district irrigation plan district irrigation plan balasore

DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLANDISTRICT IRRIGATION PLANDISTRICT IRRIGATION PLANDISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN

OF

BALASORE

(ODISHA)

PRADHAN MANTRI KRISHI SINCHAPRADHAN MANTRI KRISHI SINCHAPRADHAN MANTRI KRISHI SINCHAPRADHAN MANTRI KRISHI SINCHAYEEYEEYEEYEE YOJANA (PMKSY) YOJANA (PMKSY) YOJANA (PMKSY) YOJANA (PMKSY)

MARCH-2016

DISTRICT LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE

BALASORE, ODISHA

CONTENTS

Chapter Particulars Page

Executive Summary

1. Introduction 1

i. Background 2

ii. Vision 2

iii. Objective 3

iv. Strategy/Approach 3-7

v. Rationale/Justification Statement 8-10

Chapter-I: General Information of the District:

1.1: District Profile: 11-14

1.2: Demography: 14-17

1.3: Biomass and Livestock 17-20

1.4: Agro-Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography: 20-23

1.5: Soil Profile 23-26

1.6: Soil Erosion and Runoff Status 27

1.7: Land Use Pattern: 27-29

Chapter-II: District Water Profile:

2.1: Area Wise, Crop Wise irrigation Status 30-36

2.2: Production and Productivity of Major Crops 37-41

2.3: Irrigation based classification 41-43

Chapter III: Water Availability:

3.1: Status of Water Availability 44-45

3.2: Status of Ground Water Availability 46

3.3: Status of Command Area 47

3.4: Existing Type of Irrigation 48

Chapter IV: Water Requirement /Demand:

4.1: Domestic Water Demand: 49-50

4.2: Crop Water Demand: 50-55

4.3: Livestock Water Demand: 56

4.4: Industrial Water Demand: 56-57

4.5: Water Demand for Power Generation: 57

4.6: Total Water Demand of the District for Various sectors: 57-58

4.7: Water Budget: 58-60

Chapter V: Strategic Action Flan for Irrigation in District under

PMKSY 61-81

Annexure-1 Water requirement of different Crops & Common Values of

water requirement of different livestock

Annexure-2 District and Block wise land use and soil maps

LIST OF TABLES

SL.No. Title Page

1.1 District Profile 12

1.2. Demographic Pattern of Balasore District 15

1.2.1 Operational Holding of Balasore District 17

1.3 Biomass and Livestock Scenario of Balasore District 18

1.4.1 Agro-ecological Situations of Balasore 20

1.4.2 Rainfall distribution pattern 21

1.4.3 Land topography pattern of Balasore District 22

1.5 Major Soil Types of Balasore District 24

1.5.1 Soil Profile of Balasore District 25

1.6 Soil Erosion and Runoff Status 27

1.7.1 Land Utilisation Pattern of Balasore District 28

1.7.2 Block wise area under agriculture 28

2.1.1 Block wise Irrigation status of cereal crop 30

2.1.2 Block wise Irrigation status of pulse and oilseed crop 32

2.1.3 Block wise Irrigation status of Vegetable crop 34

2.1.4 Block and Season wise Rainfed and Irrigated area 35

2.2.1. Block wise Production and Productivity of kharif Paddy 37

2.2.2. Block wise Production and Productivity of Green Gram 38

2.2.3. Block wise Production and Productivity of Black Gram 39

2.2.4 Block wise Production and Productivity of Groundnut 40

2.2.5 Block wise Production and Productivity of Mustard 41

2.3. Irrigation Based Classification of Balasore District 42

3.1. Status of Water Availability 44

3.1.1 Status of Water Availability: Irrigation Potential 45

3.2 Status of Ground Water Availability 46

3.3 Status of Command Area 47

3.4 Existing type of irrigation 48

4.1 Block wise Domestic Water Demand 50

4.2 Block wise Crop Water Requirement 51

4.2.1 Block wise crop water demand and gap 54

4.3 Livestock Water Demand 56

4.4 Industrial Water Demand 57

4.6 Total Water Demand of the district from various Sectors 58

4.7 Water Budget, availability and gap 59

5.1 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in District under PMKSY-Plan A 62-76

5.1.1 Strategic Action Plan under AIBP Component 62

5.1.2 Strategic Action Plan under Har Khet Ko Pani Component 63

5.1.3 Strategic Action Plan under Per drop more Crop component 65

5.1.4 Strategic Action Plan under PMKSY (Watershed) component 67

5.1.5 Strategic Action Plan under Convergence with MGNREGA component 72

5.1.6 Strategic Action Plan under State Planned Scheme of Irrigation component 73

5.1.7 Strategic Action Plan under Irrigation scheme of State Agriculture

Department component 74

5.1.8 Component wise Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation under PMKSY 75

5.2. Plan B: Long Term District Irrigation Plan (2021-22 to2040-41 ) 79

LIST OF FIGURES

SL.

No. Title Page

1.1 Map of the District 11

1.2.a Block wise Household and Population of Balasore District 15

1.2.b Population Statistics of Balasore District 16

1.3 Block wise Population of large and small animals and poultry birds 19

1.7.2.a Block wise area under agriculture 29

1.7.2.b Block wise cropping intensity 29

2.1.1.a Block wise Area under Cereal crop (Kharif) 31

2.1.1.b Area under Cereal crops under rainfed and Irrigated Condition. 32

2.1.2.a Area under Pulse crops under rainfed and Irrigated Condition 33

2.1.2.b Area under oilseed crops under rainfed and Irrigated Condition 34

2.1.3 Area under vegetables under rainfed and Irrigated Condition 35

2.2.1 Figure 2.2.1 Block wise Production of winter Paddy 37

2.2.2 Block wise Productivity of winter Paddy 38

2.3 Irrigation Based Classification in Balasore District 42

4.2.1 Block wise crop water demand 55

ABBREVIATIONS

ACZ Agro- Climatic Zone

ADR Associate Director of Research

AES Agro-Ecological Situation

AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme

BCM Billion Cubic Metres

CADA Command Area Development Agency

CDC Cattle Development Centre

DAC&FW Department of Agricultural Co-Operation & Farmers Welfare

DDA Deputy Director Agriculture

DIC District Industries Centre

DIP District Irrigation Plan

DLIC District Level Implementation Committee

DoLR Department of Land Resources

DoWR Department of Water Resources

DSR Direct Seeded Rice

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HA Hactre

HaM Hactre Metre

HKKP Har Khet Ko Pani

KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra

LI Lift Irrigation

MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

MI Minor Irrigation

MOA&FW Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

MoRD Ministry of Rural Development

MoWR Ministry of Water Resources

MT Metric Tone

NGO Non Government Organization

NRM Natural Resource Management

PIM Participatory Irrigation Management

OLIC Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation

OUAT Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology

PD Project Director

PDMC Per Drop More Crop

PMKSY Pradhan Mantra Krishi Sinchai Yojana

Qt Quintal

RRR Repair Renovation and Restoration

RRTTS Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station

SC Schedule Caste

ST Schedule Tribe

SRI System of Rice Intensification

SSI System of Sugarcane Intensification

SMI System of Mustard Intensification

TSA Technical Support Agency

WHS Water Harvesting Structure

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

Efficient use of water resources is critically essential for the survival of the increasing

population under the changing global climatic scenario. Rainfall is the major source

of freshwater resources but unfortunately it is unevenly distributed and highly erratic

both in terms of time and space. On an average around 75 % of the total annual

precipitation is confined to the monsoon season from June to September. Due to

typical topography, absence of adequate rain water harvesting and storage

structures and lack of community awareness only 18 % of the available rainfall can

be utilized. Demand for water by various sectors like agriculture, industry, drinking

water and sanitation, livestock rearing, other domestic consumptions and power

generation is constantly increasing and there has been growing competition among

these sectors due to population growth, urbanization, industrialization, irrigation

expansion and establishment of hydro-power projects. Impact of climate change can

further trigger the water crisis through scanty and erratic rainfall with intermittent dry

spells.

