationfrom the area as people were relocated, but addi-tional negative factors continued to contribute towardDunbar's decline. Curriculum petrified, dropout's in-creased in number, and physical conditions deterio-rated. In 1963, long-suffering students finally revoltedagainst the food in Dunbar High School's cafeteria.

At last, Baltimore's school superintendent gave in tomounting pressure and promised the Dunbar PTA anew school. Ironically, he died before the promisecould be fulfilled. The Board of School Commis-sioners then decided to phase Dunbar out, trans-ferring its better teachers, and encouraging ninthgraders to enroll elsewhere, and subtly discouragingthe remaining teachers from doing th" "r best.

The open enrollment policy, inzant , eviate someof the pressures of de facto segregation, actually ag-gravated Dunbar's problems. While other highschools attracted top students by specializing in up-to-date academic disciplines, Dunbar lost them byoffering an outmoded liberal arts, college preparatoryprogram. It seemed to Dunbar faculty, students, andstudents' parents that the school was specializing insecond-class citizenship.

Faculty members say that parents became discour-aged and took little interest in the school. Studentsand teachers alike felt that parents cared nothingabout their children. Teachers had the impressionthat they would be unable to obtain instructionalmaterials even if they asked for them. Students be-lieved that the very name "Dunbar" on a job appli-cation would result in their automatic rejection.Neither teachers nor students seemed interested inclass attendance. Student morale sank so low thatadvancement from the ninth through the twelfthgrades to graduation carried no sorial prestige withinthe student body. Dunbar did not even publish aschool newspaper, although its print shop was fullycapable of turning one out. * The school's populationgradually dropped below capacity, supplies becamehand-me-downs or dwindled to a trickle (the art de-partment, for example, received a materials allotmentof $600 in 1967-68 ) , and its academic reputation

*A school newspaper was founded soon after the charette.

19

20

ar!

.`

fell

so lo

w th

at D

unba

r dr

oppe

d of

f th

e lis

t of

scho

ols

avai

labl

e fo

r vi

sits

fro

m o

utsi

de o

bser

vers

.

Fina

lly, i

n 19

68, t

he P

TA

dec

ided

to tr

y on

e m

ore

time.

Lin

king

thei

r de

man

ds to

a D

unba

r Y

outh

Tas

kFo

rce

cam

paig

n fo

r an

ath

letic

fie

ld (

Dun

bar

has

none

and

the

near

est r

ecre

atio

nfi

eld

is 1

0 bl

ocks

nort

h), a

gro

up o

f 15

par

ents

and

Rob

ert L

. Dou

g-la

ss, t

he a

rea'

s on

ly in

tere

sted

rep

rese

ntat

ive

to C

ityC

ounc

il, m

et w

ith th

e pr

esid

ent o

f th

e sc

hool

boa

rdan

d D

r. S

held

on (

then

onl

y tw

o m

onth

s in

off

ice

assc

hool

sup

erin

tend

ent)

and

out

lined

thei

r pr

oble

m.

The

y w

ere

answ

ered

with

a $

10.5

mill

ion

slic

e of

the

city

's C

apita

l Im

prov

emen

t Pla

n.

Shel

don

had

favo

red

the

allo

catio

n on

the

grou

nds

ofa

real

nee

d fo

r a

firs

t-ra

te in

nerci

ty h

igh

scho

olno

tph

ysic

ally

, but

as

a fu

lcru

m f

or c

omm

unity

reh

abili

-ta

tiona

nd th

e ne

cess

ity f

or a

dditi

onal

inst

ruct

iona

lsp

ace

in th

e el

emen

tary

and

juni

or h

igh

scho

ols.

Ane

w D

unba

r w

ould

ret

urn

the

old

build

ing

to it

sor

igin

al f

unct

ion

as a

juni

or h

igh.

But

wha

t kin

d of

a s

choo

l wou

ld th

e ne

w D

unba

r be

?T

he B

altim

ore

Plan

ning

Com

mis

sion

rec

omm

ende

da

stru

ctur

e, b

egun

by

1970

, tha

t wou

ldac

com

mod

ate

abou

t 2,0

00 s

tude

nts

and

be b

uilt

on 4

.5 a

cres

of

the

10-a

cre

bloc

k no

w o

ccup

ied

by D

unba

r H

igh

Scho

ol,

a sm

all c

ity h

ealth

cen

ter,

an

indo

orre

crea

tion

cent

er,

and

an e

lem

enta

ry s

choo

l. T

he p

rosp

ectiv

e si

te,

pave

d w

ith a

spha

lt, is

cur

rent

ly in

use

as

a sc

hool

play

grou

nd. B

eyon

d th

ese

vagu

e ou

tline

s, th

e pa

gew

as b

lank

. The

Bal

timor

ear

chite

ctur

al f

irm

of

Coc

hran

, Ste

phen

son

& D

onke

rvoe

t was

giv

en a

de-

sign

con

trac

t aft

er th

e ch

aret

te w

as c

once

ived

and

invi

ted

to p

artic

ipat

e in

it in

stea

d of

wor

king

fro

m th

eus

ual o

bsol

ete

educ

atio

nal s

peci

fica

tions

.

Obv

ious

ly, t

o pe

rpet

uate

the

old

adm

inis

trat

ive

prac

-tic

es a

nd c

urri

cula

wou

ld b

e to

sub

vert

the

purp

ose

of b

uild

ing

a ne

w p

lant

. The

dem

ands

of

the

com

-m

unity

for

phy

sica

l qua

lity

mig

ht b

e m

et, b

ut, i

f th

efa

culty

and

stu

dent

s re

mai

ned

unm

otiv

ated

and

the

educ

atio

nal p

rogr

ams

rem

aine

d un

chan

ged,

the

build

ing

wou

ld c

onst

itute

onl

y an

em

pty

palli

ativ

e.M

oreo

ver,

it s

eem

ed im

pera

tive

to c

hang

e D

unba

rfi

rst f

rom

with

into

cha

nge

its in

tang

ible

sbef

ore

any

of it

s ou

tline

s to

ok s

hape

on

the

arch

itect

s' d

raw

-in

g bo

ards

.

It w

as a

xiom

atic

that

the

new

Dun

bL. s

houl

d of

fer

noth

ing

less

than

edu

catio

nal e

xcel

lenc

e. I

f it

offe

red

a tr

uly

effe

ctiv

e, f

irst

-rat

e pr

ogra

m, i

t cou

ld c

ompe

tew

ith th

e ci

ty's

oth

er h

igh

scho

ols

for

top

stud

ents

and

prov

ide

all w

ith a

n ed

ucat

ion

that

cou

ld e

quip

them

for

prod

uctiv

e liv

es. A

nd w

ith it

s pr

oxim

ity to

Joh

nsH

opki

ns H

ospi

tal,

it co

uld

take

adv

anta

ge o

f th

atin

stitu

tion'

s fa

cilit

ies

to c

ondu

ct a

par

amed

ical

pro

-gr

am a

s its

inst

ruct

iona

l spe

cial

ty. I

n co

mbi

natio

nw

ith a

ful

l pro

gram

of

com

preh

ensi

ve e

duca

tion,

suc

han

app

roac

h m

ight

ret

urn

Dun

bar

to it

spo

sitio

n as

an a

sset

to th

e co

mm

unity

.

Coincidentally, about this time (November, 1968),

Walter E. Mylecraine, Assistant Commissioner for

Construction Service in the U.S. Office of Education,

wrote to Larry Reich, the director of Baltimore's De-

partment of Planning, offering seed money to conduct

a theoretical "charette" on an urban renewal area in

West Baltimore.

Charette is a term borrowed from architectural usage.

Literally, it means "cart" or "chariot," implying the

speed of wheels or a race down to the wire, and came

to be applied colloquially to the marathon designing

sessions of architectural teams. In essence, it con-

notes a crash project, complete with deadline and

around-the-clock brainstorming, and up to the time

that Mylecraine applied it to practical planning,

"charetting" was largely a professional, even student,

exercise. The concept had seldom, if ever, included

clients of any kind (and especially the general pub-

lic) , or consultants other than those immediately

concerned with the structural aspects of design.

Mylecraine, reflecting a growing sentiment in the

profession, felt that architects could no longer main-

tain their traditionally detached attitude toward de-

sign. He advocated that architects, rather than spend-

ing their entire planning time isolated from the client

(which in the largest sense could be a whole com-

munity), should immerse themselves in the environ-

ment, closet themselves for a specific length of time

with consultants and representatives of the com-

munity, and be directed to hammer out a design con-

cept closely related to a total milieu.

Furthermore, at all points in the planning process,

short of actually creating astructural design, the pub-

lic would be intimately involved as a major partici-

pant. Lay representatives of the community would

take part in brainstorming sessions and make their

constituents' desires known. Professional consultants

would listen, advise, mediate, and help compose a

usable set of proposals or guidelines for the ultimate

designers, and representatives of the community

power structureits decision-makers--would be di-

rectly confronted with these proposals. Ideally, the

decision-makers would be involved in the guidelines'

creation and would therefore find it difficult to dis-

approve them on the grounds of a lack of prior

knowledge, of not having been consulted, of not

being committed, etc.

Architects would take part in the discussions as pro-

fessional consultants, Mylecraine felt, in order to

translate the charette's proposals into concepts that

could easily be used by other architects who would

perform the actual task of design. In other words,

the charette architects would pre-digest their fellow

conferees' abstract ideas and feed them to their pro-

fessional colleagues almost intravenously.

It was hoped.that by meshing the community directly

with professional resources and with those immedi-

ately responsible for public works and services, much

time could be saved, red tape avoided, and closer

liaison gained between client and architect. The de-

cision-making process, particularly within the com-

munity power structure, might be shortened consid-

erablyperhaps by as much as eight monthsandconverted almost immediately into a program for

implementation.

Mylecraine first tried the new charette method (but

without community participation) in Columbus,

Ohio, during the spring of 1968. At the conference,

the Ohio State University School of Architecture

played host to 65 professionals and students froth all

over the country. For two weeks, the charette dealt

with school-related urban problems in Atlanta, Phil-

adelphia, Hartford, and Baltimore in an intensive

series of dialogues and produced programs which

were then submitted for further consideration in three

of the four cities.

21

ti

i

1

A s

econ

d ch

aret

te w

as h

eld

for

a w

eek

in J

anua

ry,

1969

, whe

n th

e U

nive

rsity

of

Mar

ylan

d's

Scho

ol o

fA

rchi

tect

ure

at C

olle

ge P

ark,

Mar

ylan

d, g

aths

red

som

e 50

stu

dent

s an

d pr

ofes

sion

als

to c

onfe

r in

ach

aret

te w

ith a

wid

e va

riet

y of

citi

zens

fro

m C

alve

rtC

ount

y, M

aryl

and.

The

obj

ect:

to h

elp

that

pre

dom

i-na

ntly

rur

al c

ount

y as

sess

its

mas

ter

plan

in r

elat

ion

to th

e fu

ture

of

its to

tal e

duca

tion

prog

ram

.

The

Cal

vert

Cou

nty

char

ette

pro

ved

succ

essf

ul, b

utit

grap

pled

with

a r

elat

ivel

y si

mpl

e se

t of

soci

al p

rob-

lem

s. H

ow w

ould

a c

hare

tte w

ork

unde

r di

ffic

ult

circ

umst

ance

s, i.

e., i

n an

urb

an a

rea

bese

t by

pove

rty,

poor

hou

sing

, pol

itica

l im

pote

nce,

and

rac

ial t

en-

sion

s? L

arry

Rei

ch, w

ho s

aw th

e ch

aret

te a

s a

cata

lyst

for

soci

al a

nd p

hysi

cal r

ejuv

enat

ion,

sug

gest

ed th

atM

ylec

rain

e sw

itch

his

seed

mon

ey to

the

Dun

bar

proj

ect a

s an

exp

erim

ent i

n co

mm

unity

sch

ool p

lan-

ning

und

er c

ompl

ex, e

ven

expl

osiv

e, c

ondi

tions

.

Myl

ecra

ine

cons

ente

d, a

nd, i

n do

ing

so, i

nitia

ted

ase

arch

for

ans

wer

s to

que

stio

ns e

ven

mor

e fu

nda-

men

tal t

han

thos

e co

ncer

ned

with

the

shap

e of

asc

hool

. The

task

of

the

Dun

bar

char

ette

was

a c

ritic

alon

e. S

ince

Dun

bar

is a

n ur

ban

scho

ol lo

cate

d in

an

inne

r ci

ty b

urde

ned

with

alie

natio

n an

d de

priv

atio

n,it

was

ass

umed

that

Dun

bar's

dif

ficu

lties

are

inex

-tr

icab

ly e

ntan

gled

with

alm

ost e

very

oth

er s

ocia

l and

econ

omic

pro

blem

pla

guin

g th

e ar

ea.

Dur

ing

prel

imin

ary

plan

ning

wor

ksho

ps th

at b

egan

Is

.iiv

II: I

two

mon

ths

befo

re th

e ch

aret

te, i

t was

dec

ided

that

ever

y ef

fort

sho

uld

be m

ade

to in

volv

e th

e co

mm

u-ni

ty a

t all

leve

ls. E

ven

mor

e th

an th

at, t

he c

omm

u-ni

ty w

as to

pla

y a

dom

inan

t rol

e. A

lthou

gh v

ario

usex

pert

s w

ould

be

brou

ght i

n to

take

par

t in

the

cha-

rette

, the

y w

ould

rem

ain

only

as

reso

urce

per

sonn

el,

prov

idin

g in

form

atio

n an

d te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e, tr

ans-

latin

g po

licy

stat

emen

ts in

to s

peci

fic

dire

ctiv

es, a

ndor

gani

zing

mas

ses

of in

form

atio

n in

to lo

gica

l sys

-te

ms.

It w

as a

gree

d th

at th

ey b

e on

ly c

onsu

ltativ

e in

the

real

m o

f de

cisi

on-m

akin

g.

Subs

eque

ntly

, the

Com

mun

ity C

ounc

il, m

eetin

g w

ithal

l con

cern

ed g

roup

s, f

orm

ed a

"D

unba

r C

hare

tteSt

eeri

ng C

omm

ittee

." M

rs. H

attie

N. H

arri

son,

ate

ache

r at

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

and

cha

irm

an o

f th

eD

unba

r C

omm

unity

Cou

ncil,

was

nam

ed g

ener

alch

airm

an; M

elvi

n M

oore

, Jr.

, a f

ield

coo

rdin

ator

for

the

Bal

timor

e C

omm

unity

Sch

ools

pro

gram

, was

chos

en a

s ex

ecut

ive

chai

rman

; Mrs

. Ros

ie S

. Kee

ne,

a cl

aim

s in

vest

igat

or f

or th

e lo

cal o

ffic

e of

the

Soci

alSe

curi

ty A

dmin

istr

atio

n, w

as d

esig

nate

d as

sec

reta

ry,

and

Dr.

Jam

es H

ayw

ood

Har

riso

n, a

gro

up d

ynam

ics

expe

rt, a

ssoc

iate

pro

fess

or o

f ed

ucat

ion

at M

orga

nSt

ate

Col

lege

, Bal

timor

e, a

nd a

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

grad

uate

, was

nam

ed c

hare

tte c

hair

man

. Thi

s gr

oup

was

cha

rged

with

the

adm

inis

trat

ion

of th

e ch

aret

tean

d la

ter

with

for

min

g th

e nu

cleu

s of

a c

ounc

il th

atw

ould

ove

rsee

com

plet

ed e

duca

tiona

l spe

cifi

catio

nsan

d de

taile

d pl

ans

for

the

new

sch

ool.

The steering committee, aided by the city planningdepartment and the office of the school superintend-ent, solicited funds from various interested groups.The U.S. Office of Education contributed $10,000;the Baltimore City Department of Planning gave$5,000, plus the services of Harold Young, its chiefplanner, and his staff; the Baltimore public schoolsystem gave $8,000; the State Board of Educationgave $17,000 to make a total of $40,000 for defrayingthe expenses of administering the charette, housingguest-participants in a nearby hotel, and paying offi-cial representatives, consultants, and administrators.

The steering committee designed the charette formatto run for two weeks without scheduled days off andwith daily discussion groups meeting from 9 a.m.until their business was completed in the evening.Participants would be given two hour periods forlunch and supper, and cafeteria privileges were ob-tained at a nearby Johns Hopkins residence hall. TheSheraton-Baltimore Inn on the block between Dun-bar and the hospital would provide housing for cha-rette participants and evening conference rooms whenthe school was closed.

Following an initial two-day orientation period, cha-rette participants would be assigned to four dialogueor discussion groups designated according to subject,i.e., Community Services, Educational Processes,Manpower Development, and Community Develop-ment. Each would be led by a representative of theiay community and aided by one or more of the re-source people.

For six days, these dialogue groups would brain-storm, exploring as many aspects of school planningas possible without considering the practical eco-nomics or the feasibility of programs beyond thosethat might be beneficial for Dunbar's students or theircommunity.