Agriculture is the major source of livelihoods for the people of Balasore district

providing employment opportunities to around 75 % of the rural population. The

District has a total geographical area of 3, 77, 400 hectors & Cultivated area of

2,50, 550 hectors (66 % of the Geographical area) . Rice is the principal crop of the

district and cultivated in an area of around 2,20,830 hectors. Besides, Rice, Pulses,

Oil Seeds & Vegetables are the major crops and mostly cultivated during Rabi

season. The District comes under North- Eastern Coastal Plain Agro-climatic zone

experiencing moist & sub- humid climate. The net irrigated area during kharif is

1,06,620 ha. & during Rabi it is around 83200 ha and plays a vital role in

sustaining crop productivity under the changing climatic scenario.

As Agriculture under assured irrigation facility has been fundamental to the food and

livelihood security of the farmers and fundamental to the economic development of a

region, the Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was promoted by

Honourable President of India in his address during 16th Lok Sabha for bringing

revolution to agricultural sector by enhancing crop production and productivity. The

main thrust of PMKSY yojana is Har Khet Ko Pani and Per drop more crop. The

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government of India has mandated different state governments to prepare District

Irrigation Plans (DIP) which would strategically plan for the expansion of irrigation

area of the concerned district which would trigger higher crop production and

productivity.

The DIPs has emphasized to enhance the water potential of the district by creating

diversified water sources by promotion of water harvesting structure, lift irrigation

system, open well, dug well, cement lining of canal system and enhancing the

existing command area.

Background

The Associate Director of Research (ADR), Regional Research Technology Transfer

Station (RRTTS), Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Ranital

has been entrusted to prepare the District Irrigation Plan (DIP) for Balasore district

by the Dean of Research, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. The ADR selected a team

comprising of two scientists and one research assistant to prepare the district

irrigation plan in consultation with DLIC members and other related stakeholders.

The university was assigned to prepare DIP for Balasore district in the capacity of

Technical Support Agency (TSA) whose main mandate is to prepare the DIP in

consultation and coordination with DLIC. The role of TSA is to provide hand holding

and technical support to DLIC in preparing a good, relevant and tangible irrigation

plan for the district. The data for the preparation of DIP was collected, collated and

organised in DIP templates by the Project Director, Watershed Mission, Balasore

district and was handed over to OUAT after a through discussions in DLIC meetings.

The role of OUAT after receipt of data was to scrutinize the authenticity, reliability

and credibility of the data. The final selected data was analysed and interpreted fr

the preparation of DIP for the district.

Vision

The prime vision of the District Irrigation Plan is Hark het ko pani and Per drop more

crop. The thrust is to improve the production and productivity of agricultural crops by

provision of irrigation facilities and improve income from farm sector.

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Objectives

The broad objectives of PMKSY are:

a) Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation

of district level and, if required, sub district level water use plans).

b) Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area

under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani),

c) Integration of water source, distribution and its efficient use, to make best use

of water through appropriate technologies and practices.

d) Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage and increase

availability both in duration and extent,

e) Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving

technologies (More crop per drop).

f) Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation

practices

g) Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas using the watershed

approach towards soil and water conservation, regeneration of ground water,

arresting runoff, providing livelihood options and other NRM activities.

h) Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management

and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries.

i) Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban

agriculture, and

j) Attract greater private investments in irrigation.

Strategy and Approach

To achieve above objectives, PMKSY will strategize by focussing on end-to end

solution in irrigation supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network, efficient

farm level applications, extension services on new technologies & information etc.

Broadly, PMKSY in preparation of DIP for Balasore district will focus on:-

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a) Creation of new water sources; repair, restoration and renovation of defunct

water sources; construction of water harvesting structures, secondary & micro

storage, groundwater development, enhancing potentials of traditional water

bodies at village level like Bandhas (Odisha) etc.

b) Developing/augmenting distribution network where irrigation sources (both )

are available or created; assured and protective

c) Promotion of scientific moisture conservation and run off control measures to

improve ground water recharge so as to create opportunities for farmer to

access recharged water through shallow tube/dug wells;

d) Promoting efficient water conveyance and field application devices within the

farm viz, underground piping system, Drip & Sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns and

other application devices etc.;

e) Encouraging community irrigation through registered user groups/farmer

producers organisations/NGOs; and

f) Farmer oriented activities like capacity building, training and exposure visits,

demonstrations, farm schools, skill development in efficient water and crop

management practices (crop alignment) including large scale awareness on

more crop per drop of water through mass media campaign, exhibitions, field

days, and extension activities through short animation films etc.

The PMKSY will have following programme components:

A. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP): To focus on faster

completion of ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation including National

Projects.

B. PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani)

a) Creation of new water sources through Minor Irrigation (both surface and

ground water)

b) Repair, restoration and renovation of water bodies; strengthening carrying

capacity of traditional water sources, construction rain water harvesting

structures (Jal Sanchay);

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c) Command area development, strengthening and creation of distribution

network from source to the farm;

d) Ground water development in the areas where it is abundant, so that sink

is created to store runoff/ flood water during peak rainy season.

e) Improvement in water management and distribution system for water

bodies to take advantage of the available source which is not tapped to its

fullest capacity (deriving benefits from low hanging fruits). At least 10% of

the command area to be covered under micro/ precision irrigation.

f) Diversion of water from source of different location where it is plenty to

nearby water scarce areas, lift irrigation from water bodies/rivers at lower

elevation to supplement requirements beyond IWMP and MGNREGS

irrespective of irrigation command.

g) Creating and rejuvenating traditional water storage systems like Jal Katas,

Bandhas in Odisha at feasible locations.

C. PMKSY (Per Drop More Crop):

a) Programme management, preparation of State/District Irrigation Plan,

approval of annual action plan, Monitoring etc.

b) Promoting efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices

like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan);

c) Topping up of input cost particularly under civil construction beyond

permissible limit (40%), under MGNREGS for activities like lining inlet, outlet,

silt traps, distribution system etc.

d) Construction of micro irrigation structures to supplement source creation

activities including tube wells and dug wells (in areas where ground water is

available and not under semi critical /critical /over exploited category of

development) which are not supported under AIBP, PMKSY (Har Khet ko

Pani), PMKSY (Watershed) and MGNREGS as per block/district irrigation

plan.