Dialogue leaders, as well as consultants, would be

told not to inhibit discussion, particularly that of avisionary nature, and would be given no rigid struc-ture to follow in conducting their sessions. Their taskwas to guide their groups toward consensus which

would be developed into more formal programs orproposals. These could be translated into communitydevelopment plans and educational specifications,although the charette was not expected to producesuch an organized entity.

In order to expose the dialogue participants to thebroadest possible range of subject matter, the steer-ing committee planned to rotate each group of lay-men every day and a half, while the resource person-nel remained stationary. It might have been simplerto rotate the experts, at least from a physical stand-point, but it was thought that the act of moving com-munity residents from one conference area to anotherwould emphasize the change of subject and make theseparation clearer in the minds of the conferees. Eachevening after supper the resource personnel wouldconvene to summarize the day's discussions and re-focus them for the following day.

After the six days of discussion, a two-day critiqueand reshaping period would allow the four dialoguecommittees to distill their ideas into tentative propo-sals, which would then be aired in a "citizens' con-frontation," a method, like that of the old-fashionedtown meeting, for airing ideas in the community.Following that, another day of refining would pre-pare proposals for a critique and a final "confronta-tion" with citizens and public officials. The entireprocess would culminate on the 13th day with a lastcritique and a formal presentation of proposals, fol-lowed on the 14th day by an architectural presenta-tion which could be translated into directives for thesteering committee.

In general, the charette followed the course that thesteering committee had charted for it. Discussion-

24gr

oup

lead

ers

wer

e ch

osen

fro

m a

mon

gth

ose

area

resi

dent

s m

ost r

espe

cted

for

thei

r st

abili

ty, t

alen

t for

wor

king

with

oth

ers,

and

ski

ll at

get

ting

thin

gs d

one.

The

res

ult w

as th

at th

e di

alog

ue s

essi

ons

wer

e he

aded

by a

pos

tman

nam

ed N

atha

n Ir

by, a

teac

her's

aid

ean

d m

othe

r of

eig

ht n

amed

Luc

ille

Gor

ham

, and

Jam

es R

. Tyl

er a

nd S

amue

l Saw

yer,

bot

h C

omm

unity

Act

ion

Age

ncy

orga

nize

rs. A

ll w

ere

high

ly a

rtic

ulat

ean

d ac

tive

in th

e co

mm

unity

. Mrs

. Gor

ham

, in

fact

,w

as a

mem

ber

of s

ix n

eigh

borh

ood

uplif

t gro

ups.

Initi

ally

, dis

cuss

ion-

grou

p m

embe

rshi

p w

as in

ten-

tiona

lly r

ando

m. R

otat

ion

of th

e di

alog

ue to

pics

gav

eev

eryo

ne f

ull e

xpos

ure

to th

em, a

nd,

late

r, g

roup

lead

ers

wer

e ro

tate

d, to

o, in

an

effo

rt to

add

ano

ther

dim

ensi

on a

nd o

verc

ome

subj

ect-

over

lap

amon

g th

efo

ur c

omm

ittee

s.

Onc

e th

e di

alog

ue le

ader

s w

ere

chos

en, t

hey

wer

egi

ven

a sh

ort c

ours

e in

lead

ersh

ip; t

he te

chni

ques

of

grou

p dy

nam

ics,

iden

tific

atio

n of

the

role

spe

ople

play

in g

roup

s, th

e pu

rpos

es o

f va

riou

s di

scus

sion

part

icip

ants

, sim

ple

met

hods

of

draw

ing

out i

deas

and

stim

ulat

ing

free

dis

cuss

ion.

In it

s br

iefi

ngs,

the

char

ette

adm

inis

trat

ion

'em

pha-

size

d th

e ne

ed f

or a

div

ersi

ty o

f op

inio

n, s

ensi

tivity

togr

oup

reac

tions

and

req

uire

men

ts, a

ndto

tal p

artic

i-pa

tion.

Gro

up le

ader

s w

ere

inst

ruct

ed n

ot to

be

con-

cern

ed a

bout

the

inte

nsity

of

view

s or

thei

r so

urce

s,an

d to

avo

id c

onst

rict

ing

stru

ctur

e w

hile

mov

ing

dis-

cuss

ion

tow

ard

gene

ral g

oals

, obv

ious

ly a

dif

ficu

ltta

sk d

espi

te th

e fa

ct th

at th

e st

eeri

ng c

omm

ittee

fur

-ni

shed

eac

h ch

airm

an w

ith a

wor

king

out

line

of s

ub-

ject

s to

be

cove

red.

Con

sulta

nts

wer

e re

crui

ted

from

as

far

away

as

Hou

ston

, Kan

sas

City

, and

Day

ton,

Ohi

o, to

ser

ve a

sre

sour

ce p

erso

nnel

atta

ched

to e

ach

disc

ussi

on g

roup

.T

hey

incl

uded

arc

hite

cts,

city

pla

nner

s, e

duca

tors

,ec

onom

ists

, soc

iolo

gist

s, a

nd g

radu

ate

arch

itect

ure

stud

ents

fro

m C

orne

ll U

nive

rsity

and

Ham

pton

In-

stitu

te (

Vir

gini

a ),

and

stud

ents

fro

m th

e U

nive

rsity

of M

iam

i at O

xfor

d, O

hio.

The

Bal

timor

e G

as &

Ele

ctri

c C

o., J

ohns

Hop

kins

Med

ical

Ins

titut

ions

, the

Cat

holic

Arc

hdio

cese

of

Bal

timor

e, th

e R

ouse

Com

pany

(de

velo

per

of th

ene

arby

new

tow

n of

Col

umbi

a, M

aryl

and)

, Pro

vide

ntH

ospi

tal,

Mar

ylan

d N

urse

s' A

ssoc

iatio

n, th

e B

alti-

mor

e C

ity H

ospi

tals

, and

the

Bal

timor

eM

odel

Citi

espr

ogra

m, a

mon

g ot

hers

, als

o se

ntre

pres

enta

tives

.

In a

ll, s

ome

132

peop

le, m

ore

than

hal

f of

who

mw

ere

draw

n fr

om th

e su

rrou

ndin

g ar

ea,

part

icip

ated

in th

e di

scus

sion

s, a

nd th

e fa

culty

and

stu

dent

bod

yof

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

wer

e re

pres

ente

d fu

ll-tim

e by

5 te

ache

rs a

nd 8

stu

dent

s ch

osen

by

the

stud

ent b

ody.

Con

sulta

nts

and

adm

inis

trat

ive

pers

onne

l wer

e pa

idpr

ofes

sion

al f

ees,

acc

redi

ted

grad

uate

stu

dent

s w

ere

give

n st

ipen

ds c

over

ing

food

, lod

ging

, tra

nspo

rtat

ion,

and

a sm

all a

llow

ance

, tea

cher

s w

ere

kept

on

sala

ry(a

s w

ere

som

e of

the

cons

ulta

nts

not p

aid

by th

ech

aret

te a

dmin

istr

atio

n ),

and

com

mun

ity p

artic

i-pa

nts

wer

e pa

id $

25 a

day

to o

ffse

t in

som

e m

easu

reth

e am

ount

they

lost

by

this

ext

ende

d ab

senc

e fr

omth

eir

regu

lar

jobs

.

The

fir

st w

eek

was

a q

uiet

, ard

uous

per

iod

of g

ropi

ngto

war

d co

nsen

sus.

Bur

dene

d in

its

earl

y st

ages

with

conf

usio

n, s

tran

gene

ss, i

mpe

rfec

t kno

wle

dge,

and

raci

al te

nsio

n, it

see

med

to la

ck a

ny p

urpo

se s

ave

the

sing

le m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t one

: an

over

ridi

ng d

esir

e to

plan

the

best

sch

ool p

ossi

ble.

Gra

dual

ly, a

s pe

ople

war

med

to e

ach

othe

r an

d th

eir

subj

ects

, obs

tacl

es d

imin

ishe

d, g

oals

and

con

cept

sem

erge

d an

d as

sum

ed s

harp

foc

us, a

nd p

ropo

sals

wer

e or

gani

zed

into

a p

rogr

am f

or u

se b

y th

e ar

chi-

tect

s. A

bove

all,

the

char

ette

was

an

educ

atio

nal

expe

rien

ce, n

ot o

nly

for

the

dial

ogue

par

ticip

ants

,w

ho w

ere

sing

ular

ly e

nlig

hten

ed b

y th

eir

labo

rs, b

utal

so f

or th

e st

uden

ts o

f D

unba

r an

d th

e vi

sitin

gco

nsul

tant

s.

The

fir

st d

ay, a

Sun

day,

was

dev

oted

to g

reet

ings

and

orie

ntat

ion

spee

ches

del

iver

ed in

the

high

sch

ool

audi

tori

um, f

ollo

wed

by

a w

alki

ng to

ur o

f th

e ar

eafo

r ar

chite

cts

and

othe

r co

nsul

tant

per

sonn

el. H

ar-

riso

n, a

s ch

airm

an o

f th

e ch

aret

te, s

et it

s to

ne a

ndou

tline

d a

pers

pect

ive:

A c

hare

tte is

som

ethi

ng m

ore

than

a m

ere

'hap

pen-

ing'

whe

re, i

n th

e ja

rgon

of

the

pres

ent,

'eve

ryon

edo

es h

is th

ing.

' In

a w

ord,

we

are

here

for

the

pur-

pose

of

enga

ging

in m

eani

ngfu

l dia

logu

e, th

e re

-su

lts o

f w

hich

will

hop

eful

ly a

ccom

mod

ate

the

desi

gn o

f an

edu

catio

nal f

acili

ty th

at w

ill s

uppo

rtth

e ne

eds

and

expe

ctat

ions

of

a re

new

ed c

om-

mun

ity a

nd s

tude

nt b

ody.

We

have

bee

n su

mm

oned

her

e to

bri

ng th

e co

llec-

tive

inte

llige

nce

of g

rass

-roo

ts c

itize

ns, p

aren

ts,

teac

hers

,pr

ofes

sion

aled

ucat

ors,

bus

ines

smen

,ar

chite

cts,

pro

fess

iona

l pla

nner

s, s

ocio

logi

sts,

heal

th o

ffic

ers,

pol

itici

ans,

and

per

sons

of

vari

ous

calli

ngs

to d

iscu

ssio

n an

d pr

elim

inar

y de

cisi

on-

mak

ing

with

res

pect

to th

e pr

ojec

ted

new

Pau

lL

aure

nce

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

..

..

The

inte

grity

of

the

char

ette

is m

aint

aine

d be

stw

hen

ther

e is

a m

inim

um o

f st

ruct

ure.

Thi

s in

-fo

rmal

cha

ract

eris

tic o

f th

e ch

aret

te, h

owev

er, d

oes

not r

ule

out t

he im

port

ance

of

givi

ng d

irec

tion

toou

r di

alog

ue th

roug

h th

e fr

amin

g an

d ac

cept

ance

of s

ome

ques

tions

whi

ch a

ppea

r to

be

basi

c to

all

of o

ur c

onsi

dera

tions

. It a

ppea

rs to

me,

ther

efor

e,th

at w

e w

ould

do

wel

l to

hold

in m

ind

answ

ers

toqu

estio

ns li

ke th

ese:

1 W

ho a

re th

e pe

rson

s to

be

serv

ed b

y th

e ne

wD

unba

r H

igh

Scho

ol?

Wha

t are

thei

r ba

sic

char

-ac

teri

stic

s?

2 W

hat a

re th

e ex

pect

atio

ns o

f pa

rent

s an

d th

eco

mm

unity

for

the

new

Dun

bar?

3 W

hat d

o w

e w

ant t

o ha

ppen

to th

e yo

ung

peop

lew

ho s

tudy

at D

unba

rrW

hat s

houl

d be

the

char

ac-

teri

stic

s of

the

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

gra

duat

e?

4 Sh

ould

the

prog

ram

off

erin

gs o

f th

e ne

w D

un-

bar

be d

iver

sifi

ed o

r sp

ecia

lized

?

5 W

hat k

inds

of

spec

ial s

ervi

ces

do w

e en

visi

onfo

r ho

usin

g in

the

new

Dun

bar?

6 H

ow m

ay w

e de

fine

the

role

s of

gov

ernm

ent,

com

mun

ity in

stitu

tions

and

age

ncie

s, b

usin

ess

and

indu

stry

, in

help

ing

to s

hape

the

new

Dun

bar?

7 W

hat a

re s

ome

of th

e cu

rric

ulum

inno

vatio

nsan

d te

achi

ng s

trat

egie

s w

e w

ould

like

to s

ee o

pera

-tiv

e in

the

new

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

?

8 W

hat a

bout

the

use

of th

e ne

w f

acili

ty?

Will

itbe

for

Dun

bar

stud

ents

or

for

the

Dun

bar

com

-m

unity

? W

hat a

ctiv

ities

do

we

envi

sion

bei

ng c

on-

duct

ed in

the

new

sch

ool t

hat w

ill r

efle

ct o

urph

iloso

phy

abou

t the

per

sons

to b

e se

rved

by

the

scho

ol?

9 W

hat i

s ou

r ex

pect

atio

n w

ith r

espe

ct to

hum

anre

latio

nshi

ps in

the

new

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

?H

ow w

ill p

eopl

e se

rved

by

the

new

Dun

bar

inte

r-ac

t with

eac

h ot

her?

26

:4

10 W

hat a

re th

e es

sent

ial c

hara

cter

istic

s of

aph

ysic

al f

acili

ty th

at w

ill r

espo

nd to

the

imm

edia

tean

d lo

ng-r

ange

nee

ds o

f th

e D

unba

r co

mm

unity

?

The

se s

tate

men

ts o

f th

e ch

aret

te's

bro

ader

goa

ls, H

ar-

riso

n po

inte

d ou

t, w

ere

only

one

of

its d

imen

sion

s.A

noth

er, a

nd p

erha

ps e

ven

mor

e im

port

ant,

was

aco

mm

itmen

t to

"beh

avin

g in

goo

d fa

ith."

"Whi

le w

e m

ay a

ll ha

ve c

ome

here

with

our

per

sona

lan

d in

stitu

tiona

l han

g-up

s,"

he to

ld th

e co

nfer

ees,

"it

is m

y ho

pe th

at w

e w

ill n

ot s

acri

fice

the

larg

er g

oals

of th

is c

hare

tte in

pur

suit

of n

arro

wer

, ind

ivid

ual

ends

..

..T

he D

unba

r H

igh

Scho

ol c

hare

tte.

..m

ust

nece

ssar

ily b

egin

and

end

with

a g

enui

ne c

once

rn f

orw

hat h

appe

ns to

peo

ple.

It i

s m

y ho

pe th

at w

e w

ill g

oab

out t

his

busi

ness

with

sin

ceri

ty, m

atur

ity, a

nd p

osi-

tive

thin

king

."

Alth

ough

this

key

note

spe

ech

was

to f

ind

its e

cho

inth

e ge

nera

l cha

ract

er o

f th

e ch

aret

te (

inde

ed, t

he c

on-

fere

nce

even

tual

ly s

eem

ed a

n oa

sis

of h

arm

ony

and

swee

t rea

son,

inva

ded

peri

odic

ally

by

mar

aude

rsfr

om th

e en

circ

ling

diss

onan

ce),

ver

ylit

tle o

f its

moo

d w

as e

vide

nt o

n th

e fi

rst d

ay. T

he d

ay, i

n fa

ct,

was

cha

ract

eriz

ed b

y co

nfus

ion

and

mild

tedi

um a

ndsu

rrou

nded

by

an a

ir o

f re

lief

( th

at th

e pr

ojec

t had

actu

ally

beg

un)

and

skep

ticis

m (

that

it w

ould

pro

-du

ce c

oncr

ete

resu

lts).

The

sen

se o

f co

nfus

ion

deep

ened

on

the

seco

nd d

ay,

whe

n di

alog

ue g

roup

par

ticip

ants

-16

or 1

8 pe

ople

to a

com

mitt

eew

ere

assi

gned

and

beg

an d

iscu

s-si

ons

in c

lass

room

s on

the

high

sch

ool's

top

floo

r.T

his

was

a f

eelin

g-ou

t per

iod,

and

onl

y th

e co

n-su

ltant

arc

hite

cts,

Dav

id B

. Run

nells

, a c

ity p

lann

erfr

om K

ansa

s C

ity, M

isso

uri,

and

Julia

n W

hite

, of

the

Hou

ston

fir

m o

f C

audi

ll R

owle

tt Sc

ott,

who

wer

eac

cust

omed

to th

e un

stru

ctur

ed f

orm

of

the

char

ette

proc

ess,

see

med

to h

ave

conf

iden

ce in

the

ultim

ate

succ

ess

of s

uch

an a

ppar

ently

dif

fuse

arr

ange

men

t.

By

the

thir

d da

y, h

owev

er, t

he d

iscu

ssio

n gr

oups

had

begu

n to

con

cent

rate

on

the

iden

tific

atio

n of

spe

cifi

cgo

als.