6

e) Secondary storage structures at tail end of canal system to store water when

available in abundance (rainy season) or from perennial sources likestreams

for use during dry periods through effective on-farm water management;

f) Water lifting devices like diesel/ electric/ solar pumpsets including water

carriage pipes, underground piping system.

g) Extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and

agronomic measures including cropping alignment to maximise use of

available water including rainfall and minimise irrigation requirement (Jal

sarankchan);

h) Capacity building, training and awareness campaign including low cost

publications, use of pico projectors and low cost films for encouraging

potential use water source through technological, agronomic and

management practices including community irrigation.

i) The extension workers will be empowered to disseminate relevant

technologies under PMKSY only after requisite training is provided to them

especially in the area of promotion of scientific moisture conservation and

agronomic measures, improved/ innovative distribution system like pipe and

box outlet system, etc. Appropriate Domain Experts will act as Master

Trainers.

j) Information Communication Technology (ICT) interventions through NeGP-A

to be made use in the field of water use efficiency, precision irrigation

technologies, on farm water management, crop alignment etc. and also to do

intensive monitoring of the Scheme.

D. PMKSY (Watershed Development)

a) Effective management of runoff water and improved soil & moisture

conservation activities such as ridge area treatment, drainage line

treatment, rain water harvesting, in-situ moisture conservation and other

allied activities on watershed basis.

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b) Converging with MGNREGS for creation of water source to full potential in

identified backward rainfed blocks including renovation of traditional water

bodies

Calculation Factors

100 litres of water per day was considered for domestic consumptions both

per rural and urban population.

The annual population growth rate from 2001 census to 2011 census was

considered for projecting population growth from 2015 to 2021.

The crop water requirement as standardised by Indian Institute of Water

Management, ICAR, Government of India , Chandrasekhrpur, Bhubaneswar

was used to calculate the water requirement for crop, small & large ruminant

animals and poultry birds. (Annexure-1).

Around 80% water requirement for kharif crop is assumed to be met from

seasonal rainfall and hence the net crop water demand for kharif season will

be 20% of the total crop water requirement.

For rabi crop 100% of the water requirement is assumed to be met from

assured irrigation

The existing water resource potential has been calculated by combining the

water requirements for both kharif and rabi crops, water utilised for domestic

and livestock purposes, water consumed by cottage, heavy and power

generation industries, etc. Calculated per annum basis.

For estimation of projected crop water demand for the year 2021, the

present irrigation crop water demand ( 2015 value)was multiplied by a factor

of 1.1365 (as the agricultural growth rate for five years is 13.65% as per the

estimate of Planning Commission, Government of India).

For estimation of projected livestock water demand by the year 2021, a factor

of 1.15 is multiplied to present (2015) livestock water demand.

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Rationale/Justification

Irrigation is one of the most important critical inputs in agriculture which has the

potential to enhance crop production and productivity by more than 45 % alone.

Under the changing climatic scenario where, erratic and scanty rainfall with frequent

seasonal climatic aberration undermines the agriculture productivity, bringing more

area under assured irrigation facility is of utmost importance. In Balasore district out

of the total cultivable area of 250550 ha, practically only 1,06,620 ha during kharif &

83200 ha during rabi season has the assured irrigation facility, though the district

has the irrigation potential of 174590 ha during kharif season and 116692 ha during

rabi season. Hence, there is a need to increase the actual irrigation potential to

obtain higher crop production and income from agriculture sector. The Prime Minister

Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) is such initiative floated by the Government of

India to improve the irrigation potential of the districts in India by converging the

resources of different government departments and focusing on infrastructure

creations in agricultural sector to enhance livelihood security of the farming people.

The rain fed areas are subjected to high risk of crop production. Substantial

dependency on monsoon rainfall makes cultivation in un-irrigated areas a high risk,

less productive farming profession. To make the farming a profitable enterprise and

to provide substantial employment opportunities to the future generation for their

sustainable livelihood security, promotion of assured irrigation system is a viable

option. Empirical evidences suggest that assured or protective irrigation encourages

farmers to invest more in farming technology and inputs leading to productivity

enhancement and increased farm income. The overreaching vision of PMKSY will

be to ensure access to some means of assured irrigation to all farming community in

the district, to produce per drop more crop thus bringing much desired rural

prosperity. As per the guideline of PMKSY, DLIC is to prepare a perspective and

strategic plan for irrigation facilities development in the district based on the priorities

of the blocks and indicate implementation strategy and expected outputs/outcomes,

financial outlays and approach. The detailed strategic plan of Balasore district has

been prepared based on the objectives, thrusts and approaches of PMKSY.

Realizing the existing water potential and total water demand of the district, it can be

concluded that Balasore is a water surplus district with net surplus of 0.23461 BCM.

However, the blocks like Baliapal, Bhograi, Soro, Bahanaga, Simulia and Khaira

9

have negative water gap justifying the need to include more area under irrigation.

However, some of the above blocks like Baliapal, Bhograi, Simula though have

higher irrigation facilities are still considered to be thirst because of their higher

acreage under irrigated rice crop. In these blocks priority must be given on crop

diversification with low water duty crops, enhancing water use efficiency, adoption of

water saving technologies like conservation agriculture (Mechanized DSR, Zero or

minimum tillage) and minimization of conveyance losses. Simultaneously other

potential and feasible water sources of these blocks may be explored to further

enhance the irrigation capacity and water potential.

It is very contrasting to witness that in the water surplus blocks like Nilagiri,

Oupada, Balaosre, Basta and Remuna the cropping intensity is not very encouraging

despite of the availability of both surface and ground water. The reason may be

attributed to non-exploitation of the available resources to the optimum level through

irrigation facilities. In the blocks like Nilagiri and Oupada having low irrigation

facilities emphasis need to be given on the expansion of irrigation through different

sources, revival of the existing irrigation structures and massive rain water

harvesting and ground water recharge. In the blocks having higher irrigation potential

like Basta, Jaleswar, Remuna and Balasore, both crop intensification and

diversification will be the first priority to sustainably use the existing water resources.

Sometimes the available surface water is not optimally used due to the non

availability of water to the tail end area, faulty irrigation techniques like flood method

of irrigation, poor management in the command areas and lack of proper crop

planning. Frequent scanty and erratic rainfall with frequent seasonal climatic

aberrations over the last few years has decreased the surface water flow and limited

the water availability for irrigation purpose during rabi season. Intensifying

Command Area Development activities and strengthening of Pani Panchayats need

to be taken up for ensuring Har Khet Ho Pani so that existing water can be optimally

used through judicious crop planning. Similarly, revival of the traditional water

bodies, water retention in the seasonal drainage courses and restoration of the

existing rain water harvesting structures have to be taken up to meet the growing

livestock water demand of the livestock populous blocks. For meeting the growing

demand for domestic consumption optimum use of water and recycling of use water

may be popularized.