Dia

logu

e se

emed

mor

e fr

ank

and

spon

tane

ous,

the

vari

ous

"rol

e-pl

ayer

s" h

ad f

alle

n in

to th

eir

rela

-tio

nshi

ps, a

nd ta

lk g

rew

inte

nse,

eve

n he

ated

. By

the

time

the

grou

ps b

roke

for

lunc

h, a

t lea

st o

neE

du-

catio

nal P

roce

sses

was

sta

rtin

g th

e pr

oces

s of

evo

lv-

ing

real

obj

ectiv

es.

The

eve

ning

's s

umm

ary

and

refo

cusi

ng s

essi

ons

prov

ed p

artic

ular

ly v

alua

ble.

The

arc

hite

cts'

mee

t-in

g, in

whi

ch g

radu

ate

stud

ents

rep

orte

d on

the

day'

sdi

alog

ues,

pro

vide

d a

gene

ral v

iew

of

prog

ress

and

reve

aled

a s

urpr

isin

g ra

nge

of in

quir

y, f

rom

rem

edia

led

ucat

ion

to a

def

initi

on o

f a

site

for

the

fort

hcom

ing

scho

ol. I

n ad

ditio

n, th

e m

eetin

g he

ard

repo

rts

from

grad

uate

stu

dent

s w

ho h

ad s

pent

the

day

visi

ting

clas

sroo

ms

in a

n ef

fort

at d

eter

min

ing

the

inst

ruc-

tiona

l nee

ds a

nd d

esir

es o

f bo

th f

acul

ty a

nd s

tude

nts.

Lun

ch o

n th

e fo

urth

day

mar

ked

the

firs

t gro

up-

rota

tion

cycl

e. B

ut b

efor

e th

at c

hang

e in

terr

upte

ddi

scus

sion

, the

Edu

catio

nal P

roce

sses

gro

uphi

ghly

prod

uctiv

e un

der

Mrs

. Gor

ham

's d

irec

tionh

ad o

ut-

lined

a p

hilo

soph

y, a

set

of

prog

ram

min

g el

emen

ts,

and

a lis

t of

desi

rabl

e ch

arac

teri

stic

s fo

r le

arne

rs.

The

eff

ectiv

enes

s of

the

afte

rnoo

n se

ssio

ns s

eem

eddi

ssip

ated

by

chan

ges

in s

ubje

ct m

atte

r, a

nd m

uch

time

was

was

ted

in d

iscu

ssin

g m

ater

ial t

hat h

ad a

l-re

ady

been

cov

ered

, but

the

even

ing

repo

rts

( an

dag

ain,

par

ticul

arly

thos

e of

the

arch

itect

s' f

ield

trip

s)pr

oved

ext

rem

ely

info

rmat

ive.

Thi

s tim

e, a

rchi

tec-

ture

gra

duat

e st

uden

ts d

escr

ibed

obs

erva

tions

mad

eat

the

heal

th a

nd r

ecre

atio

n ce

nter

s th

at o

ccup

y th

eno

rth

end

of th

e bl

ock

on w

hich

Dun

bar

is s

ituat

ed.

Une

xpec

tedl

y (

at le

ast f

or m

ost o

f th

e ch

aret

te p

ar-

ticip

at.ts

), t

he a

rchi

tect

s w

ere

join

ed to

war

d th

e en

dof

thei

r se

ssio

n by

the

disc

ussi

on g

roup

lead

ers

and

cons

ulta

nts,

who

had

bee

n m

eetin

g in

the

hote

l. It

was

soo

n ap

pare

nt th

at H

arri

son

had

calle

d th

e in

-fo

rmal

con

voca

tion

for

the

purp

ose

of c

ondu

ctin

g a

kind

of

pep

rally

, a d

evic

e to

est

ablis

h hi

s ad

min

istr

a-tiv

e au

thor

ity, u

rge

incr

ease

d pr

oduc

tivity

, ref

ocus

activ

ity, a

nd a

llow

"ch

aret

ters

"who

had

beg

un to

suff

er th

e st

rain

s of

con

fine

men

t, ex

cess

ive

conc

en-

trat

ion,

and

bor

edom

to le

t off

ste

am.

As

expe

cted

( a

nd u

nder

the

goad

ing

of th

e ch

aret

tead

min

istr

atio

n),

the

sess

ion

grew

hig

hly

emot

iona

l.M

uch

of th

e ra

cial

tens

ion

that

had

lain

dor

man

t or

been

inhi

bite

d du

ring

the

sepa

rate

gro

up d

iscu

ssio

i'sw

as c

oaxe

d ou

t int

o th

e op

en a

nd a

ppar

ently

ex-

pend

ed. A

t lea

st, t

he n

ext m

orni

ng's

dia

logu

es s

eem

edm

ore

rela

xed.

Ear

ly o

n th

e fi

fth

day,

mai

nten

ance

men

mov

edta

bles

, cha

irs,

bla

ckbo

ards

, woo

den

saw

hors

es, a

ndpl

ywoo

d pa

nels

into

the

gym

, and

all

disc

ussi

ongr

oups

shi

fted

into

that

ech

oing

spa

ce in

an

effo

rt to

crea

te a

fre

er, l

ess

form

al a

tmos

pher

e. T

he h

igh-

ceili

nged

roo

m w

as d

ivid

ed in

to q

uadr

ants

at le

ast

visu

ally

by li

ning

up

blac

kboa

rds,

gym

nast

ic e

quip

-m

ent,

and

mat

s la

id o

ver

para

llel b

ars,

and

eac

hdi

alog

ue g

roup

was

ass

igne

d to

a s

ectio

n. A

cous

tics

prov

ed to

o po

or f

or p

rodu

ctiv

e di

scus

sion

, how

ever

,an

d w

ithin

a s

hort

tim

e th

e co

nfer

ees

had

begu

n to

tric

kle

back

into

adj

acen

t cla

ssro

oms.

At t

his

poin

t, in

an

atte

mpt

to h

elp

dial

ogue

par

tici-

pant

s vi

sual

ize

evol

ving

con

cept

s, a

nd to

aid

in r

e-fi

ning

them

, the

arc

hite

ctur

e st

uden

ts, u

nder

Jul

ian

Whi

te's

dir

ectio

n, b

egan

pro

duci

ng s

hort

-ord

ergr

aphi

c re

pres

enta

tions

of

the

idea

s de

velo

ped

by e

ach

disc

ussi

on g

roup

. As

subj

ects

cam

e up

in th

e di

a-lo

gues

, an

arch

itect

ure

stud

ent w

ould

rep

rese

nt th

emdi

agra

mm

atic

ally

on

the

blac

kboa

rd. W

hile

mem

-be

rs o

f th

e gr

oup

criti

cize

d, h

e ch

ange

d hi

s dr

awin

gs.

Whe

n th

e gr

oup

seem

ed s

atis

fied

with

them

, he

wou

ld r

etir

e to

the

grap

hics

wor

ksho

pset

up

in th

egy

m b

y la

ying

ply

woo

d pa

nels

ove

r sa

who

rses

re-

prod

uce

the

diag

ram

in c

olor

, usi

ng f

elt-

tip m

arke

rson

but

cher

pap

er, a

nd r

etur

n to

the

dial

ogue

bef

ore

its p

artic

ipan

ts h

ad lo

st to

uch

with

thei

r co

ncep

t.

Lat

e on

the

fift

h da

y, f

or th

e fi

rst t

ime

in th

e ch

aret

te,

one

of th

e di

scus

sion

gro

ups

prod

uced

a p

ropo

sed

outli

ne o

f fu

nctio

ns f

or th

e ne

w s

choo

l. Si

gnif

ican

tly,

the

mile

ston

e w

as p

asse

d by

the

Com

mun

ity S

ervi

ces

com

mitt

ee (

now

und

er M

rs. G

orha

m's

cha

irm

an-

ship

),w

hich

beg

an w

ith th

e id

ea o

f lo

catin

g a

fam

ilyhe

alth

cen

ter

in D

unba

r an

d ex

pand

ed it

to in

clud

e a

crea

tive

arts

cen

ter

and

low

-inc

ome

hous

ing.

The

ste

pw

as a

cle

ar m

ove

in th

e di

rect

ion

of s

peci

fic

prop

osal

s.

Aga

in, t

he e

veni

ng s

essi

on b

egan

qui

etly

with

re-

capi

tula

tions

of

the

day'

s ac

tiviti

es, b

ut s

oon

erup

ted

in c

hare

tte a

dmin

istr

atio

n ch

astis

emen

ts o

f th

e M

an-

pow

er D

evel

opm

ent g

roup

, whi

ch h

ad a

ppar

ently

been

infi

ltrat

ed b

y ob

stru

ctio

nist

s an

d w

as s

pend

ing

mos

t of

its ti

me

disc

ussi

ng s

ubje

cts

com

plet

ely

for-

eign

to it

s pu

rvie

w.

On

the

sixt

h da

y, th

e di

alog

ue p

artic

ipan

ts a

gain

E. 28

. r.r

.. '''.

14-7

,..i

.:I

r-,,,

,et

i,rt

ill...

chan

ged

room

s an

d su

bjec

ts, a

nd d

iscu

ssio

n le

ader

sab

ando

ned

all a

ttem

pts

to h

old

gene

ral s

essi

ons

inth

e gy

m. M

uch

time

was

was

ted

in r

epet

itive

dis

cus-

sion

s, a

nd th

e si

tuat

ion

was

agg

rava

ted

by b

lack

pow

er a

dvoc

ates

, who

atte

mpt

ed to

dis

rupt

dial

ogue

sby

har

angu

ing

seri

ous

part

icip

ants

with

slo

gans

,ch

arge

s of

pan

deri

ng to

the

whi

te E

stab

lishm

ent,

and

taun

ts o

f "W

ho's

goi

ng to

con

trol

the

new

Dun

bar?

"M

oder

ate

mem

bers

of

the

grou

ps d

isco

urag

ed th

ese

tact

ics,

ref

used

to b

ecom

e em

broi

led

in f

ruitl

ess

argu

-m

ents

, and

, with

the

sym

path

y an

d en

cour

agem

ent

of th

e ch

aret

te a

dmin

istr

atio

n, e

ffec

tivel

y ne

utra

lized

the

disr

uptiv

e el

emen

ts.

Ano

ther

gen

eral

ses

sion

in th

e ev

enin

g re

view

ed th

eda

y's

prog

ress

and

hea

rd D

unba

r st

uden

t pro

posa

lsfo

r cu

rric

ulum

, pro

gram

min

g, a

nd f

acili

ties

in th

ene

w h

igh

scho

ol.

On

Satu

rday

, the

sev

enth

day

of

the

char

ette

, the

pace

beg

an to

tell.

Peo

ple

wer

evi

sibl

y fa

tigue

d,w

eeke

nd a

ctiv

ities

tem

pted

som

e aw

ay f

rom

the

mee

tings

, and

fam

ily ti

es e

xert

ed a

str

ong

pull.

At-

tend

ance

was

off

by

abou

t a th

ird.

In

an e

ffor

t to

enliv

en th

e se

ssio

ns (

and

per

haps

at f

urth

er n

eutr

al-

izin

g di

ssid

ent i

nflu

ence

s), t

he a

dmin

istr

atio

n as

ked

dial

ogue

lead

ers

to s

hift

gro

ups.

The

day

's a

ctiv

ities

wer

e su

spen

ded

earl

y, w

ithou

t a g

ener

alm

eetin

g.

By

the

follo

win

g da

y, a

ttend

ance

, par

ticul

arly

am

ong

the

com

mun

ity p

artic

ipan

ts, h

ad f

alle

n of

f m

arke

dly.

,

Eve

ryon

e w

as ti

red,

and

the

dial

ogue

gro

up m

eetin

gsw

hich

had

beg

un la

te a

nd e

nded

ear

ly, h

ad a

ccom

-pl

ishe

d ve

ry li

ttle.

Mon

day,

whi

ch o

ffic

ially

inau

gura

ted

the

"cri

tique

"pe

riod

of

the

char

ette

, saw

the

intr

oduc

tion

of s

peci

-fi

c pr

opos

als

into

the

disc

ussi

on g

roup

s. O

ver

the

wee

kend

, gro

up le

ader

s an

d co

nsul

tant

s ha

d pr

e-pa

red

tent

ativ

e pr

opos

als

base

d on

con

sens

uses

de-

velo

ped

duri

ng th

e pr

evio

us w

eek

and

wer

e of

feri

ngth

em in

the

sess

ion

for

criti

cism

and

ref

inem

ent.

Her

e, a

tend

ency

to d

efla

te a

ll co

ncep

ts a

ppea

red,

and

both

com

mitt

ee h

eads

and

exp

erts

fel

t obl

iged

tore

min

d di

alog

ue p

artic

ipan

ts c

onst

antly

that

vis

ion-

ary

thin

king

was

stil

l val

id a

nd th

at to

redu

ce a

llpr

opos

als

to s

tark

pra

ctic

ality

at t

his

poin

t wou

ld b

eto

inhi

bit t

he f

low

of

idea

s or

stif

le th

em c

ompl

etel

yin

qui

bblin

g.

On

Tue

sday

, the

tent

h da

y of

the

char

ette

and

one

offi

cial

ly d

esig

nate

d as

ano

ther

per

iod

of p

ropo

sal

criti

cism

, and

ref

inem

ent,

arch

itect

s R

unne

lls a

ndW

hite

beg

an to

fee

l the

pre

ssur

e of

the

appr

oach

ing

dead

line.

The

y co

mpl

aine

d of

the

cons

tant

dem

ands

for

thei

r se

rvic

es a

s di

scus

sion

-gro

up c

onsu

ltant

s an

ddi

agra

m-d

raw

ers,

and

fel

t tha

t the

dia

logu

es d

id n

othe

lp to

for

mul

ate

goal

s fr

om w

hich

they

cou

ld d

e-ve

lop

prog

ram

min

g cr

iteri

a w

hich

wou

ld la

ter

enab

leth

em to

est

ablis

h pl

anni

ng c

once

pts.

The

res

ult w

asth

at th

ey r

ebel

led

and

clos

eted

them

selv

es w

ith th

e

.7."

,...^

1RIM

MIP

PW

,rrn

im,,n

,71,

11/..

arch

itect

ural

stu

dent

s in

the

hote

l, aw

ay f

rom

the

dial

ogue

ses

sion

s, a

nd b

egan

ske

tchi

ng o

n th

e ba

sis

of th

ose

prop

osal

s th

at s

eem

ed m

ost l

ogic

al a

nd le

ast

likel

y to

be

alte

red.

The

nex

t day

fou

nd th

em s

till c

lose

ted,

wor

king

on

visu

al r

epre

sent

atio

ns o

f si

te a

ltern

ativ

es. L

ater

inth

e da

y, th

ey m

oved

thei

r w

ork

into

the

nort

hwes

tco

rner

of

the

gym

and

wal

led

them

selv

es o

ff w

ithm

akes

hift

ply

woo

d pa

rtiti

ons.

Out

side

this

pal

e, th

egy

m w

as b

eing

rea

died

for

the

char

ette

's f

irst

maj

or"c

onfr

onta

tion.

"

Aft

er lu

nch

on th

e el

even

th d

ay, t

he c

hare

tte a

dmin

-is

trat

ion

cond

ucte

d a

sym

posi

um, p

artly

as

a re

-he

arsa

l for

the

even

ing'

s co

nfro

ntat

ion,

and

par

tlyfo

r th

e pu

rpos

e of

invo

lvin

g so

me

of B

altim

ore'

sde

cisi

on-m

aker

s in

the

plan

ning

pro

cess

.

A r

epor

ting

pane

l, co

mpo

sed

of th

e ch

aret

te's

dia

-lo

gue

lead

ers,

pre

sent

ed p

ropo

sals

fro

m e

ach

of th

efo

ur d

iscu

ssio

n gr

oups

, and

a r

eact

ing

pane

l gav

e its

view

s in

ret

urn.

The

rea

ctin

g pa

nel c

onsi

sted

of

Dr.

Rus

sell

A. N

elso

n, p

resi

dent

of

the

John

s H

opki

nsH

ospi

tal;

Rob

ert M

oyer

, dep

uty

com

mis

sion

er o

fho

usin

g an

d co

mm

unity

dev

elop

men

t for

Bal

timor

eC

ity; D

r. T

hom

as D

. She

ldon

, sup

erin

tend

ent o

f pu

b-lic

inst

ruct

ion

for

the

Bal

timor

e C

ity P

ublic

Sch

ools

,an

d A

lfre

d R

amse

y, c

hair

man

of

the

Vol

unte

er C

oun-

cil o

n E

qual

Opp

ortu

nity

and

for

mer

pre

side

nt o

f th

eB

altim

ore

Gas

& E

lect

ric

Co.

Abo

ut 1

00 p

eopl

e,m

any

of w

hom

rep

rese

nted

bus

ines

san

d in

dust

ry in

Bal

timor

e, w

ere

on h

and

to h

ear

the

disc

ussi

on.