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During the coming five year 2016-17 to 2020-21 irrigation potential to be

extended to 125896.68 ha area in Balasore district and out of which 113642.68 ha

through PMKSY ( 78600 ha through new irrigation development and 47296.8 ha

through renovation and restoration activities) with a financial requirement of Rs.

1785.31 crores.

During the coming five year i.e. 2016-17 to 2020-21 irrigation potential to be

strengthened in 127320.21 ha area in Balasore district and out of which 115066.21

ha through PMKSY ( 77300 ha new irrigation development and 37766.21 ha

renovation and restoration activities) with a financial requirement of Rs. 1785.32

crores. However, the judicious utilization of the created water potential is of

paramount significance. This necessitates planned strategy for crop diversification to

non-paddy cash crops mostly during the rabi season to improve the economic

condition of the farmers through judicious crop planning and efficient utilisation of

available water resources. Besides, a long term perspective plan will focus on the

holistic development of irrigation sector through creation of more irrigation

infrastructures ground water development, restoration of existing structures and

development of rainwater harvesting structures to cover more area under assured

irrigation to mitigate the impact of seasonal climatic aberration. For the coming 20

years a financial outlay of Rs. 2086.00 is proposed to be spent on irrigation

development for sustaining agriculture productivity and meeting the domestic and

other water demand of Balasore district. However, it must be noted that this is not a

static document; rather the plan will incorporate all the courses of actions to

accommodate the future need of the district. This district irrigation plan can provide

workable solutions to the local water management issues while, planning for the,

long term sustainable irrigation development in the district.

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CHAPTER-I: GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE DISTRICT:

1.1 District profile

Balasore is one of the northern districts of the state of Odisha situated along

the coast line of Bay of Bengal with a total geographical area of 3634 sq. km. The

District is surrounded by Medinipur district of West Bengal in its northern side, Bay of

Bengal in its east, Bhadrak district in its south and Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar

districts lies on its western side and is located at 21003 to 21059 North latitude and

86020 to 87029 East Longitude. The district head quarter, Balasore is 214 kms from

the State Capital, Bhubaneswar and is 220 km from the nearest metro city

Kolkataand and is well connected with other parts of the state and country with well

developed road and railway network. On transport and communication point of view

Balasore is strategically located with two National Highways i.e. NH- 5 and NH-60,

some state high ways and good number of district and rural roads. South Eastern

Railway line runs for about 114.98 Kms inside the district and is the major

communication system connecting Balasore with rest part of the state and country.

However, the presence of rivers, rivulets, natural drainage channels, canals and

creeks sometimes act as physical barriers for the efficient transport and

communication to some part of the district especially to rural areas. It is one of the

most populous districts of the state as it accommodates 5.50% of total population of

the state with only 2.44% of the total land mass.

Figure 1.1 MAP OF THE DISTRICT

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Table 1.1. District Profile.

SL DISTRICT DISTRICT

CODE LATITUDE LONGITUDE

1 BALASORE 377 21 03 to 21 59 N 86 20 to 87 29 E

Blocks

1 Balasore 21 29' 12.9624'' N 86 55' 28.5600'' E

2 Remuna 21 31' 35.5980'' N 86 52' 10.9452'' E

3 Basta 21 41' 48.3972'' N 87 3' 35.7408'' E

4 Baliapal 21 39' 15.8184'' N 87 16' 58.6920'' E

5 Bhograi 21 39' 15.1164'' N 87 21' 49.3308'' E

6 jaleswar 21 48' 13.9968'' N 87 13' 37.1892'' E

7 Bahanaga 21 21' 4.2192'' N 86 46' 2.6544'' E

8 Soro 21 17' 16.5048'' N 86 41' 28.7592'' E

9 Simulia 20 46' 20.2008'' N 86 44' 2.4792'' E

10 Khaira 21 0' 36.9612'' N 86 9' 21.9564'' E

11 Nilagiri 21 27' 42.7644'' N 86 45' 24.1992'' E

12 Oupada 20 32' 33.7308'' N 86 40' 32.1168'' E

The district has 81 km of coast line and because of its proximity to sea, it is

interspersed with a number of perennial rivers, rivulets, seasonal streams and saline

creeks. As a major portion of the district is situated in the deltaic region of the river

systems, it possess huge fertile alluvial deposits and suitable for intensive crop

production. Agriculture is predominantly a rice based farming system and rice

occupies around 90 % of the cultivable land during kharif season. Therefore, rice has

been deeply linked with the tradition, culture, food, lifestyle and livelihoods of the

people of the district. Balasore is commonly known as the land of Dhana (Rice),

Pana (Beetlevine) and Mina (Fish). Beetle vine is an important cash crop in the

district and provide income and employment opportunity to a sizable number of farm

families and rural youths through production, processing, value addition and

marketing. There is a well established market network and value chain for beetle vine

and its products. As the district has 80 km coast line, number of small and large river

systems, estuaries, creeks and many fresh water bodies, it is bestowed with vast

freshwater, brackish water and marine fisheries resources and provides both primary

and supplemental livelihoods to a number of farm families. Rice and fish constitute

the staple food of the people of the district and are the chief commodities in the

district followed by vegetables and coconut. Predominance of low lying areas and

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prolonged water logging condition is the limiting factor for achieving crop

diversification in Balasore district mostly during kharif season and hinders agricultural

growth in the district.

However, the presence of a wide river network and poor drainage facility

makes the district prone to recurrent flood like situations almost every year causing

enormous loss to agriculture and infrastructure. Besides, flood, Balasore is also

prone to natural disasters like cyclone, seasonal storms and drought that regularly

ravage the economy of the district and undermine the livelihoods of the rural

communities. Around 89 % of the total population live in the rural areas and depend

on agriculture and allied sector to derive their daily sustenance. Besides, Agriculture,

Fishery and Animal Husbandry, Industries and Tourism are also the major revenue

sources of Balasore District. Birla Tyres, Balasore Alloys Limited, Emami Paper Mills

Limited and Polar Pharma India Limited are some of the largescale industries

functioning in this district. However, the district lack mineral resources unlike its

neighbouring districts like Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj so also major and medium

industries. But a large number of cottage and village industries, agro-industries,

handicraft units and other unorganised small scale units provide employment

opportunities in rural areas. There are many beautiful sea beaches, ancient temples

and places for scenic beauty attract many local and national tourists and provide

income sources for the local people.

Balasore is an important cultural, educational, spiritual and economic centre in

the state of Odisha. The name Balasore is recognised from the Persian word BALA-

E-SHORE which means Town in the sea. It was a part of the ancient Kalinga

kingdom and later became a territory of Utkal. It was annexed by Moghuls in 1568

and remained as a part of their empire up to the middle of eighteenth century. Then

the Marathas occupied this part of Orissa and it became a part of the dominion of the

Marahatta Kings of Nagpur. The East India Company ceded this part through a treaty

called treaty of Deogaon in 1803 and it remained a part of Bengal Presidency up to

1912. However, it was created as a separate district in October 1828. Later with the

creation of Bihar province, Balasore district was kept under the administrative control

of Bihar province. However, with the creation of Orissa as a separate State on 1st

April 1936, Balasore became an integral part of Orissa State. Subsequently, the

princely state of Nilagiri was merged with state of Orissa in January 1948 and

14

became a part of Balasore district as a sub-division. Upto 1993, Balasore was one of

the thirteen undivided districts of Odisha with three sub-divisions Balasore, Nilagiri

and Bhadrak. On 3rd April 1993, Bhadrak Sub-division of the district became a

separate district and Balasore remains one of the thirty districts of Orissa with two

Sub-divisions namely Balasore and Nilagiri.

For effective administration, Balasore district is divided into 12 CD blocks

namely, Bahanaga, Balasore, Baliapal,

Basta, Bhograi, Jaleswar, Khaira, Nilgiri,

Oupada, Remuna, Simulia and Soro. For

revenue administration purpose, the

district is divided in to 12 Tehasils. The

district has 2952 revenue villages, out of

which 2587 are inhabited and 365 are

uninhabited. For effective governance at

grass root level, these villages are under

the jurisdiction of 289 Gram Panchayats. Among the blocks Bhogari has the

maximum numbers of GP (32), followed by Khaira (30), Remuna (28), Balasore

sadar, Baliapal and Jaleswar with 27 GPs each and Oupada has the minimum

number of GPs (11).

Administrative setup of Balasore District:

No. of Sub-Divisions : 2 No. of Tehsils : 12

No. of Municipalities/Corporation :

1 No. of N.A.Cs : 3

No. of Blocks : 12 No. of Police Stations : 23

No. of Gram Panchayats : 289 No. of Inhabited Villages : 2587

No. of villages : 2952 No. of Uninhabited Villages :

365

1.2 Demography:

Balasore is one of the most populous districts of the state as it accommodates

5.50% of total population of the state with only 2.44% of the total land mass of the

15

state. The population density of the district (583) is very high; more than double that

of Orissa State (236).

Table 1.2 Demographic Pattern of Balasore District.

Block Population SC ST General Total

M F CH* Total

No.of HH

No.of Member

No.of HH

No.of Members

No.of HH

No.of Members

No.of HH

No.of Members

Balasore 127278119769 32064 279111 17386 69544 7384 29525 45011 180042 69781 279111

Remuna 92220 87824 22305 202349 11593 46370 6616 26463 32379 129516 50587 202349

Basta 64523 61139 16177 141839 5286 21144 3942 15766 26232 104929 35460 141839

Jaleswar 103277 98336 20602 222215 9889 39557 9604 38415 36061 144243 55554 222215

Baliapal 100840 96419 25270 222529 11200 44800 2815 11258 41618 166471 55632 222529

Bhograi 103560 96611 22656 222827 10744 42975 1128 4614 43810 175238 55681 222827

Soro 72428 68179 17637 158244 7254 29015 2190 8758 30119 120471 39562 158244

Bahanaga 71265 67104 16334 154703 10548 42190 946 3763 27188 108750 38681 154703

Simulia 62017 59499 15213 136729 6642 26566 1592 6354 25952 103809 34186 136729

Khaira 60050 61225 14857 136132 7186 28744 2317 9267 24530 98121 34033 136132

Nilgiri 64713 64647 18774 148134 3190 12761 18675 74701 15168 60672 37034 148134

Oupada 42048 40869 11002 93919 3470 13879 4139 16556 15871 63484 23480 93919 Total 964219 921621 232891 2118731 104386 417545 61346 245440 363938 1455746 529670 2118731

Source: Census;2011

Figure 1.2 a. Block wise Household and Population of Balasore District

Among the blocks, Balasore is the most populous block followed by Bhograi, Baliapal

and Jaleswar, whereas. Oupada is the least populated block. Among the social

groups General category dominate the district population and the percentage of

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe population to the total population in the

16

district is recorded to be 19.7 and 11.6 %,

respectively. The highest scheduled caste

population is found in Balasore block followed by

Remuna, Baliapal and Bhograi. Nilagiri has the

highest scheduled tribe population followed by

Jaleswar and the other blocks have less ST

population. The sex ratio of the district is found to

be 956 and among the blocks sex ratio is the highest in Khaira (1020) followed by

Nilagiri (999) and Oupada (972) and the lowest in Bhograi (933).

Figure 1. 2 b. Population Statistics of Balasore District

Operational Holding of Balasore District.

The average holding size of Balasore district is only 0.78 ha, one of the lowest

in the state owing to high population density. The northern parts of the district have

higher population density in comparison to the rest part of the district. Land

distribution is very much skewed as the marginal farmers dominate the farm families

(83.76 %) and holds only 57.50 % of the cultivable area. Small and semi-medium

farmers belong to 15.91 % of the total farming community and occupy 39.40 % of the

cultivable area. Percentage of large and medium farmers (>4 ha) are very less in the

district. Fragmented landholding sometimes hinders the adoption of improved and hi-

tech agriculture practices and farm mechanisation.

17

Table 1.2.1. Operational Holding of Balasore District

Category Number % of total Area (ha) % of total Marginal (

18

of the vulnerable rural poor. However, animal husbandry in the district is mostly

subsistence in nature characterised by the indigenous breeds, poor feed

management and traditional management practices. Realising the importance of this

sector, thrust has been given in the recent years to promote scientific livestock

farming with the adoption of improved breeds and scientific management practices.

The district livestock scenario though largely dominated by cow and goat, buffalo,

sheep, pig, poultry birds and ducks also constitute the integral part of the system.

Table 1.3. Biomass and Livestock Scenario of Balasore District

SMALL ANIMALS LARGE ANIMALS

BLOCK POULTRY (NO)

DUCKS (NO)

PIGS (NO)

GOATS (NO)

SHEEP (NO)

INDIGENIOUS COWS (NO)

HYBRID COWS (NO)

INDESCRIPTIVE

BUFFALO (NO)

DRAFT / ANIMAL

(BUFFALO / BULLS /

(NO)

Total

Jaleswar 112619 1419 1216 37405 680 43287 3719 818 171 201334

Bhograi 73242 795 73 14009 54 71394 2873 91 19 162550

Oupada 20439 24 28 11578 19 13224 315 67 11 45705

Baliapal 55182 508 210 30719 42 46486 5552 241 268 139208

Bahanaga 263013 596 0 25386 0 36419 2002 22 20 327458

Nilgiri 17689 276 99 10722 7 7327 283 157 28 36588

Soro 158192 41 92 26279 39 36173 1675 62 13 222566

Simulia 28619 549 32 18941 0 27741 3685 0 69 79636

Khaira 76152 401 27 25578 36 42888 793 2 6 145883

Remuna 155621 1540 352 28511 1655 33235 2414 60 94 223482

Sadar 63040 2674 143 23569 2128 27804 2252 199 50 121859

Basta 76246 812 1190 34678 372 32969 4282 10 182 150741

Total 1100054 9635 3462 287375 5032 418947 29845 1729 931 1857010

Source: Animal Resource Department, Balaosre

The district has a cattle population of 448792, buffalo population of 1729,

sheep population of 5032, goat population of 287375, pig population of 3462 and

poultry bird population of 1109689 (including poultry and ducks). The cattle

population is the highest in Bhograi, followed by Baliapal and Jaleswar and the

lowest in Nilagiri and Oupada. Farmers mostly rear the indigenous breed of cattle

and the crossbred/improved cows account for only 6.65 % of the total cattle

population in the district. Among the blocks the breed replacement is the highest in

Baliapal, followed by Basta, Jaleswar and Simulia. The goat population is maximum

in Jaleswar, followed by Basta and Baliapal and the poultry bird population is the

highest in Bahanaga, followed by Soro, Remuna and Jaleswar.