The

ses

sion

rem

aine

d re

lativ

ely

quie

t unt

il Sa

mue

lSa

wye

r, c

hair

man

of

the

Edu

catio

nal P

roce

sses

grou

p at

that

tim

e (h

e ha

d be

en s

hift

edfr

om h

isor

igin

al a

ssig

nmen

t),

accu

sed

John

s H

opki

ns o

f no

tco

mm

ittin

g its

elf

to a

list

of

cour

ses

that

the

hosp

ital

wou

ld li

ke to

see

inco

rpor

ated

in th

e pr

opos

ed D

un-

bar

curr

icul

um.

Nat

han

Irby

, the

n ch

airm

an o

f th

e C

omm

unity

Ser

-vi

ces

com

mitt

ee, a

sked

Dr.

Nel

son

if h

e w

ould

com

-m

it hi

mse

lf to

the

com

mun

ity. D

r. N

elso

n co

mpl

ied

in o

ne a

rea:

He

prom

ised

that

Joh

ns H

opki

ns w

ould

not e

xpan

d w

est o

f B

road

way

.

At t

hat p

oint

, Mrs

. Hat

tie H

arri

son,

the

char

ette

'sge

nera

l cha

irm

an, a

sked

Dr.

Nel

son

from

the

floo

r if

he w

as r

eady

to p

ull t

he f

ence

dow

n, a

nd th

e sy

m-

posi

um e

xplo

ded

into

a f

lurr

y of

em

otio

nal e

xcha

nges

revo

lvin

g ar

ound

the

host

ility

bet

wee

n Jo

hns

Hop

-ki

ns a

nd th

e D

unba

r ar

ea r

esid

ents

. The

out

burs

t was

shor

t-liv

ed, h

owev

er, a

nd th

e m

eetin

g fi

nally

end

edpe

acea

bly.

In th

e ev

enin

g, th

ere

wer

e ag

ain

abou

t 100

peo

ple

onha

nd, b

ut th

is ti

me

mos

t of

them

wer

e co

mm

unity

resi

dent

s. A

s in

the

afte

rnoo

n se

ssio

n, th

e gr

oup

lead

ers

pres

ente

d th

eir

prop

osal

s at

leng

th, a

nd th

em

eetin

g pr

ocee

ded

quie

tly.

Aft

er th

e co

nfro

ntat

ion,

the

arch

itect

sinc

reas

ingl

yap

preh

ensi

ve o

ver

the

prox

imity

of

the

dead

line

held

a c

aucu

s w

ith th

e ch

aret

te a

dmin

istr

atio

n, d

is-

cuss

ion

lead

ers,

and

She

ldon

, and

dem

ande

d de

fini

tepr

opos

als.

The

y fe

lt th

at w

hat h

ad b

een

done

so

far

was

not

ref

ined

eno

ugh,

des

pite

the

fact

that

they

(the

arc

hite

cts)

had

beg

un to

evo

lve

a lis

t of

goal

san

d co

ncep

ts. F

mth

erm

ore,

they

sai

d, th

ey n

eede

din

form

atio

n co

ncer

ning

the

follo

win

g:

Fund

ing

and

addi

tiona

l sou

rces

of

supp

ort f

orsp

ecif

ic p

ortio

ns o

f th

e ed

ucat

iona

l pro

gram

.C

urri

culu

m d

evel

opm

ent.

Edu

catio

nal s

peci

fica

tions

.D

ocum

enta

tion

and

reco

rdin

g of

the

Dun

bar

plan

-ni

ng p

roce

ss a

s it

prog

ress

es to

its

fina

l con

clus

ion

and

reso

lutio

n.N

atur

e of

the

inst

ruct

ions

to b

e de

liver

ed to

the

cont

ract

arc

hite

ct.

Feed

back

fro

m th

e co

ntra

ct a

rchi

tect

s an

d co

n-tin

uing

dia

logu

e as

the

prog

ram

pro

gres

ses.

Subs

eque

ntly

, the

y re

ceiv

ed a

nsw

ers

to th

eir

ques

-

G

Lio

ns a

nd r

eass

uran

ces

from

She

ldon

and

Har

riso

nco

ncer

ning

the

cont

inui

ng c

ondu

ct o

f th

e pl

anni

ngan

d im

plem

enta

tion

proc

esse

s.

On

Thu

rsda

y, th

e tw

elft

h da

y of

the

char

ette

, Har

ri-

son

bega

n ap

plyi

ng p

ress

ure.

He

calle

d on

the

dis-

cuss

ion

grou

ps f

or p

ositi

ve o

rien

tatio

n, f

urth

er d

e-fi

nitio

n of

pro

posa

ls, a

nd c

ombi

natio

n of

the

Edu

ca-

tiona

l Pro

cess

es a

nd C

omm

unity

Ser

vice

s C

om-

mitt

ees

into

a s

ingl

e gr

oup.

The

Man

pow

er D

evel

op-

men

t com

mitt

ee, w

hich

had

exp

erie

nced

con

stan

tdi

ffic

ulty

in d

efin

ing

its g

oals

(an

d ev

en it

s to

pics

),w

as s

till f

loun

deri

ng. T

he c

hare

ttech

airm

an d

ecid

edto

ass

ume

tem

pora

ry le

ader

ship

of

the

grou

pin

an

effo

rt to

gui

de it

tow

ard

spec

ific

pro

posa

ls, a

ndw

ithin

a s

hort

tim

e it

was

mak

ing

prog

ress

. Run

nells

,W

hite

, and

the

arch

itect

ure

stud

ents

rem

aine

d ba

rri-

cade

d be

hind

thei

r pl

ywoo

d fe

nce

in th

e gy

m, w

ork-

ing

feve

rish

ly to

mee

t a d

eadl

ine

only

two

days

aw

ay.

The

cha

rette

app

eare

d st

riki

ngly

cha

nged

on

the

fol-

low

ing

day.

The

Edu

catio

nal P

roce

sses

gro

up h

adev

olve

d a

, .:d

culu

m, a

nd C

omm

unity

Ser

vice

s an

dM

anpo

wer

Dev

elop

men

t had

dev

elop

ed p

rior

ities

,i.e

., (1

) ed

ucat

iona

l dev

elop

men

t for

the

tota

l com

-m

unity

, (2)

eco

nom

ics,

(3)

hou

sing

, (4)

hea

lth,

and

(5)

site

loca

tion.

All

dial

ogue

gro

ups

had

focu

sed

shar

ply

on th

e m

ajor

com

pone

nts

of a

sch

ool

plan

, and

the

arch

itect

s sa

id th

ey w

ere

read

y to

bri

efco

nfer

ence

lead

ers

and

cont

ract

arc

hite

cts

on th

eir

fort

hcom

ing

pres

enta

tions

.

In th

e ev

enin

g, th

e co

mm

unity

was

invi

ted

for

a fi

nal

conf

ront

atio

n. A

bout

six

bla

ck m

ilita

nts

dist

ribu

ted

liter

atur

e, b

ut th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

infl

uenc

e th

e pr

e-do

min

antly

mod

erat

e au

dien

ce. B

y th

is ti

me,

the

char

ette

pro

posa

ls w

ere

near

ly in

fin

al f

orm

, and

they

wer

e ou

tline

d in

det

ail b

y th

e fo

ur c

omm

ittee

chai

rmen

.

The

Edu

catio

nal P

roce

sses

gro

up h

ad b

een

mos

tsp

ecif

ic. A

ppro

achi

ng it

s ta

sk f

rom

the

basi

c st

and-

poin

t of

scho

ol e

ntry

, its

mem

bers

had

thor

ough

lyre

exam

ined

the

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

cur

ricu

lum

.T

he c

onse

nsus

rep

ort o

f th

e co

mm

ittee

rec

omm

ende

da

self

-con

cept

app

roac

h to

high

sch

ool e

ntry

that

wou

ld p

rovi

de th

e in

divi

dual

with

wha

teve

r in

form

a-tio

n w

as a

vaila

ble

abou

t him

whi

ch w

ould

sup

ple-

men

t con

cern

ed c

ouns

elin

g.

Furt

herm

ore,

the

grou

p re

com

men

ded

"a h

ighl

y in

-di

vidu

aliz

ed a

ppro

ach

to e

duca

tion"

; ban

ishm

ent o

fan

y se

mbl

ance

of

a tr

ack

syst

em; a

mor

e!l

ex ib

l e

lear

ning

env

iron

men

t in

whi

ch "

thre

ats

of r

epri

sal,

failu

re, a

nd e

mba

rras

smen

t are

min

imiz

ed";

pro

-gr

ams

desi

gned

to e

nabl

ein

divi

dual

lear

ning

prog

ram

s to

be

mat

ched

"w

ithsp

ecif

ic p

erfo

rman

cem

easu

res

and

obje

ctiv

es";

and

the

"con

trac

t" s

yste

mas

a b

asic

sch

edul

ing

met

hod.

*

"In

effe

ct,"

the

repo

rt s

tate

d, "

we

wou

ld b

e cr

eatin

gla

bora

tori

es o

r th

eate

rs o

f le

arni

ng w

hich

wou

ld p

er-

mit

alm

ost e

very

cou

rse

to b

e pr

ogra

mm

ed in

sev

eral

diff

eren

t way

s."

Oth

er r

ecom

men

datio

ns in

clud

ed in

-ser

vice

trai

ning

for

teac

hers

, est

ablis

hmen

t of

heal

th a

nd d

ata

proc

-es

sing

"ca

reer

s ch

anne

ls"

and

expa

nsio

n of

the

exis

t-in

g "b

usin

ess

care

ers

chan

nel,"

inst

itutio

n of

oth

ers,

such

as

hom

e ec

onom

ics

and

com

mun

ity a

nd f

ood

serv

ice

care

ers

trai

ning

, and

fou

ndin

g of

a "

hum

anre

sour

ces

deve

lopm

ent l

abor

ator

y" a

s a

job-

mar

ket

info

rmat

ion

clea

ring

hous

e an

d re

sear

ch c

ente

r.

The

Edu

catio

nal P

roce

sses

gro

up a

lso

reco

mm

ende

da

new

cur

ricu

lum

whi

ch w

ould

intr

oduc

e at

Dun

bar

such

off

erin

gs a

s m

ath

anal

ysis

, cal

culu

s, in

dust

rial

mat

hem

atic

s, c

reat

ive

wri

ting,

jour

nalis

m, b

lack

his

-to

ry a

nd c

ultu

re, s

ocio

logy

, a f

ine

arts

maj

or, a

ful

l

* T

he f

ollo

win

g de

fini

tion

of "

cont

ract

" w

as e

volv

ed in

dis

cus-

sion

s of

edu

catio

nal p

roce

sses

by

the

char

ette

: an

agre

emen

tbe

twee

n st

uden

t and

sch

ool r

equi

res

the

stud

ent t

o sa

tisfy

spec

ific

ally

sta

ted

goal

s an

d ob

ject

ives

of

a gi

ven

subj

ect a

rea

oroc

cupa

tiona

l dis

cipl

ine.

-mum

4IP

S D

et44

144t

com

etax

rang

e of

indu

stri

al a

rts

cour

ses,

Ger

man

, Lat

in, R

us-

sian

, and

Sw

ahili

, dat

a pr

oces

sing

, com

pute

r pr

o-gr

amm

ing,

and

bus

ines

s la

w.

"We

insi

st,"

sai

d th

e E

duca

tiona

l Pro

cess

es r

epor

t,"t

hat t

he n

ew D

unba

r be

reg

arde

d as

a c

ompr

ehen

-si

ve h

igh

scho

ol a

nd o

rgan

ized

in s

uch

a w

ay th

at th

eva

riou

s ca

reer

cha

nnel

s ha

ve p

rogr

ams

whi

ch c

an b

ein

corp

orat

ed w

ithi-

.1 th

e D

unba

r op

erat

ion

with

eas

e."

A s

elf-

conc

ept l

abor

ator

y, s

kill

cent

er, c

ombi

ned

re-

view

boa

rd (

ccm

pose

d of

rep

rese

ntat

ives

of

the

com

-m

unity

, fac

ulty

, stu

dent

bod

y, a

nd c

entr

al a

dmin

is-

trat

ion)

, stu

dent

rev

iew

boa

rd (

for

ratin

g te

ache

rsan

d fo

r st

uden

t-te

ache

r lia

ison

), b

lack

cul

ture

cen

ter,

and

two

prin

cipa

lson

e fo

r ad

min

istr

atio

n an

d on

efo

r in

stru

ctio

nwer

e al

so a

mon

g th

e co

ncep

ts p

ro-

pose

d by

the

com

mitt

ee.

The

Com

mun

ity S

ervi

ces

grou

pw

as d

eepl

y co

n-ce

rned

with

the

inab

ility

of

Dun

bar

resi

dent

s to

cope

with

the

over

whe

lmin

g pr

oble

ms

ofa

poor

env

iron

-m

ent a

nd th

e ef

fect

of

that

inab

ility

on

a ch

ild's

cla

ss-

room

per

form

ance

.

Am

ong

the

com

mitt

ee's

rec

omm

enda

tions

wer

e es

-ta

blis

hmen

t of

a co

mm

unity

ser

vice

coo

rdin

atin

g an

dre

ferr

al a

genc

y; a

thor

ough

, mod

ern,

wel

l-eq

uipp

edan

d re

ason

ably

ava

ilabl

e lib

rary

; a c

ompr

ehen

sive

fam

ily h

ealth

cen

ter;

a n

eigh

borh

ood

city

hal

l, in

-cl

udin

g of

fice

s fo

r a

may

or's

rep

rese

ntat

ive,

cou

ncil-

men

, city

san

itatio

n de

part

men

t, so

cial

serv

ices

bran

ch, v

oter

reg

istr

atio

n, p

olic

e re

latio

ns, l

egal

aid

,so

cial

sec

urity

and

wor

ker

eval

uatio

n, a

nd jo

b pl

ace-

men

t cen

ter;

cre

ativ

e ar

ts a

nd r

ecre

atio

n ce

nter

s; a

coop

erat

ive

busi

ness

pla

za, i

nclu

ding

a r

esta

uran

t-ca

fete

ria,

mov

ie th

eate

r, p

harm

acy,

boo

ksto

re, b

ank,

groc

ery,

and

lim

ited

hous

ing,

pos

sibl

y fo

r sc

hool

sta

ffan

d st

uden

ts, a

nd a

chi

ld c

are

cent

er, a

ll to

be

in-

clud

ed in

a D

unba

r co

mm

unity

- sc

hool

com

plex

.

The

Man

pow

er D

evel

opm

ent c

omm

ittee

dea

lt in

larg

e

part

with

"di

scri

min

ator

y pr

actic

es th

at b

lack

wor

k-er

s fa

ce in

pre

pari

ng f

or a

nd s

eeki

ng e

mpl

oym

ent i

nth

e B

altim

ore

Met

ropo

litan

Are

a."

It r

ecom

men

ded

a th

ree-

part

edu

catio

nal p

rogr

am, c

onsi

stin

g of

ast

rong

libe

ral a

rts

curr

icul

um, a

n oc

cupa

tiona

llyor

ient

ed p

rogr

am o

f st

udie

s le

adin

g to

car

eers

, and

"edu

catio

n fo

r le

isur

e,"

a pr

ogra

m th

at w

ould

enr

ich

the

indi

vidu

al b

y tr

aini

ng h

im f

or p

artic

ipat

ion

inco

mm

unity

and

cul

tura

l act

iviti

es, r

ecre

atio

n, a

ndw

hat t

he g

roup

cal

led

"thi

nk-t

ank

oper

atio

ns."

Spec

ific

rec

omm

enda

tions

incl

uded

a jo

b pl

acem

ent,

care

er p

lann

ing,

and

occ

upat

iona

l cou

nsel

ing

cent

er;

dire

ct li

nkag

e be

twee

n th

e D

unba

r C

omm

unity

Cou

ncil

and

the

polic

y-m

akin

g bo

dies

of

the

Fede

ral

Com

preh

ensi

ve W

ork

and

Tra

inin

g Pr

ogra

m a

nd th

eC

ompr

ehen

sive

Are

a M

anpo

wer

Pla

nnin

g Sy

stem

for

the

Bal

timor

e vi

cini

ty; e

stab

lishm

ent o

f a

colle

gesc

hola

rshi

p an

d st

uden

t aid

fun

d; a

nd a

str

ong

co-

oper

ativ

e m

anag

emen

t and

bus

ines

s de

velo

pmen

tpr

ogra

m.

The

Com

mun

ity D

evel

opm

ent c

omm

ittee

's w

ork

tend

ed to

ove

rlap

muc

h th

at h

ad b

een

done

in th

ese

rvic

es a

nd m

anpo

wer

gro

ups.

Chi

efly

, it e

mph

a-si

zed

the

foca

l nat

ure

of th

e ne

w D

unba

r H

igh

Scho

ol a

nd e

stab

lishe

d pr

iori

ties

for

the

impl

emen

-ta

tion

of it

s de

cisi

ons.

The

rec

omm

enda

tions

are

sum

mar

ized

her

e in

the

orde

r of

thei

r as

sign

ed im

-po

rtan

ce:

1 E

duca

tiona

l pro

gram

and

fac

ility

dev

elop

men

tw

ould

beg

in b

y pr

ovid

ing

spec

ial a

dvan

tage

s fo

rch

ildre

n de

priv

ed b

y th

eir

circ

umst

ance

s an

d en

-vi

ronm

ent o

f th

e op

port

unity

for

a g

ood

educ

a-tio

n. I

n or

der

t.-.