19

A total amount of 1627.4 lakh litres of milk were produced per year (CDAP,

Balasore). The per capita availability of milk is only 45 gms/day as against state

figure of 94 gms/day and ICMR recommendation of 250 gm of milk/day. This is due

to the low productivity of cows in the district. Crossbred/improved cows account for

only 6.65 % of the total cattle population in the district and contribute towards around

40 % of the milk production. In contrast the indigenous cows which account for

93.35 % of the total cattle population in the district, but contribute to only around

55 % to the total milk production. Contribution of buffalo to the district milk production

is very minimum owing to their low population (Comprehensive District Annual Plan,

2011-12). Besides, the low productivity of indigenous breeds, low availability of

natural feed and poor management practices largely contribute to the low milk

productivity of the district.

Figure 1.3 Block wise Population of large and small animals and poultry birds

Like many other coastal districts of the state, Balasore has low green cover owing to

less area under natural forest (26,288 ha), miscellaneous trees, grooves and other

plantations (25,305 ha) and permanent pasture (16483 ha). High population density

and increasing demand of land for habitation and agriculture has resulted in

uncontrolled encroachment to these common property resources (CPR) leading to

further degradation and shrinkage of the district green cover. This less area under

20

forest, plantation and pasture also contribute to lower biomass yield and undermine

the availability of fodder, firewood and other products.

1.4 Agro-ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography.

Balasore is coming under the agro-climatic zone of East Coast Plains & Hills

Region (XI) (Planning Commission) and North Eastern Coastal Plain Zone of Orissa

(OR-3) (NARP) and mostly experience moist sub-humid climate. Geographically, the

district comprises of three distinct regions of the north- western hill ranges, coastal

area and inner alluvial belt. Based on the soil type, rainfall, topography and irrigation

facility, the district is divided into six Agro-ecological regions viz. Red laterite rainfed,

Red laterite canal irrigated, Alluvial canal irrigated, Alluvial rainfed, Low lying & flood

prone and Saline soil group.

Table 1.4.1 Agro-ecological Situations of Balasore

Agro-

ecological

Situations

Blocks Covered

Area in

000 ha

% to

geographical

area

Soil

type

Rainfall

Red laterite

rainfed

Nilgiri & Oupada 49.062 13.00 Lateritic 1494 mm

Red laterite

canal irrigated

Khaira 41.514 11.00 Lateritic 1364 mm

Alluvial Canal

Irrigated

Simulia 22.644 6.00 Alluvium 1354 mm

Alluvial

Rainfed

Bahanaga, Jaleswar,

Bhograi & Remuna

98.124 26.00 Alluvium 1367 mm

Low lying &

flood prone

Balasore, Basta &

Baliapal

90.576 24.00 Alluvium 1417 mm

Saline Soil Basta, Bahanaga, 75.480 20.00 Saline 1143 to

Block wise area under forest & plantation Block wise area under Pasture

21

Group Baliapal, Bhograi,

Remuna & Soro

1627mm

Source: SREP & CDAP, Balaosre

Climate of the district is generally hot with high humidity. Monsoon generally

arrives in the district from 14th of June every year. Annual normal rainfall of the

district is 1592 mm, which is almost 9% higher than normal rainfall of the state. This

is due to frequent cyclones which cause major precipitations in the area. The district

is generally affected by cyclones which are caused when depressions originate in the

Bay of Bengal over Andaman & Nicobar Islands and move towards East Coast of

India. The rainfall during June to December constitutes at least 75 Percent of the

total rainfall through south - west monsoon with an average of 62 rainy days in the

year. Maximum Temperature of the district varies between 29oC in the month of

January to 35oC in the month of April. January and December are the coldest month

of the year with average temperature of 14oC. Humidity of the district generally

ranges between 66% in the month of April and May to 83% in the month of August.

Table 1.4.2 Rainfall distribution pattern:

Period Normal Rainfall (mm) % to total Rainfall

Pre Monsoon (February to May) 236.90 14.88

Monsoon (June to September) 1129.80 70.97

Post-Monsoon (October to January 225.30 14.15

The district is bestowed with some major rivers systems like Subarnarekha,

Budhabalanga, and Kansabansa and small rivers like Sono, Jalaka, Gangahara,

Sapua and Palpada. Except Oupada, almost all the blocks are blessed with one or

more rivers systems as mentioned below.

Block River System Block River System

Balasore Budhabalanga,

Gangahara

Bahanaga Kansabansa

Remuna Budhabalag, Sono,

Gangahara

Khaira Kansabansa

Basta Subarnarekha,

Jalaka, Budhabalanga

Nilgiri Sono, Sapua

Bhograi Subarnarekha, Chitei,

Simulia Kansabansa

22

Bhandaria

Baliapal Subarnarekha Soro Kansbasa

Jaleswar Subarnarekha Oupada -

Source: Comprehensive District Annual Plan, Balasore, 2011-12

The river Subarnarekha originates in Chhotnagpur hills of Jharkhand state,

enters Balasore district near Olmara of Jaleswar block and falls in to Bay of Bengal

near Kirtania of Bhograi block. The river Budhabalanga originates from Similipal hills

of Mayurbhanj district and enters Balasore near Kalyanpur of Remuna block and

falls in to Bay of Bengal near Balaramgadi. This river is fed by other rivulets like Sono

and Gangahara. The river Jalaka originates in Mayurbhanj district and the rain water

of Mayurbhanj district is mainly

discharged through this river. The

river is named as Jambhira in

Mayurbhanj district and Jalaka in

Balsore district. It falls in to Bay of

Bengal near Kasafala. River

Kansabansa though a small river

but spreads over the blocks of

Simulia, Khaira, Soro and

Bahanaga. River Sono is also a

small river falls in the river Budhabalanga near Govindpur village of Remuna block. In

addition to these rivers, a good number of small rivers/rivulets also present in the

district and contribute significantly to its hydrological scenario.

Topographically, the district is divided in to three well defined regions like

Saline tract along the coast, Arable tract or rice country and The Sub mountainous

tract or forest area. Major parts of the district are plain, whereas the North-Western

part is covered with hills or hillocks. Because of proximity to sea, the altitude is very

low almost very close to mean sea level. However, topographically the cultivable land

is classified into upland, medium land and low land and the block wise land

classification is mentioned below.

Table 1.4.3 Land topography pattern of Balasore District:

Name of the Blocks High Land Medium Land Low Land Total

Sadar 5,076 12,030 11,944 29,050

23

Remuna 5,904 9,130 7,816 22,850

Basta 3,313 7,073 11,444 21,830

Jaleswar 5,194 8,017 14,609 27,820

Baliapal 3,591 7,253 9,566 20,410

Bhograi 2,643 10,054 8,803 21,500

Soro 1,647 8,997 8,396 19,040

Bahanaga 2,247 9,003 8,560 19,810

Simulia 428 9,822 6,460 16,710

Khaira 2,800 8,755 10,355 21,910

Nilagiri 3,372 7,191 6,737 17,300

Oupada 2,854 7,100 2,366 12,320

Total 39,069 1,04,425 1,07,056 2,50,550 Source: Official website of Balasore District, www.balasore.nic.in

The low land constitute 42.73 % of the total cultivable land of the district,

whereas the medium land comprises of 41.68 % and the upland represent 15.59 %

of the total cultivable land of the district. When

the uplands experience moisture stress like

situation, the low lands are prone to

submergence and water logging during the

rainy season. Out of 289 Gram Panchayats,

185 (64.02%) are located in plain topography.

Rests of the GP are located in unfavourable

topography. A total of 30 (10.38%) GPs have waterlogged condition throughout the

year, 20 (6.92%) GPs are located close to the sea, and 27 (9.34) GPs close to

forests (Comprehensive District Annual Plan 2011-12 Balasore District).

The rich water and soil resource endowment of the region produces a development

pressure with higher agriculture intensification and population density. However,

providing assured irrigation facilities would be the key to improve the agriculture and

livelihoods of the rural community. With reliable irrigation service, farmers would

adopt scientific crop production technologies, invest more on improved implements

and infrastructure and thus could produce and earn more.

1.5 Soil Profile.

The soil of the district is mostly alluvium, laterite, saline, clay, clayloam and

sandy loam. The soil of central region is very fertile for paddy and other crops. Soils

of Nilgiri Sub-division are mostly gravelly and lateritic soil, which is less fertile. The

24

coastal belt is flooded with brackish water of Estuaries Rivers which is unsuitable for

cultivation. The soil in this part is saline because of its nearness to sea-shore and

lack of proper drainage facility. The soil of the district bear variable physico-chemical

characteristics, the colour ranges from light grey and pale yellow to deep grey, and

the textures range from coarse sand to silt clay to clay. These soils are generally

fertile with low status of nitrogen and available phosphoric acid at certain places.

They usually contain sufficient quantity of potash. Soil reaction is acidic to neutral in

nature.Based on soil type, the district can be broadly divided in to 4 zones.

Table 1.5. Major Soil Types of Balasore District

Soil Type Blocks Important Characteristics

Saline soil Bhograi blocks, portions of Baliapal,

Balasore, Remuna,

Bahanaga and Soro blocks along coast

line. Bahanaga block was represented

maximum area (13%) under saline

condition followed by Baliapala block

(7%).

Soils are sandy loam or clayey,

neutral to strongly alkaline

Low in N and P2O5 and high in

K2O

Alluvial soil Simulia, Soro, Remuna, Balasore, Basta,

Bhograi, Baliapal and Jaleswar blocks.

Mostly acidic and neutral

Salt content is within 1ds/m

Organic carbon status is medium

Available phosphorus is low to

medium

Available potash is medium to

high

Laterite

soils

Jaleswar (Raibania area), Basta,

Remuna, Nilagiri,

Oupada and Khaira blocks.

Mostly acidic and neutral

Organic carbon status is medium

Available phosphorus is low

Available potash is medium to

high

Sandy soils Balasore, Remuna, Oupada, Bahanaga,

Soro, Simulia, and Khaira blocks.

High porosity with low water

holding capacity, Low in organic

carbon and soil fertility.

Soil reaction is acidic to neutral in nature and within 10 kms proximity of the

sea, the soils are saline and narrow strips of sandy soils are also seen. Almost

25

44.00% soils of the district are acidic in nature followed by 5.00% saline and only

51.00% normal in reaction (Comprehensive District Annual Plan 2011-12 Balasore

District). Block wise major soil classes with their geographical spread is mentioned

below.

Table 1.5.1 Soil Profile of Balasore District.

Blocks Soil Type Land Slope

Major Soil Classes Area (ha)

0-3% (ha)

3-8% (ha)

8-25% (ha)

>25% (ha)

BALASORE SADAR

MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 31726.75 26562.77 93.94

UNALTERED SOILS WITH COARSE PARENT MATERIALS (ENTISOLS) 2086.61 1482.30 125.08 1.07

UNCLASSIFIED SOIL( LIKE MUD FLATS) 13023.56 11919.22 133.43 2.31

Bahanaga MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 22581.85 20108.20 9.58

UNALTERED SOILS WITH COARSE PARENT MATERIALS (ENTISOLS) 841.33 396.51 0.01

UNCLASSIFIED SOIL( LIKE MUD FLATS) 2227.74 2159.55 0.02

Baliapal MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 16984.74 14744.58 285.50



Basta MATURED, RED & LATERITIC SOIL (ALFISOLS) 3.64 3.65 0.01




Bhograi MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 21227.45 17461.59 110.96



Jaleswar MATURED, RED & LATERITIC SOIL (ALFISOLS) 0.17 0.17


26



Khaira MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 33078.86 28775.10 181.45 377.14 35.08

UNALTERED SOILS WITH COARSE PARENT MATERIALS (ENTISOLS) 122.72 88.16


Nilagiri MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 39935.15 23747.31 4723.80 7644.02 802.73



Oupada MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 25865.88 13605.05 2979.28 6814.91


Remuna MATURED, RED & LATERITIC SOIL (ALFISOLS) 0.91 0.91




Simulia MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 20784.75 18651.26 3.61


UNCLASSIFIED SOIL( LIKE MUD FLATS) 219.95 151.28

Soro MIXED GREY SOIL (INCEPTISOLS) 25699.56 21113.04 212.95 302.87 27.94


UNCLASSIFIED SOIL( LIKE MUD FLATS) 2.23 1.43

In all the blocks the mixed grey soil (Inceptisols)

is the dominant soil group followed by the unclassified

soil (like mud flats). Except Nilagiri and Oupada all the

blocks belong to the plain region with the majority area

27

under the land slope of 0-3 % and very few areas are with 3-8 % land slope. Some

areas of Nilagiri and Oupada are in the higher topography with a land slope of 8-25

%.

1.6 Soil Erosion and Runoff Status

As majority area of the district belong to plain region with low land slope, the

soil erosion level is comparatively low and only 3696.51 sq. Km experience very

slight erosion and 109.49 sq. Km face slight erosion. The soil erosion level is

estimated to be 15 tonne soil/ ha. The peak rate of runoff is 208 cum/ hr with total

runoff volume 1.55 ha-m during the rainy season.