!cog

nize

men

tal a

ne ?

mot

iona

lha

ndic

aps

at a

n ea

rly

age,

Bal

timor

e se

rvic

e ex

-pe

rts

shou

ld d

evel

op c

ompr

ehen

sive

pro

file

s of

all

child

ren.

The

new

Dun

bar

shou

ld e

mph

asiz

e co

m-

preh

ensi

ve, r

athe

r th

an v

ocat

iona

l, ed

ucat

ion.

Aju

nior

col

lege

sho

uld

be e

stab

lishe

d in

Eas

t Bal

ti-m

ore.

32

E O

Wgr

r IC

P A

CC

etkp

un M

c a

PH

Y11

10A

I XT

Iltill

adM

of 1

1641

161.

1141

000

1WA

UP

OT

Y

2 E

cono

mic

dev

elop

men

t wou

ld b

e ai

ded

by th

eor

gani

zatio

n of

a c

omm

unity

dev

elop

men

t cor

-po

ratio

n.

3 A

sys

tem

of

coor

dina

ted,

com

preh

ensi

ve h

ousi

ngde

velo

pmen

t mus

t be

inst

itt...

.4 in

the

com

mun

ity.

Dis

loca

tion

of in

ner

city

res

iden

ts s

houl

d be

min

i-m

ized

. Exi

stin

g ho

usin

g co

des

mus

t be

mor

eri

gidl

y en

forc

ed in

ord

er to

impr

ove

publ

ic a

ndpr

ivat

e ho

usin

g.

4 Po

litic

al d

evel

opm

ent w

ould

be

furt

here

d by

wag

ing

a pe

rvas

ive

cany

_ :s

ign

in th

e Se

cond

War

dto

edu

cate

and

reg

iste

r vo

ters

and

dev

elop

a s

ense

of p

oliti

cal p

oten

cy. T

he D

unba

r H

igh

Scho

olC

omm

unity

Cou

ncil

shou

ld c

arry

on

the

spir

it of

com

mun

ity in

volv

emen

t aro

used

, y

the

char

ette

.

5 T

rans

port

atio

n ca

n be

dev

elop

ed b

y m

oder

atin

gth

e tr

affi

c fl

ow th

roug

h E

ast B

altim

ore,

upd

atin

gtr

affi

c si

gnal

s, s

peed

ing

up th

e tr

affi

c fl

ow o

n m

ajor

arte

ries

, con

trol

ling

pede

stri

an c

ross

ings

, cre

atin

gsp

ecia

lized

str

eets

, and

mak

ing

buse

s sa

fer.

6 R

ecre

atio

n an

d pa

rk d

evel

opm

ent w

ould

incl

ude

a st

adiu

m a

nd f

ield

hou

se,

swim

min

g po

ols,

ska

t-in

g ri

nks,

bow

ling

alle

ys, i

nner

-blo

ck a

nd o

ther

form

s of

par

ks th

roug

hout

the

area

, var

ious

kin

dsof

pla

ygro

unds

, ten

nis

cour

ts, c

omm

unity

par

ks,

and

broa

der

sum

mer

rec

reat

ion

prog

ram

s.

7 C

ultu

ral d

evel

opm

ent w

ould

invo

lve

inte

grat

ion

of p

ublic

sch

ool l

ibra

ry f

acili

ties

in th

e D

unba

rco

mpl

ex.

8 C

omm

unic

atio

ns c

ould

be

deve

lope

d by

fou

nd-

ing

a co

mm

unity

new

spap

er, f

inan

ced

by b

usin

ess

or th

e co

mm

unity

dev

elop

men

t cor

pora

tion.

Tel

e-vi

sion

and

rad

io f

acili

ties

mig

ht b

e in

corp

orat

edin

to th

e ne

w D

unba

r co

mpl

ex.

9 In

con

side

ring

site

dev

elop

men

t, th

e m

ost c

on-

trov

ersi

al d

iscu

ssio

n ar

ea, t

he g

roup

pro

pose

d ta

k-in

g an

opt

ion

on th

e pl

ot o

f an

d to

the

nort

hwes

t,bo

unde

d by

Edy

the,

Mon

umen

t, M

adis

on, A

is-

quith

, and

Cen

tral

Ave

nues

.

The

Com

mun

ity D

evel

opm

ent c

omm

ittee

's s

tate

men

tco

nclu

ded

all d

ialo

gue

grou

p re

port

s, a

nd w

ith th

ese

reco

rded

, Dr.

Har

riso

n ou

tline

d a

seri

es o

f st

eps

tow

ard

impl

emen

ta: i

on o

f th

e pr

opos

als:

A d

raft

of

the

repo

rts

wou

ld b

e pr

epar

ed a

nd r

e-vi

ewed

on

a co

ntin

uing

bas

is b

y th

e co

mm

unity

coun

cil.

Thi

s w

ould

giv

e th

e co

unci

l the

opp

ortu

nity

to s

ugge

st c

hang

es d

esig

ned

to g

uara

ntee

the

inte

g-ri

ty o

f th

e ch

..ret

te a

nd m

aint

ain

the

qual

ity o

fits

prod

uct.

Aft

er in

corp

orat

ion

of r

ecom

men

ded

revi

sion

s, a

subc

omm

ittee

of

the

Dun

bar

Com

mun

ity C

ounc

ilw

ould

pre

pare

and

rev

iew

a f

inal

rep

ort a

nd tr

ansm

it't

to th

e Su

peri

nten

dent

of

Inst

ruct

ion,

who

wou

ldre

view

the

repo

rt a

gain

and

tran

smit

it to

the

Boa

rdof

Sch

ool C

omm

issi

oner

s.

Dur

ing

revi

ew, i

f is

sues

ari

se w

hich

hav

e no

rea

son-

able

sol

utio

n in

con

sens

us, h

eari

ngs

wou

ld b

e he

ldin

ord

er to

arr

ive

at a

new

con

sens

us.

The

fin

al c

hare

tte r

epor

t wou

ld in

clud

e a

list o

f pr

i-or

ities

and

a s

et o

f ag

reed

-upo

n re

com

men

datio

ns f

orth

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e ch

aret

te's

con

cept

s.

With

the

guid

elin

es e

stab

lishe

d fo

r th

e ne

w D

unba

rH

igh

Scho

ol, t

he f

ourt

eent

h an

d fi

nal d

ay o

f th

ech

aret

te w

as d

evot

ed to

the

cons

ulta

nt a

rchi

tect

s'pr

esen

tatio

n, R

unne

lls' a

nd W

hite

's e

luci

datio

n of

educ

atio

nal o

bjec

tives

, and

an

exhi

bit o

f si

te m

odel

s,la

nd-u

se s

ketc

hes,

and

dia

gram

s ill

ustr

atin

g va

riou

sas

pect

s of

the

scho

ol p

lan.

The

arc

hite

cts

inte

rpre

ted

the

goal

s an

d co

ncep

ts f

orth

e ne

w D

unba

r as

fol

low

s:

GO

AL

SA

lear

ning

exp

erie

nce

emph

asiz

ing

the

indi

vidu

al.

Flex

ibili

ty a

nd g

row

th a

dapt

abili

ty; i

mm

edia

te, i

n-te

rmed

iate

, and

long

ran

ge.

A s

yste

m o

f ac

coun

tabi

lity

for

educ

atio

nal o

utpu

t.In

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n st

uden

ts a

nd f

acul

ty, b

etw

een

com

mun

ity a

nd e

duca

tiona

l pro

cess

.

Self

-rel

ianc

e an

d co

nfid

ence

for

the

lear

ner.

CO

NC

EPT

S

The

edu

catio

nal c

ompl

ex m

ust b

e a

soci

al a

ndvi

sual

foc

al p

oint

, a c

ente

r of

com

mun

ity a

ctiv

ity,

and

a po

sitiv

e im

age

for

the

com

mun

ity.

A 2

4-ho

ur e

duca

tiona

l com

mun

ity s

houl

d be

de-

velo

ped.

The

sch

ool m

ust a

ssis

t in

com

mer

cial

rev

italiz

atio

nof

the

com

mun

ity.

Phys

ical

and

psy

chol

ogic

al b

arri

ers

to th

e ed

uca-

tiona

l pro

cess

mus

t be

rem

oved

.

The

sch

ool s

houl

d be

a c

ente

r fo

r th

e cr

eativ

e ar

ts.

The

arc

hite

cts

shou

ld a

ssis

t in

dete

rmin

ing

the

opti-

mum

des

ign

mod

ule

acco

rdin

g to

rel

evan

t cri

teri

a.

In c

onju

nctio

n w

ith th

eir

abst

ract

inte

ntio

ns, R

un-

nells

and

Whi

te e

xhib

ited

a se

ries

of

diag

ram

s re

pre-

sent

ing

the

vari

ous

forc

es in

flue

ncin

g D

unba

r; th

esc

hool

's p

roje

cted

edu

catio

nal s

eque

nce;

its

flex

ible

and

open

sch

edul

ing

met

hods

, des

igne

d to

allo

w s

tu-

dent

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g; c

ompo

nent

s of

a D

unba

r co

m-

plex

, util

izin

g gr

oups

of

mul

ti-fu

nctio

nal "

hous

es";

phys

ical

ext

ensi

on o

f th

e sc

hool

into

the

com

mun

ity;

a m

obile

lear

ning

uni

t, si

mila

r in

con

cept

to a

mob

ilehe

alth

or

libra

ry u

nit;

a fo

ur-"

hous

e" e

duca

tiona

lgr

oupi

ng, w

ith e

ach

unit

cont

aini

ng a

dmin

istr

atio

nan

d te

achi

ng s

pace

s au

gmen

ted

by v

ario

us a

ttach

edsu

bjec

t, so

urce

, and

ser

vice

mod

ules

;

The

com

pone

nts

of e

ach

"hou

se,"

a v

irtu

ally

com

-pl

ete

scho

ol u

nit i

ncor

pora

ting

indi

vidu

al s

tudy

and

lang

uage

lear

ning

, spe

cial

ized

inst

ruct

iona

l and

larg

e-gr

oup

lear

ning

spa

ces,

a c

entr

al a

dmin

istr

atio

nof

fice

, tea

cher

s' lo

unge

, tea

cher

s' p

lann

ing

spac

es,

etc.

; the

"ho

use"

cor

e as

an

area

whe

re a

stu

dent

can

prog

ress

tow

ard

self

-ide

ntif

icat

ion;

inte

rcha

ngea

ble

and

vari

able

dia

logu

e sp

aces

; lar

ge-g

roup

inst

ruc-

tiona

l spa

ces;

tota

l edu

catio

n ce

nter

s;

A th

ree-

laye

r ar

rang

emen

t of

faci

litie

s, w

ith th

e lo

wer

devo

ted

to s

peci

al u

ses,

the

mid

dle

to c

omm

on u

ses,

and

the

top

laye

r to

edu

catio

nal h

ouse

uni

ts, a

ndbe

yond

this

on

still

ano

ther

leve

l the

pos

sibi

lity

ofth

e de

velo

pmen

t of

indi

vidu

al d

wel

ling

units

; a d

e-ta

iled

diag

ram

of

the

botto

m, o

r sp

ecia

l-us

e la

yer;

ade

taile

d di

agra

m o

f th

e m

iddl

e la

yer,

a c

omm

unity

of c

omm

on f

acili

ties;

and

a d

etai

led

repr

esen

tatio

nof

the

uppe

r la

yer,

con

sist

ing

of e

duca

tiona

l hou

seun

its a

nd la

rge-

grou

p in

stru

ctio

nal s

pace

s.

In a

ver

y re

al s

ense

, thi

s fi

nal d

ay's

pre

sent

atio

n w

asth

e cr

owni

ng a

chie

vem

ent o

f th

e ch

aret

te, c

oncl

u-si

ve e

vide

nce

that

the

proc

ess

had

wor

ked.

Alth

ough

Run

nel l

s an

d W

hite

bas

ed m

uch

of th

eir

wor

k on

intu

itive

kno

wle

dge,

ther

e se

emed

littl

e ro

om f

ordo

ubt t

hat t

he p

ainf

ul, o

ften

dif

fuse

, dis

cuss

ions

and

the

labo

riou

sly

evol

ved

prop

osal

s ha

d pr

ovid

ed m

ost

of th

at k

now

ledg

e, a

nd, i

ndee

d, h

ad f

orm

ed a

maj

orpo

rtio

n of

thei

r c,

eativ

e ef

fort

s.

Wha

teve

r or

gani

zatio

n ha

d re

sulte

d fr

om th

e di

a-lo

gue

of th

e ch

aret

te w

as s

uper

fluo

us. T

he r

eal c

on-

trib

utio

n ca

me

from

the

phys

ical

and

em

otio

nal

dem

ands

of

the

com

mun

ity. N

ow, t

he p

robl

em w

asto

con

tinue

wha

t had

bee

n st

arte

d.

App

ropr

iate

ly, t

he f

inal

day

of

the

char

ette

did

not

end

with

rin

ging

spe

eche

s an

d fi

ne e

xhor

tatio

ns. I

tha

d th

e ai

r of

som

ethi

ng u

nfin

ishe

d, o

f a

proc

ess

inte

rrup

ted

brie

fly

for

rest

, reg

roup

ing,

and

ref

ocus

-in

g. T

here

see

med

rea

son

to h

ope

that

the

prod

uc-

tivity

of

the

proc

ess

wou

ld c

ontin

ue, a

s in

deed

it h

as.

Sum

mar

yan

dC

ritiq

ue

The

Dun

bar

char

ette

was

an

asto

nish

ing

succ

ess.

It

bega

n in

igno

ranc

e an

d ch

aos

and

ende

d in

som

ethi

nglik

e en

light

ened

ord

er. A

long

the

way

, the

Eas

t Bal

-tim

ore

com

mun

ity"m

ore

a gr

oup

of n

eigh

borh

oods

than

a c

omm

unity

," a

s on

e re

side

nt c

hara

cter

ized

itcr

eate

d a

high

ly s

ophi

stic

ated

con

cept

of

an in

ner

city

hig

h sc

hool

. If

the

char

ette

acc

ompl

ishe

d no

thin

gel

se, i

t fur

nish

ed a

val

uabl

e ed

ucat

iona

l exp

erie

nce

to e

very

one

conc

erne

d,

Phys

ical

ly, i

t sor

ted

itsel

f ou

t int

o tw

o ve

ry d

istin

ctpo

rtio

ns, o

nly

one

of w

hich

bec

ame

the

kind

of

proc

-es

s tr

aditi

onal

ly c

alle

d a

char

ette

. Onc

e, d

urin

g th

eva

riou

s di

scus

sion

s th

at to

ok p

lace

in a

nd a

roun

d th

edi

alog

ue s

essi

ons,

Dou

glas

Kin

gsto

n, o

f th

e co

ntra

ctar

chite

cts'

fir

m o

f C

ochr

an, S

teph

enso

n &

Don

ker-

voet

, def

ined

a c

hare

tte a

s "a

n in

tens

ive

peri

od o

fw

ork,

not

con

stan

tly c

reat

ive,

not

alw

ays

cond

ucte

din

a g

roup

, but

invo

lvin

g a

rhyt

hm a

nd c

ulm

inat

ing

in a

cre

ativ

e pr

oces

s. I

t is

a fe

elin

g, a

sta

te th

at d

e-ve

lops

with

in a

fra

mew

ork

com

pose

d of

a p

robl

eman

d a

dead

line.

"

Perh

aps

even

mor

e pr

ecis

ely,

a c

hare

tte o

pera

tes

inm

uch

the

sam

e m

anne

r as

a c

reat

ive

min

d, in

gest

ing

fact

s, f

igur

es, i

mpr

essi

ons,

and

judg

men

ts, m

oldi

ngth

em in

to a

set

of

prac

tical

gui

delin

es, a

nd f

inal

ly

prod

ucin

g co

ncep

ts th

at c

an b

e tr

ansl

ated

into

act

ual

form

s. A

t fir

st it

see

ms

diso

rgan

ized

, but

gra

dual

ly,

as th

e m

ind

(or

colle

ctiv

e m

inds

) st

rugg

les

to o

rgan

-iz

e th

e m

ass

of in

form

atio

n in

whi

ch it

is im

mer

sed,

an o

rder

em

erge

s th

at c

an b

e fu

rthe

r re

fine

d in

to a

usef

ul, l

ogic

al s

yste

m.

Initi

ally

, a c

hare

tte, l

ike

a fr

ee a

nd o

pen

min

d, a

b-so

rbs

a pr

ofus

ion

of d

isor

gani

zed

and

even

ext

rane

-ou

s in

form

atio

n ce

rtai

nly

muc

h m

ore

than

it c

an u

se.

At t

hat p

oint

, str

uctu

re in

hibi

ts a

bsor

ptio

n. I

t blo

cks

rand

om e

xplo

ratio

n an

d fr

ee a

ssoc

iatio

n.

At s

ome

poin

t, ho

wev

eran

d pe

rhap

s th

at b

rake

can

be a

rbitr

arily

app

lied

or a

pplie

d w

hen

a m

oder

a-to

r or

mon

itor

feel

s th

e pr

obin

g ha

s re

ache

d a

plac

eof

dim

inis

hing

ret

urns

the

char

ette

mus

t beg

in to

cons

ider

spe

cifi

c go

als.

The

se g

oals

off

er s

tand

ards

agai

nst w

hich

info

rmat

ion

can

be ju

dged

and

ext

ra-

neou

s m

ater

ial d

isca

rded

. The

n, a

s th

e ch

aret

tegu

ides

(th

ese

may

be

adm

inis

trat

ors,

dis

cuss

ion

lead

-er

s, o

r ev

en d

ialo

gue

part

icip

ants

) de

cide

wha

t in-

form

atio

n is

per

tinen

t, a

mor

e de

fini

te s

hape

emer

ges

and

is m

olde

d in

to a

cle

ar s

et o

f pr

inci

ples

.

In th

ese

term

s, th

e D

unba

r di

scus

sion

grou

ps h

eld

ach

aret

te, b

ut o

ne th

at w

as v

ery

diff

eren

t fro

m th

at o

fth

e ar

chite

cts.

Or

perh

aps

it w

as o

nly

the

data

-pro

c-es

sing

por

tion

of a

cre

ativ

e ch

aret

te. (

Her

e, th

e te

rm"i

nput

," w

hich

was

use

d by

the

Dun

bar

char

ette

adm

inis

trat

ion

to d

escr

ibe

gath

ered

info

rmat

ion,

ispa

rtic

ular

ly a

pt.)

In

any

even

t, th

e fo

ur d

ialo

gue

grou

ps s

eem

ed e

ngag

ed in

som

ethi

ng m

ore

like

grou

pdy

nam

ics,

and

the

arch

itect

s he

ld w

hat w

ould

trad

i-tio

nally

be

rega

rded

as

a ch

aret

te.

The

arc

hite

cts,

in f

act,

wer

e th

e on

ly c

hare

tte p

artic

i-pa

nts

who

rea

lly s

eem

ed to

com

preh

end

its p

roce

sses

clea

rly.

Und

oubt

edly

, thi

s kn

owle

dge

grew

out

of

thei

r fa

mili

arity

with

the

form

. The

cha

otic

nat

ure

of th

e ch

aret

te's

initi

al p

hase

s, a

nd th

e fl

ound

erin

g,gr

opin

g di

scus

sion

s th

at g

radu

ally

for

med

them

selv

es

",,,.

..^11

,-

into

def

inite

pro

posa

ls a

nd e

ven

philo

soph

ies,

wer

eal

l par

t of

the

arch

itect

s' p

rofe

ssio

nal e

xper

ienc

e.

Asi

de f

rom

the

crea

tive

trad

ition

, how

ever

, the

re w

asex

celle

nt r

easo

n fo

r us

ing

such

an

anar

chic

app

roac

h.U

nder

the

cond

ition

s pr

evai

ling

in th

e ar

eaits

po-

litic

al f

ragm

enta

tion,

its

mis

trus

t, bo

th in

tern

al a

ndex

tern

al, i

ts r

acia

l tei

.sio

ns, a

nd it

s al

iena

tion

from

the

tota

l met

ropo

litan

com

mun

ityal

l org

aniz

atio

n(a

nd p

artic

ular

ly o

rgan

izat

ion

invo

lvin

g w

hite

s) h

adbe

com

e su

spec

t. T

he a

ppar

ently

loos

e fo

rm o

f th

ech

aret

te p

rovi

ded

an a

ppro

pria

te v

ehic

le, n

ot o

nly

for

free

and

ope

n ex

plor

atio

n of

pro

blem

s, b

ut f

or a

nev

olut

ion

of s

olut

ions

that

off

ered

not

the

slig

htes

thi

nt o

f im

posi

tion

by th

e w

hite

pow

er s

truc

ture

.

Rac

ial t

ensi

onth

e ho

stili

ty, s

uspi

cion

, and

lack

of

com

mun

icat

ion

betw

een

the

blac

k an

d w

hite

com

-m

uniti

esw

as in

fac

t the

cha

rette

's m

ajor

pro

blem

.It

was

, of

cour

se, a

ntic

ipat

ed, a

nd it

mad

e its

elf

felt

at e

very

leve

l of

the

conf

eren

ce. T

he b

lack

com

mu-

nity

had

bee

n lie

d to

, dis

appo

inte

d, a

nd p

atro

nize

dto

o lo

ng to

hav

e m

uch

faith

in th

e ex

pres

sed

good

inte

ntio

ns o

f th

e w

hite

Est

ablis

hmen

t. T

hus

the

char

-et

te h

ad to

be

blac

k-ad

min

iste

red

and

blac

k-or

ient

ed.

In f

act,

in o

rder

to e

xist

at a

ll, it

had

to h

ave

its v

ery

begi

nnin

gs a

mon

g th

ose

blac

k ci

tizen

s of

the

Dun

bar

area

who

wer

e be

yond

all

repr

oach

as

whi

te s

ympa

-th

izer

s. C

onsi

dera

tions

of

the

scho

ol's

pos

ition

in th

eto

tal m

etro

polit

an c

omm

unity

had

to b

e m

inim

ized

,al

thou

gh le

ader

s am

ong

the

mod

erat

e bl

ack

com

mu-

nity

rec

ogni

zed

the

inev

itabl

e ne

cess

ity f

or a

n ap

-pr

aisa

l of

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

in th

e co

ntex

t of

the

tota

l pub

lic e

duca

tion

syst

em.

Few

, if

any,

of

the

char

ette

's d

elib

erat

ive

sess

ions

re-

mai

ned

unto

uche

d by

rac

ial i

ssue

s. O

bvio

usly

, tho

sew

ho w

ould

be

serv

ed b

y th

e ne

w s

choo

l wou

ld b

epr

edom

inan

tly b

lack

. Par

ents

, and

the

blac

k co

m-

mun

ity in

gen

eral

, exp

ecte

d no

t onl

y a

firs

t-cl

ass

educ

atio

n fo

r th

eir

child

ren,

they

dem

ande

d (a

s th

ey

wer

e en

title

d to

dem

and)

the

best

: sup

erio

rfa

cilit

ies,

supe

rior

cur

ricu

la, a

nd s

uper

ior

teac

hers

as

wel

l as

supe

rior

adm

inis

trat

ors.

Such

exp

ecta

tions

alo

ne c

ause

d pr

oble

ms;

not

be-

caus

e th

ey w

ere

unre

ason

able

or

unw

arra

nted

,whi

chth

ey w

ere

not,

but b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

goad

ed b

y de

p-ri

vatio

n, w

arpe

d by

em

otio

n, in

hibi

ted

by im

perf

ect

know

ledg

e, a

nd s

ensi

tized

by

raci

al a

ntag

onis

m. O

neof

the

prob

lem

s th

at s

eem

ed to

em

body

all

of th

ese

fact

ors

was

the

ques

tion

of th

e ki

nd o

f su

bjec

ts th

atsh

ould

be

taug

ht a

t Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

.

Publ

ic s

choo

l adm

inis

trat

ors

and,

inde

ed, m

any

re-

spon

sibl

e m

embe

rs o

f th

e bl

ack

com

mun

ity f

elt t

hat

the

scho

ol s

houl

d of

fer

cour

sesi

n co

oper

atio

n w

ithth

e Jo

hns

Hop

kins

Hos

pita

llead

ing

to p

aram

edic

alor

med

ical

car

eers

. Man

y pe

ople

in th

e D

unba

r ar

eato

ok th

is to

mea

n th

at th

e ne

w s

choo

l wou

ld b

e a

voca

tion:

11 in

stitu

tion,

and

, sin

ce "

voca

tiona

l" im

-pl

ied

for

them

not

onl

y a

seco

nd-c

lass

cur

ricu

lum

,bu

t the

kin

d of

cur

ricu

lum

that

the

whi

te m

an th

ough

tsu

itabl

e fo

r th

e bl

ack,

it w

as im

med

iate

ly r

ejec

ted.

"We

wan

t to

prov

e th

at th

e gh

etto

res

iden

t is

capa

ble

of m

ore

than

man

ual l

abor

," a

sen

timen

t voi

ced

by a

whi

te c

lerg

yman

in th

e co

mm

unity

, was

typi

cal o

fth

e pr

evai

ling

attit

ude.

The

stig

ma

was

nev

er c

ompl

etel

y el

imin

ated

, but

itw

as a

t lea

st m

inim

ized

by

labe

ling

voca

tiona

l pro

-gr

am p

ropo

sals

, whe

neve

r th

ey o

ccur

red,

as

"occ

u-pa

tiona

l edu

catio

n" o

r "c

aree

r or

ient

ed."

Ano

ther

, som

ewha

t ana

lago

us o

bsta

cle

aros

e be

-ca

use

man

y in

the

com

mun

ity d

eman

ded

alib

eral

arts

or

colle

ge p

repa

rato

ry p

rogr

am, a

s it

is p

opu-

larl

y un

ders

tood

, on

pure

ly e

mot

iona

l gro

unds

, be-

lievi

ng it

to c

onst

itute

a k

ey to

soc

ial e

qual

ity, a

sta

tus

sym

bol,

and

a le

ver

for

rem

ovin

g th

e fe

elin

gs o

f in

-fe

rior

ity th

at h

ad p

lagu

ed th

em f

or s

o lo

ng.

Ear

ly in

the

char

ette

it b

ecam

e ap

pare

nt th

at a

new

faci

lity

and

a ne

w c

urri

culu

m w

ere

not a

ll th

at E

ast

Bal

timor

e ho

ped

to e

stab

lish

at D

unba

r H

igh

Scho

ol.

The

new

sch

ool w

as o

bvio

usly

the

sym

bol o

f th

e bl

ack

com

mun

ity's

hop

es a

nd d

ream

s an

d as

pira

tions

, and

its c

itize

ns w

ere

dete

rmin

ed th

at D

unba

r w

ould

pro

-du

ce a

dif

fere

nt k

ind

of g

radu

ate

from

thos

e it

had

prod

uced

in th

e re

cent

pas

t.

In th

e ne

w D

unba

r, s

tude

nts

wou

ld a

chie

ve c

onfi

-de

nce

and

self

-res

pect

. The

y w

ould

kno

w w

ho th

eyar

e, a

nd th

ey w

ould

ach

ieve

dig

nity

, ind

epen

denc

e,an

d a

real

istic

atti

tude

tow

ard

the

wor

ld. T

hey

wou

ldco

me

out o

f sc

hool

equ

ippe

d, n

ot to

acc

ept a

blu

e-co

llar,

dea

d-en

d, lo

w-p

ayin

g jo

b in

a w

hite

-dom

inat

edor

gani

zatio

n, b

ut to

pur

sue

a ca

reer

in b

usin

ess,

in-

dust

ry, o

r th

e pr

ofes

sion

s th

at w

ould

off

er o

ppor

tu-

nitie

s to

adv

ance

to th

e lim

its o

f th

eir

abili

ties.

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

, its

loca

l sup

port

ers

hope

d,w

ould

hel

p re

vers

e th

eir

area

's d

ownw

ard

tren

d, p

ro-

vide

a f

ocal

poi

nt f

or th

e co

mm

unity

, and

if th

ebu

ildin

g w

ere

to a

ssum

e a

high

-ris

e sh

ape

or b

ecom

epa

rt o

f a

com

mun

ity c

ente

rper

haps

eve

n he

lp p

ro-

vide

low

-cos

t hou

sing

for

fam

ilies

rel

ocat

ed f

rom

urba

n re

new

al n

eigh

borh

oods

.

Such

glit

teri

ng p

ossi

bilit

ies

all b

ut o

verw

helm

edm

any

of th

e di

alog

ue p

artic

ipan

ts in

the

earl

y po

r-tio

ns o

f th

e ch

aret

te. "

It w

as a

s if

the

city

dro

ve a

truc

kloa

d of

silv

er d

olla

rs in

to E

ast B

altim

ore,

" ob

-se

rved

one

con

sulta

nt, "

and

dum

ped

it al

l in

fron

t of

Dun

bar

Hig

h Sc

hool

."

Inte

rest

ingl

y en

ough

, the

pla

nner

s' d

ialo

gues

als

ola

id b

are

the

fact

that

fea

r co

uld

actu

ally

be

gene

r-at

ed b

y di

scus

sion

s of

Eas

t Bal

timor

e's

brav

e ne

wsc

hool

, a p

heno

men

on th

at d

emon

stra

ted

how

dee

p-se

ated

wer

e th

e su

spic

ions

of

the

blac

k co

mm

unity

.In

one

inst

ance

, fea

r w

as e

xpre

ssed

that

the

new

Dun

-ba

r m

ight

bec

ome

"too

goo

d" f

or th

e av

erag

e or

poo

rE

ast B

altim

ore

stud

ent a

nd w

ould

exc

lude

his

kin

d in

favo

r of

exc

eptio

nal p

upils

fro

m a

ll ov

er th

e ci

ty. I

n

anot

her,

som

e m

embe

rs o

f th

e ch

aret

te f

elt t

hrea

t-en

ed e

ven

by r

ehab

ilita

tion

of th

e D

unba

r ar

ea, v

oic-

ing

appr

ehen

sion

that

suc

h ac

tivity

was

par

t of

a pl

otto

pre

pare

the

inne

r ci

ty f

or w

hite

occ

upan

cyaf

ter

the

blac

ks h

ad b

een

"tal

ked

out i

nto

the

subu

rbs.

"T

he "

syst

em"

was

fea

red,

rea

lity

was

fea

red,

cha

nge

was

fea

reda

nd d

esir

ed. A

t one

poi

nt, s

omeo

ne d

e-m

ande

d th

at th

e ne

w s

choo

l be

built

of

conc

rete

or

ston

e; "

We'

ve h

ad e

noug

h br

ick

arou

nd h

ere.

"

Perh

aps

the

grea

test

fea

r of

alla

nd it

was

nei

ther

irra

tiona

l nor

uni

que

in s

ituat

ions

invo

lvin

g gh

etto

scho

olsw

as th

at th

e bl

ack

com

mun

ity w

ould

hav

eno

voi

ce in

the

adm

inis

trat

ion

of it

s hi

gh s

choo

l, th

atit

wou

ld h

ave

no "

cont

rol."

A g

reat

con

trib

utio

n to

alla

ying

suc

h fe

ars

was

the

fact

that

mos

t whi

tes

scru

pulo

usly

mai

ntai

ned

a"h

ands

off

" po

licy

tow

ard

the

char

ette

. If

the

whi

tepo

wer

str

uctu

re h

ad a

ny s

ugge

stio

ns to

mak

e, it

mad

eth

em c

autio

usly

, aft

er c

onsu

ltatio

n w

ith th

e le

ader

sof

the

blac

k co

mm

unity

and

thro

ugh

the

blac

k pa

r-tic

ipan

ts in

the

char

ette

. Eve

n th

e co

nsul

tant

s to

the

four

dia

logu

e gr

oups

def

erre

d to

thei

r co

mm

ittee

s'pr

erog

ativ

es, a

lthou

gh th

ere

wer

e tim

es w

hen

the

laym

en's

lack

of

know

ledg

e m

ust h

ave

taxe

d pr

ofes

-si

onal

pat

ienc

e al

mos

t bey

ond

endu

ranc

e.

It is

a tr

ibut

e to

the

char

ette

's p

rofe

ssio

nal p

artic

i-pa

nts,

in f

act,

that

they

bor

e th

eir

burd

en s

ilent

ly.

The

ir r

ole

was

that

of

prov

ocat

eurs

, sta

ge m

anag

ers,

and

sour

ces

of in

form

atio

n, a

t all

times

und

er c

on-

stra

ints

to r

efra

in f

rom

intr

udin

g in

or

inhi

bitin

g di

s-cu

ssio

n, a

nd, e

arly

in th

e ch

aret

te, i

t was

dec

ided

that

cons

ulta

nts

wer

e to

be

calle

d "r

esou

rce

pers

onne

l"ra

ther

than

"ex

pert

s,"

in a

n ef

fort

to m

ake

it cl

ear

that

they

pla

yed

a pa

ssiv

e pa

rt in

the

proc

eedi

ngs.

The

cha

rette

adm

inis

trat

ion

cons

tant

ly c

autio

ned

cons

ulta

nts

not t

o hi

nder

the

dial

ogue

s in

any

way

.A

t one

poi

nt, H

arol

d Y

oung

(as

a k

ind

of u

noff

icia

lch

aret

te-t

echn

ique

adv

isor

) to

ld R

unne

l ls

and

Whi

te

that

the

disc

ussi

ons

lack

ed th

e br

ains

torm

ing

char

ac-

ter

of a

n ar

chite

cts'

cha

rette

larg

ely

beca

use

of p

ro-

fess

iona

l int

rusi

ons.

And

inde

ed, i

t was

dif

ficu

lt to

refr

ain

from

off

erin

g op

inio

ns. "

But

," s

aid

You

ng,

"we'

re tr

ying

to f

ree

the

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

erso

n fr

omst

ruct

ured

thin

king

. We'

re tr

ying

to g

et h

im to

fre

e-w

heel

like

arc

hite

cts

and

the

man

on

the

stre

et.

You

're th

e ar

rang

ers.

The

com

mun

ity w

rite

she

mus

ic, a

nd th

e ch

aret

te le

ader

s ar

e su

ppos

ed to

fit

itto

geth

er."

Sim

ilarl

y, d

urin

g di

scus

sion

per

iods

, the

re w

ere

ofte

ncr

ies

of "

Let

the

talk

mov

e!"

and

"Let

's le

t the

con

-ve

rsat

ion

free

whe

el!"

Thr

ough

out,

the

char

ette

adm

inis

trat

ion

seiz

ed e

very

oppo

rtun

ity to

enc

oura

ge f

reed

om a

nd a

div

ersi

ty o

fid

eas.

Whe

n it

mov

ed a

ll di

alog

ue g

roup

s fr

om c

lass

-ro

oms

into

the

open

gym

nasi

um o

nth

e fi

fth

day,

the

shif

t was

cal

cula

ted

to r

emov

e al

l phy

sica

l res

tric

tion

and

enco

urag

e fr

eedo

m, e

mot

iona

l exp

ansi

on, a

ndin

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n co

mm

ittee

s. T

wo

coff

ee u

rns,

also

set

up

in th

e gy

m, w

ere

inte

nded

as

cata

lyst

s or

nucl

ei a

roun

d w

hich

peo

ple

from

var

ious

gro

ups

mig

ht g

athe

r ca

sual

ly a

nd e

xcha

nge

idea

s.

The

str

ateg

y di

d no

t yie

ld a

com

plet

e se

t of

bene

fits

.U

nhap

pily

, the

gym

's a

cous

tics

virt

ually

pro

hibi

ted

inte

lligi

ble

conv

ersa

tion,

and

the

grou

ps m

oved

bac

kin

to th

eir

clas

sroo

ms.

The

cha

rette

was

ble

ssed

with

fou

r ex

celle

nt d

iscu

s-si

on le

ader

s, w

ithou

t who

m it

cou

ld n

ever

hav

e su

c-ce

eded

. Par

t of

thei

r pe

rson

al s

ucce

ss d

eriv

ed f

rom

thei

r ab

ility

to le

ad w

ithou

t app

eari

ng to

man

ipul

ate,

an a

bsol

utel

y es

sent

ial a

ttrib

ute

insu

ch a

sen

sitiv

esi

tuat

ion.

The

fed

eral

rep

rese

ntat

ives

to th

e ch

aret

te e

xper

i-en

ced

som

e di

ffic

ulty

in th

is a

rea.

Wal

ter

Myl

ecra

ine

and

his

aide

, Tho

mas

Cla

ry, a

ppar

ently

fel

t tha

t an

esse

ntia

l con

cept

the

"con

trac

t" m

etho

d of

sch

ed-

ulin

g w

as e

ing

over

oo

ey

ePr

oces

ses

com

mitt

ee. C

onse

quen

tly, t

hey

brie

fed

aw

illin

g D

unba

r st

uden

t rep

rese

ntat

ive,

and

he

subs

e-qu

ently

inje

cted

the

idea

for

them

into

a g

ap c

reat

edby

the

rout

ine

rota

tion

of d

ialo

gue

part

icip

ants

.*

The

str

ateg

y w

orke

d, a

nd th

e id

ea w

as f

inal

ly a

dopt

edas

a p

ropo

sal,

but m

any

of th

e pr

ofes

sion

alco

nsul

t-an

ts to

the

clia

rette

exp

ress

ed c

once

rn th

at it

coul

dha

ve b

een

used

for

less

altr

uist

ic p

urpo

ses.

Har

riso

n,in

fac

t, fe

lt th

at f

eder

al s

pons

orsh

ip o

f a

char

ette

car

-ri

es w

ith it

som

e ri

sks,

am

ong

them

bei

ng f

eder

al s

u-3

perv

isio

n or

per

haps

inte

rven

tion,

and

Mel

vin

Moo

rela

ter

caut

ione

d ag

ains

t the

par

ticip

atio

n of

any

bu-

reau

crac

y (b

ut p

artic

ular

ly a

n ed

ucat

iona

lon

e).

Alth

ough

Har

riso

n fe

lt th

at th

e pr

oces

s is

not

as

im-

port

ant a

s th

e re

sults

of

hum

an in

tera

ctio

n, h

ein

-si

sted

that

"th

e pl

anne

d ap

proa

ch v

iola

tes

the

char

ette

proc

ess.

" L

ike

mos

t of

the

conf

eren

ce's

lead

ers,

he

agre

ed th

at th

e pr

oces

sat l

east

in it

s ea

rly

dial

ogue

stag

esm

ust b

e un

orga

nize

d. I

n th

e en

d, h

owev

er,

man

y ch

aret

te o

bser

vers

fel

t tha

tev

eryt

hing

sur

-ro

undi

ng th

e co

nfer

ence

its lo

gist

ics,

its

loca

tion,

and

espe

cial

ly it

s pr

epar

atio

nmus

t be

care

fully

plan

ned

and

high

ly o

rgan

ized

. Dr.

Har

riso

n ex

-pr

esse

d th

e op

inio

n th

at "

the

larg

er th

e gr

oup,

the

mor

e de

cisi

ons

mus

t be

mad

e ab

out i

tsst

ruct

ure.

"

A c

onse

nsus

of

adm

inis

trat

ive

and

cons

ulta

nt p

er-

sonn

el s

aw th

e pr

epar

atio

n fo

r th

e D

unba

r ch

aret

teas

inad

equa

te. M

ost o

f th

ese

shor

tcom

ings

show

edup

as

inco

mpl

ete

brie

fing

and

ori

enta

tion

sess

ions

that

wer

e su

ppos

ed to

hav

e ta

ken

plac

e be

fore

the

disc

ussi

on g

roup

s m

et.

Mor

e im

port

ant,

how

ever

, man

y fe

lt th

at th

e la

y pa

r-

* A

dan

ger

that

see

ms

inhe

rent

in th

e sy

stem

of

shif

ting

who

ledi

scus

sion

gro

ups

amon

g va

riou

s se

para

te r

oom

s is

the

conf

u-si

on c

reat

ed b

y ov

er-l

appi

ng d

ialo

gues

. Fur

ther

mor

e, th

e br

eak

in d

ialo

gue

cont

inui

ty c

reat

es a

gap

that

mig

ht b

e ut

ilize

d by

thos

e ho

ping

to m

anip

ulat

e th

e ch

aret

te o

r its

res

ults

in f

avor

of th

eir

spec

ial i

nter

ests

.

ticip

ants

had

not

bee

n ad

equa

tely

pre

pare

d fo

r th

edi

alog

ue s

essi

ons.

Som

e in

this

gro

up s

aid

that

pre

-ch

aret

te a

ctiv

ity s

houl

d be

hig

hly

orga

nize

d in

ord

erto

pro

duce

a w

ealth

of

back

grou

nd m

ater

ial f

or th

epa

rtic

ipan

ts. T

hree

or

four

mon

ths

befo

re th

e ch

a-re

tte, t

hey

poin

ted

out,

its a

dmin

istr

atio

n, s

taff

, and

perh

aps

a st

udy

team

, sho

uld

be g

athe

ring

and

or-

gani

zing

mat

eria

l tha

t cou

ld h

elp

the

conf

eree

sun

-de

rsta

nd th

e pr

oble

ms

they

will

fac

e.

Idea

lly, s

uch

mat

eria

l wou

ld c

onsi

st o

f th

e un

bias

edfa

cts:

pop

ulat

ion

figu

res,

eco

nom

ic tr

ends

, lan

d us

e,et

c. M

oreo

ver,

day

s, p

erha

ps w

eeks

bef

ore

arri

ving

at th

e ch

aret

te, p

artic

ipan

ts w

ould

be

give

n in

form

a-tio

n on

the

late

st tr

ends

in e

duca

tiona

l met

hodo

logy

,te

chno

logy

, and

phi

loso

phy,

so

they

cou

ld s

tudy

itan

d be

com

e fa

mili

ar w

ith th

eir

build

ing

bloc

ks, t

heid

eas

whi

ch th

ey w

ould

be

able

to c

all

on in

dea

ling

with

spe

cifi

c si

tuat

ions

.

In th

is w

ay, m

uch

time

and

ener

gy w

ould

be

save

d.In

deed

, a s

ubst

antia

l am

ount

of

flou

nder

ing,

not

for

idea

s, b

ut f

or in

form

atio

n, c

ould

hav

e be

en e

limi-

nate

d fr

om th

e D

unba

r ch

aret

te, a

nd th

e ed

ucat

iona

lex

peri

ence

, whi

ch is

a b

asic

par

t of

the

proc

ess,

con

-si

dera

bly

inte

nsif

ied.

On

the

othe

r ha

nd, i

t mig

ht b

e ar

gued

that

suc

h in

-te

nsiv

e pr

e-ch

aret

te b

rief

ing

coul

d lim

it th

e ge

nera

-tio

n of

idea

s ra

ther

than

stim

ulat

e it.

Con

ceiv

ably

,di

scus

sion

-gro

up p

artic

ipan

ts c

ould

ass

ume

that

the

idea

s pr

esen

ted

to th

em o

ffer

ed a

com

plet

e pi

ctur

e.O

r a

bias

ed c

hare

tte a

dmin

istr

atio

n co

uld

wei

gh th

ebr

iefi

ng m

ater

ial i

n fa

vor

of c

erta

in c

once

pts.

Con

-si

dera

ble

care

wou

ld h

ave

to b

e ex

erci

sed

in o

rder

toav

oid

such

pitf

alls

. In

fact

, som

e m

ight

fee

l tha

t aco

mpl

etel

y un

prep

ared

gro

up o

f co

nfer

ees

wou

ld b

ele

ss in

hibi

ted

and

be m

ore

likel

y to

pro

duce

fre

shap

proa

ches

.

Perh

aps

a lo

gica

l com

prom

ise

betw

een

inte

nsiv

ebr

iefi

ng o

f di

alog

ue p

artic

ipan

ts a

nd n

o br

iefi

ng a

t

all w

ould

be

bette

r pr

epar

atio

n of

the

reso

urce

per

-so

nnel

. At l

east

that

app

roac

h w

ould

min

imiz

e th

eda

nger

s of

bia

sing

the

lay

mem

bers

of

the

com

mit-

tees

and

wou

ld b

ring

all

cons

ulta

nts

to a

sin

gle,

hig

hle

vel o

f in

form

atio

n. I

n th

at w

ay, t

hey

coul

d pr

ovid

ea

stim

ulus

to th

e di

alog

ue g

roup

s w

hen

nece

ssar

yw

ithou

t im

posi

ng s

peci

fic

poin

ts o

f vi

ew.

In a

situ

atio

n lik

e D

unba

r's th

e et

hnic

bac

kgro

unds

of r

esou

rce

pers

onne

l can

be

extr

emel

y im

pota

nt.

Hay

woo

d H

arri

son

felt

that

the

Dun

bar

char

ettc

. suf

-fe

red

som

ewha

t fro

m a

lack

of

blac

k co

nsul

tant

s. H

eth

ough

t the

exp

erts

wou

ld h

ave

been

mor

e ef

fect

ive

coul

d ha

ve c

omm

unic

ated

mor

e ea

sily

if th

eyha

d be

en b

lack

and

that

a g

reat

er e

ffor

t sho

uld

have

been

mad

e to

rec

ruit

such

peo

ple.

On

the

othe

r ha

nd, i

t mig

ht b

e ar

gued

that

eth

nic

linka

ge c

ould

ham

per

the

char

ette

pro

cess

, sin

cebl

ack

reso

urce

per

sonn

el w

ould

be

less

obj

ectiv

e an

dm

ore

tem

pted

to in

volv

e th

emse

lves

in th

e ac

tual

cre

-at

ion

of c

once

pts.

Whi

te r

esou

rce

pers

onne

l mig

htte

nd to

let t

he d

iscu

ssio

n fl

ow m

ore

free

ly w

ithou

tin

terf

erin

g un

less

spe

cifi

cally

invi

ted

to p

artic

ipat

e.

Of

cour

se, b

lack

dia

logu

e gr

oups

mig

ht u

tterl

y re

ject

the

advi

ce o

f w

hite

con

sulta

nts.

One

of

the

prob

lem

sof

the

Dun

bar

char

ette

was

the

disc

ussi

on p

artic

-pa

nts'

res

ista

nce

to s

ugge

stio

n. I

n th

eir

unin

form

edst

ate,

they

wer

e un

able

to d

istin

guis

h be

twee

n va

lidan

d in

valid

info

rmat

ion

or b

etw

een

bias

ed a

ndun

-bi

ased

adv

ice.

The

res

ult w

as th

at th

ey r

esis

ted

all

mat

eria

l unt

il th

ey w

ere

conv

ince

d th

at th

e ex

pert

sw

ere

actin

g in

goo

d fa

ith, a

nd h

ad to

be

educ

ated

toth

e po

int o

f ac

cept

ing

anyt

hing

mor

e co

mpl

ex th

anth

e po

pula

r, tr

aditi

onal

not

ions

of

peda

gogi

c m

etho

d.

The

sam

e ki

nd o

f ed

ucat

ion

mus

t tak

e pl

ace

on a

com

mun

ity-w

ide

leve

l dur

ing

a ch

aret

te. I

n pa

rt, t

his

can

be a

com

plis

hed

duri

ng th

e "c

onfr

onta

tion"

ses

-si

ons.

But

fro

m a

bro

ader

poi

nt o

f vi

ew, i

t sho

uld

beth

e re

sult

of a

n in

tens

ive

publ

ic r

elat

ions

cam

paig

n,

cond

ucte

d be

fore

, dur

ing,

and

aft

er th

e co

nfer

ence

by a

com

mun

icat

ions

spe

cial

ist a

ttach

ed to

the

cha-

rette

. Suc

h a

spec

ialis

t can

ale

rt th

e im

med

iate

com

-m

unity

to it

s op

port

uniti

es f

or p

artic

ipat

ion

and

keep

the

gene

ral p

ublic

wel

l inf

orm

ed o

n th

e pr

ogre

ss o

fth

e di

scus

sion

s.

The

Dun

bar

char

ette

was

woe

fully

lack

ing

in th

isar

ea. N

ot o

nly

did

it fa

il to

gen

erat

e w

ides

prea

din

ter-

est w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity (

atte

ndan

ce a

t bot

h pu

blic

conf

ront

atio

ns n

ever

exc

eede

d 15

0 pe

ople

) ,

but

none

of

the

edito

rs o

f B

altim

ore'

s th

ree

maj

orda

ilyne

wsp

aper

s w

as s

uffi

cien

tly s

timul

ated

to a

ssig

n co

v-er

age

on a

con

tinui

ng b

asis

. Suc

h an

ove

rsig

htis

part

ly a

ttrib

utab

le to

edi

tori

al c

ompl

acen

cy, b

utm

uch

of th

e bl

ame

mus

t res

t on

the

shou

lder

s of

the

char

ette

adm

inis

trat

ion,

whi

ch f

aile

d to

con

duct

an

aggr

essi

ve p

ublic

rel

atio

ns p

rogr

am.

Inte

rnal

com

mun

icat

ions

, by

cont

rast

, wer

e m

an-

aged

eff

icie

ntly

. The

cha

rette

adm

inis

trat

ion

issu

edda

ily m

orni

ng b

ulle

tins,

giv

ing

sche

dule

s, n

ews,

and

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

con

fere

nce'

s ge

nera

l pro

gres

s,an

d al

so p

ublis

hed

reca

pitu

latio

n sh

eets

eac

h da

yw

here

in d

iscu

ssio

n gr

oups

rep

orte

d th

eir

activ

ities

.

Som

e of

the

criti

cism

leve

led

at th

e ch

aret

te b

y its

cons

ulta

nts

deal

t with

thes

e re

capi

tula

tion

shee

ts.

Ori

gina

lly, D

r. H

arri

son

plan

ned

to a

ssig

n a

grad

uate

stud

ent t

o ea

ch c

omm

ittee

for

the

purp

ose

of ta

king

note

s on

the

.*cu

ssio

ns, c

onde

nsin

g th

em, a

nd w

rit-

ing

prec

ise

sum

mar

ics

for

cons

umpt

ion

by a

ll pa

rtic

i-pa

nts

on th

e fo

llow

ing

day.

The

sys

tem

ope

rate

d ef

-fe

ctiv

ely

until

its

prin

cipa

ls w

ere

need

ed f

or o

ther

dutie

s, a

nd th

e re

port

ing

func

tion

pass

ed in

to th

eha

nds

of c

asua

l vol

unte

ers.

Eve

ntua

lly, t

rain

ed s

ten-

ogra

pher

s to

ok o

ver,

whi

ch w

as e

xcel

lent

for

the

char

ette

's r

ecor

d, b

ut d

id n

ot g

uara

ntee

a r

elev

ant

sum

mar

y, a

nd th

e re

capi

tula

tion

seri

esco

ntin

ued

unin

terr

upte

d.

Seve

ral o

f th

e D

unba

r co

nsul

tant

s su

gges

ted

that

cha

-

rette

s co

uld

be u

sed

as la

bora

tori

es f

or a

limite

dnu

mbe

r of

stu

dent

pro

fess

iona

ls a

nd th

at th

ese

coul

dse

rve

as c

hare

tte a

ides

. The

arc

hite

ctur

est

uden

ts w

hoat

tend

ed th

e co

nfer

ence

did

, in

fact

, per

form

that

func

tion.

In

the

futu

re, h

owev

er, a

wid

er r

ange

of

disc

iplin

es c

ould

be

repr

esen

ted.

Jou

rnal

ism

stu

-de

nts,

for

exa

mpl

e, m

ight

ren

der

valu

able

ser

vice

and

gain

ben

efic

ial e

xper

ienc

e as

rep

orte

rs f

or th

edi

scus

sion

gro

ups,

a m

easu

re th

at c

ould

ass

ure

the

char

ette

of

pert

inen

t, da

ily r

ecap

itula

tions

.

In f

act,

futu

re c

hare

tte a

dmin

istr

atio

ns m

ight

fin

d it

prac

tical

to s

et u

p a

com

mun

icat

ions

cen

ter

that

wou

ld p

erfo

rm th

e cr

ucia

l fun

ctio

ns o

f pu

blic

rel

a-tio

ns, i

nter

nal d

isse

min

atio

n of

new

s an

d ot

her

info

r-m

atio

n, a

nd p

erha

ps a

ct a

s lia

ison

bet

wee

n ad

min

is-

trat

ion

and

disc

ussi

on le

ader

s.

Such

mea

sure

s in

dica

te a

gro

wth

pot

entia

l for

cha

r-et

te m

achi

nery

that

may

see

m o

min

ousl

y bu

reau

-cr

atic

in it

s ow

n ri

ght.

But

the

amou

nt o

f pl

anni

ngin

volv

ed c

an b

e co

nsid

erab

le, a

nd m

uch

of it

is n

eces

-sa

ry to

nur

ture

and

pro

tect

the

crea

tive

func

tion

ofth

e ch

aret

te f

orm

. An

adm

inis

trat

ive

cent

er m

ust b

ees

tabl

ishe

d, f

unds

sol

icite

d an

d di

sbur

sed,

per

sonn

elhi

red,

mee

ting

spac

e ob

tain

ed a

nd a

llotte

d, p

artic

i-pa

nts

recr

uite

d an

d as

sign

ed, s

uppl

ies

orde

red

and

dist

ribu

ted,

etc

. The

re is

, of

cour

se, t

he d

ange

r th

atth

e or

gani

zatio

n ca

n gr

ow u

ntil

it ov

erw

helm

s its

reas

on f

or b

eing

, or

that

, bei

ng s

et u

p on

an

ad h

ocba

sis,

it f

ails

to o

pera

te e

ffec

tivel

y.

It h

as b

een

sugg

este

d th

at a

set

of

guid

elin

es b

e es

tab-

lishe

d fo

r ch

aret

tes,

and

Mel

vin

Moo

re, t

he D

unba

rch

aret

te's

exe

cutiv

e ch

airm

an f

ores

aw th

e da

y w

hen

a gr

oup

(or

grou

ps)

of p

rofe

ssio

nals

, org

aniz

ed s

pe-

cifi

cally

to s

et u

p an

d ru

n ch

aret

tes

whe

reve

r ne

eded

,w

ould

ser

ve a

rchi

tect

s an

d ur

ban

plan

ners

thro

ugh-

out t

he c

ount

ry. C

erta

inly

, a b

ody

of te

chni

cal i

nfor

-m

atio

n de

alin

g w

ith th

e pl

anni

ng a

nd o

pera

tion

ofch

aret

tes

coul

d be

ext

rem

ely

usef

ul.

Con

side

ring

the

abse

nce

of s

uch

an e

stab

lishe

dfr

amew

ork,

Har

riso

n an

d hi

s st

aff

perf

orm

ed a

dmir

-ab

ly. M

eetin

g pl

aces

wer

e as

sign

ed, w

orki

ng m

ate-

rial

s pr

ovid

ed, r

est r

oom

s de

sign

ated

, and

the

mac

hine

ry o

f th

e co

nfer

ence

in g

ener

al w

as o

pera

ted

on s

ched

ule.

Nat

ural

ly, t

here

wer

e so

me

who

fel

t tha

tfu

rthe

r re

fine

men

ts w

ould

hav

e im

prov

ed th

e pr

oces

s.

A f

ew th

ough

t tha

t the

dis

cuss

ion

grou

ps, w

hich

wer

eea

ch c

ompo

sed

of 1

8 la

ymen

and

5 o

r 6

cons

ulta

nts,

wer

e to

o la

rge

for

com

fort

able

inte

rcha

nge

and

that

abe

tter

met

hod

of m

ixin

g pa

rtic

ipan

ts c

ould

hav

ebe

en f

ound

. Oth

ers

felt

that

dia

logu

e le

ader

s sh

ould

have

bee

n re

stri

cted

to a

sin

gle

gene

ral t

opic

rat

her

than

bei

ng a

ssig

ned

to tw

o. H

arri

son

sugg

este

d th

atth

e hi

gh-s

choo

l-st

uden

t par

ticip

ants

sho

uld

have

been

indo

ctri

nate

d be

fore

the

char

ette

to o

verc

ome

wha

t he

term

ed th

eir

"her

e-an

d-no

w"

orie

ntat

ion,

thei

r ov

erri

ding

con

cern

with

imm

edia

te a

nnoy

ance

s.

Am

ong

the

mos

t pre

vale

nt c

once

rns

was

fat

igue

.W

hile

som

e sa

id th

e ch

aret

te's

two-

wee

k, c

ontin

uous

-se

ssio

n fr

amew

ork

was

too

long

, oth

ers

felt

the

im-

mer

sion

tech

niqu

e w

as n

eces

sary

, but

cou

ld h

ave

been

mad

e m

ore

effe

ctiv

e an

d be

arab

le b

y re

duci

ngits

inte

nsity

. Sug

gest

ions

incl

uded

som

e fo

rm o

flo

unge

spa

ce th

at w

ould

pro

vide

a c

hang

e fr

om th

eri

gors

of

conc

entr

ated

, uni

nter

rupt

ed d

iscu

ssio

n an

dpl

ace

for

conf

eree

s to

mee

t and

talk

info

rmal

ly.

Still

oth

ers

wen

t eve

n fu

rthe

r, a

dvoc

atin

g a

mid

-af

tern

oon

rest

per

iod,

whe

n di

alog

ue p

artic

ipan

tsm

ight

fin

d tim

e to

rel

ax, i

nves

tigat

e pr

oble

ms

on th

eir

own,

or

exch

ange

idea

s w

ith th

eir

colle

ague

s. T

hose

who

rec

omm

ende

d th

ese

mea

sure

s fa

vore

d w

hat t

hey

calle

d "s

truc

ture

d in

form

ality

," w

hich

wou

ld f

unc-

tion

as a

rel

ief

from

the

exha

ustin

g st

rugg

le a

gain

stch

aos

that

cha

ract

eriz

ed th

e ch

aret

te's

initi

al s

tage

s.

Eve

n th

e lo

catio

n of

the

char

ette

was

que

stio

ned

byits

con

sulta

nts,

alth

ough

the

stee

ring

com

mitt

ee h

adlo

ng s

ince

dec

ided

that

a c

onfe

renc

e so

clo

sely

iden

ti-

fied

with

a c

omm

unity

sho

uld

not b

e is

olat

ed f

rom

the

forc

es th

at c

alle

d it

into

bei

ng. A

nd, w

hile

this

com

-pl

icat

ed m

atte

rs, t

here

was

littl

e do

ubt t

hat t

he d

e-ci

sion

had

bee

n a

wis

eon

e.

Perh

aps,

in th

e en

d, th

e lo

catio

n of

the

Dun

bar

char

ette

, in

Eas

t Bal

timor

e, r

ight

in th

e sc

hool

that

cons

titut

ed th

e ob

ject

of

itsco

ncer

n, c

ontr

ibut

edgr

eatly

tow

ard

the

succ

ess

of th

is p

lann

ing

sess

ion.

Cer

tain

ly, a

s on

e of

the

disc

ussi

on le

ader

s sa

id, "

itga

ve th

e gr

ass-

root

s pe

ople

an

oppo

rtun

ity to

be

ex-

pose

d to

the

expe

rts

and

gave

the

expe

rts

a ch

ance

tom

eet t

he p

eopl

e."

Tha

tand

goo

d fa

ithas

sure

d th

e tr

ium

ph o

f th

eD

unba

r ch

aret

te.

Epi

logu

eSi

nce

the

conc

lusi

on o

f th

e D

unba

r ch

aret

tP, o

nM

arch

1, 1

969,

the

high

sch

ool a

nd, i

ndee

d, th

een

tire

Bal

timor

e pu

blic

sch

ool s

yste

m s

eem

to h

ave

beco

me

suff

used

with

its

spir

it.

A s

tude

nt n

ewsp

aper

was

fou

nded

at D

unba

r H

igh

Scho

ol in

Mar

ch, s

tudy

was

beg

un f

or c

urri

culu

mre

visi

on s

oon

afte

r, a

nd, i

n A

pril,

the

Bal

timor

eB

oard

of

Scho

ol C

omm

issi

oner

s an

noun

ced

that

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d en

gage

d C

audi

ll R

owle

tt Sc

ott,

scho

ol d

esig

n

Com

mun

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rtic

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lma

Ada

ms

Mar

y A

nn A

nder

son

Gol

die

Bak

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hirl

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aile

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Judy

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ck*C

lare

nce

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nds

*Mic

hael

Bro

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hard

Bro

wn

Cla

renc

e B

urns

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er C

arey

Chr

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pher

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Rob

ert D

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r

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ougl

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InstitutionalRepresentativesJames BakemanGreater Baltimore Committee

David DuncanDepartment of City Planning

Stephanie FontenotSaint Francis Academy

Richard HammannDepartment of City Planning

Morton HoppenfeldThe Rouse Company

David LevyThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions

DunbarHigh SchoolCharetteStaffHONORARY CHAIRMANHonorable Robert L. DouglassBaltimore City Council

GENERAL CHAIRMANHattie Harrison

CHARETTE CHAIRMANJames Haywood Harrison

ASSISTANT CHARETTE CHAIRMAN

John Douglass

EXECUTIVE CHAIRMANMelvin Moore, Jr.

Jerry MonaghanVoluntary Council on Equal Opportunity

David PriceThe Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions

Charles TildenProvident Hospital

Arthur ValkDepartment of City Planning

Harold YoungDepartment of City Planning

Sister Mary Paraclete YoungSaint Francis Academy

SECRETARYRosie S. KeeneGussie Dargan

STUDENT AIDES

Vanessa BoguesRoger CareyLenora JonesRussell KeeneRay McKinney

OtherReportsFromEFLThe following publications are available withoutcharge from the offices of EFL: 477 Madison Avenue,New York 10022.

A COLLEGE IN THE CITY:AN ALTERNATIVE.A report of a new approach to the planning of urbancampuses, with facilities dispersed through the com-munity, designed to serve community needs and tostimulate community redevelopment.

BRICKS AND MORTARBOARDS.A guide for the decision-makers in higher education:how the colleges and universities can provide enoughspace for the burgeoning enrollments of this decade;how the space can be made adaptable to the inevi-table changes in the educational process in the dec-ades ahead. (One copy available without charge.Additional copies $1.00.)

CAMPUS IN THE CITY.EFL'S annual report for 1967 and an essay on thephysical problems and trends in planning of urbancolleges and universities and their potential role as acatalyst in the remaking of the cities.

COLLEGE STUDENTS LIVE HERE.A report on the what, why, and how of college hous-ing; reviews the factors involved in planning, build-ing, and financing student residences.

DESIGN FOR ETVPLANNING FORSCHOOLS WITH TELEVISION.A report on facilities, present and future, needed toaccommodate instructional television and other neweducational programs. Prepared for EFL by DaveChapman, Inc., Industrial Design.

DESIGN FOR PAPERBACKS:A HOW-TO REPORT ON FURNITUREFOR FINGERTIP ACCESS.Physical solutions to the problems of displayingpaperback books for easy use in schools.

EDUCATIONAL CHANGE ANDARCHITECTURAL CONSEQUENCES.A report on school design that reviews the widechoice of options available to those concerned withplanning new facilities or updating old ones.

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGYON THE LIBRARY BUILDING.A position paper reporting an EFL conference on thissubject.

RELOCATABLE SCHOOL FACILITIES.A survey of portable, demountable, mobile, and di-visible Schoolhousing in use in the United States anda plan for the future.

THE SCHOOLHOUSE IN THE CITY.An essay on how the cities are designing and rede-signing their schoolhouses to meet the problems ofreal estate costs, population shifts, segregation, pov-erty, and ignorance.

THE SCHOOL LIBRARY:FACILITIES FOR INDEPENDENT STUDYIN IHE SECONDARY SCHOOL.A repo:-t on facilities for independent study, withstandards for the size of collections, seating capacity,and the nature of materials to be incorporated.

45

11

SCHOOL SCHEDULING BY COMPUTER/THE STORY OF GASP.A report of the computer program developed by MITto help colleges and high schools construct their com-plex master schedules.

SCSD: THE PROJECT AND THE SCHOOLS.A second report on the project to develop a schoolbuilding system for a consortium of 13 Califeniaschool districts.

TRANSFORMATION OF THESCHOOLHOUSE.A report on educational innovations in the school-house during the last decade. With financial data forthe year 1968.

PROFILES OF SIGNIFICANTSCHOOLSA series of reports which provide information onsome of the latest developments in school planning,design, and construction.

SCHOOLS WITHOUT WALLSopen space andhow it works.THREE HIGH SCHOOLS REVISITED: Andrews,McPherson, and Nova.MIDDLE SCHOOLScontroversy and experiment.ON THE WAY TO WORKfive vocational ori-ented schools.

CASE STUDIES OFEDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

A series of reports which provide information on spe-cific solutions to problems in school planning anddesign.

8. THE SCHOOLS AND URBAN RENEWAL.A case study of the Wooster Square renewal projectin New Haven, Connecticut.

9. AIR STRUCTURES FOR SCHOOL SPORTS.A study of air-supported shelters as housing for play-fields, swimming pools, and other physical educationactivities.

10. THE NEW CAMPUS IN BRITAIN:IDEAS OF CONSEQUENCEFOR THE UNITED STATES.Recent British experience in university planning andits implications for American educators, architects,and planners.

11. DIVISIBLE AUDITORIUMS.Operable walls convert little-used auditoriums andtheaters into multipurpose, highly utilized space forthe performing arts and instruction.

12. THE HIGH SCHOOL AUDITORIUM:SIX DESIGNS FOR RENEWAL.Renovation of little-used auditoriums in old andmiddle-aged schools to accommodate contemporaryeducational, dramatic, and music programs.

TECHNICAL REPORTS

1. ACCOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENTOF SCHOOL BUILDINGS.Acoustics of academic space in schools. An analysisof the statistical data gathered from measurementand study.

2. TOTAL ENERGY.On-site electric power generation for schools and col-leges, employing a single energy source to providelight, heat, air conditioning, and hot water.

3. 20 MILLION FOR LUNCH.

A primer to aid school administrators in planning

and evaluating school food service programs.

COLLEGE NEWSLETTER

A periodical on design questions for colleges and

universities.

FILMS

EXERCISE IN ECONOMY.A 15-minute color film descritAing the planning, con-

struction, and operation of a geodesic-doomed field

TO BUILD A SCHOOLHOUSE.A 28-minute color film outlining the latest trends in

school design. Available on loanwithout charge from

house at Walt Whitman High School, Bethesda,Maryland. Available on loan without charge from

EFL in care of Association Films, Inc., 600 Madison

Avenue, New York, New York 10022, and for pur-

chase at $90.00 from EFL.

EFL in care of Association Films, Inc., 600 Madison

The Early Learning Center under a grant from EFL

A 22-minute color film on The Early Learning Cen-

ter in Stamford, Connecticut, an open-plan earlychildhood school with facilities and program reflect-

ing some of the best current thinking. Prepared by

and available on loan without charge from Associa-

tion Films, Inc., 600 Madison Avenue, New York,

New York 10022, and for purchase at $125.00 from

Association Films Inc.

Avenue, New York, New York 10022, and for pur-

chase at $91.50 from EFL.

ROOM TO LEARN.

CREDITS

Copy edited by Gaila Coughlin

Designed by Michel Goldberg

Printed by Wintry Press Ltd.

Photographs by George Zimbel exceptpages 26 and 28 by William Hafner.

The

Bal

timor

e C

hare

tte

Cas

e St

udie

s13

of E

duca

tiona

l Fac

ilitie

s