Table 1.6 Soil Erosion and Runoff Status

Erosion Class

Soil Erosion (Tone/ha) Runoff

V.Slight (< 5)

Slight (5-

10)

peak

Rate

(cum/hr)

Frequency

of Peak (No

in Months)

Total Runoff

Volume of

Rainy Season

(ha-m)

Time of return of

Maximum flood

area ,

sq. km % ta

area ,

sq. km % ta

5

Years

10

Years

In 15

Years

3696.51 2.37 109.49 0.07 15 208 4 1.55 5

1.7 Land Use Pattern

The geographical areas of all 12 blocks varied from 20498 ha in Simulia to

44735 ha in Balasore Sadar Block and agriculture land (cropped area) dominate the

land use pattern of the district. Balasore Sadar block has the highest net sown area

of 29050 ha, followed by Jaleswar, 27820 ha, Remuna 22850 ha, whereas, Oupada

has the lowest net sown area of 12320 ha. The Land utilization pattern of Balasore

district as indicated in Table 1.7.1 revealed that the district has low forest area (26

288 ha) and among the blocks Oupada has the highest forest area followed by

Nilagiri and Khaira. Other blocks have very meagre area under forest and Remuna,

Basta, Bhogarai block have no forest area. Out of total 9576 ha area under cultivable

waste land, Bhogarai Block has the highest (3159 ha) followed by Baliapala (2630

ha) and Balasore Sadar (1282 ha). An area of 10,008 ha of the district is under

barren and uncultivable land and the highest area under this category is recorded in

Baliapal block (2615 ha) followed by Balasore Sadar block (2425 ha). Fallow land

including both current and other fallow constitute an area of 10280 ha and the

28

maximum area under this type of land use is found in Bahanaga block (2639 ha)

followed by Basta (1425 ha) and Baliapal (1200 ha).

Table 1.7.1 Land Utilisation Pattern of Balasore District

Name of the Blocks

Geographical Area

Forest Area

Misc. Trees

Permanent Pastures

Cultivable waste land

Land put to Non- Agril. use

Barren & un-

cultivable land

Current fallow

Other fallow

Net area sown

Sadar 44,735 116 2,486 3,094 1,282 6,140 2,425 450 308 29050

Remuna 32,508 0 1,248 2,374 837 3,975 969 424 169 22850

Basta 27,764 0 1,406 1,333 76 4,327 41 88 1337 21830

Jaleswar 33,065 295 1,884 757 0 2,839 60 155 475 27820

Baliapal 34,121 368 2,559 2,088 2,630 3,467 2,615 1200 0 20410

Bhograi 41,522 0 2,599 4,461 3,159 7,978 1,936 1000 0 21500

Soro 25,229 273 1,998 184 194 2,064 830 410 0 19040

Bahanaga 25,580 75 920 812 530 2,656 282 2639 0 19810

Simulia 20,498 8 1,317 549 42 1,372 429 352 281 16710

Khaira 33,713 1214 6,957 254 724 2,286 148 0 220 21910

Nilagiri 22,417 2309 1,121 457 60 740 123 150 157 17300

Oupada 36,288 21630 810 120 42 1,021 150 40 155 12320

Total 3,77,440 26,288 25,305 16,483 9,576 38,865 10,008 6908 3372 250550

Source: Official website of Balasore District, www.balasore.nic.in

Table 1.7.2 Block wise area under agriculture

Name of the Blocks

Geographical Area (ha)

Gross cropped area (ha )

Net Sown Area ( ha)

Area sown more than Once (ha)

Cropping Intensity (%)

Sadar 44,735 36220 29050 7170 124.68

Remuna 32,508 30725 22850 7875 134.46

Basta 27,764 36475 21830 14645 167.09

Jaleswar 33,065 45180 27820 17360 162.40

Block wise Geographical area. Block wise Net Sown area.

29

Baliapal 34,121 35915 20410 15505 175.97

Bhograi 41,522 36350 21500 14850 169.07

Soro 25,229 24873 19040 5833 130.64

Bahanaga 25,580 25636 19810 5826 129.41

Simulia 20,498 21435 16710 4725 128.28

Khaira 33,713 26510 21910 4600 120.99

Nilagiri 22,417 18825 17300 1525 108.82

Oupada 36,288 14695 12320 2375 119.28

Total 3,77,440 352839 250550 102289 140.83

Source: District Agriculture Department, Balasore

Balasore district has the gross cropped area of 352839 ha (2015) and an area of

102289 ha is sown more than once. The cropping intensity of the district is estimated to be

140.83 %. Among the blocks Jaleswar has the highest gross cropped area of 45180 ha with

maximum area sown more than once (17360 ha). The lowest gross cropped area is found in

Oupada with 14695 ha. The cropping intensity is maximum in Baliapal (175.97 %), followed

by Bhograi (169.07 %), Basta (167.09 %), Jaleswar (162.40 %) and is minimum in Nilagiri

(108.82 %).

Figure. 1.7.2 a. Block wise area under agriculture

Figure 1.7.2 b. Block wise cropping intensity

30

CHAPTER-II: DISTRICT WATER PROFILE

Major portion of the geographical area of the district is under agriculture and

agriculture is the principal livelihood source for the rural community. It provides both

direct and indirect employment to the majority of the workforce (67%). The share of

agriculture in the district income is about 36% in the year 2013-14 which is more than

the state share (CDAP, Balasore). However, the productivity of agriculture greatly

depend on the availability of irrigation water as growing crops under rainfed condition

is always a risk particularly under the changing climatic scenario which cause uneven

distribution of rainfall and occurrence of climate extreme events.

2.1 Area wise, Crop wise irrigation status

In kharif season paddy is the principal crop with coverage of 91.81% of the

total cropped area in the season. This is followed by vegetable crops, spices and

jute. Similarly, in rabi season, pulse crop like mung, biri and vegetables are the

principal crop of the area. Sugarcane is cultivated in 320 ha in the district. Mung and

Biri are cultivated in available residual moisture in the paddy field. Cultivation of cash

crops like sunflower, groundnut, potato, onion, spices etc. is marginal in the district.

Table 2.1.1. Block wise Irrigation status of cereal crop

Block Kharif-2015 ( Area in ha.) Rabi -2014-15( Area in ha.) Total ( Area in ha.)

Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total

Balasore 6874 20626 27500 2059 0 2059 8933 20626 29559

Remuna 4886 12474 17360 860 0 860 5746 12474 18220

Basta 13850 6350 20200 4065 0 4065 17915 6350 24265

31

Jaleswar 11062 11638 22700 8050 0 8050 19112 11638 30750

Baliapal 6807 10353 17160 5220 0 5220 12027 10353 22380

Bhograi 12108 4612 16720 12085 0 12085 24193 4612 28805

Soro 4943 12912 17855 818 0 818 5761 12912 18673

Bahanaga 4270 14330 18600 766 0 766 5036 14330 19366

Simulia 16300 0 16300 411 0 411 16711 0 16711

Khaira 7060 12390 19450 420 0 420 7480 12390 19870

Nilagiri 5373 8647 14020 50 0 50 5423 8647 14070

Oupada 848 8847 9695 110 0 110 958 8847 9805

Total 94381 123179 217560 34914 0 34914 129295 123179 252474

(Source: Department of Agriculture, Balasore)

During the kharif season cereal crops (mostly rice) are grown in an area of

217560 ha, out of which 94381 ha is grown under irrigated condition and 123179 ha

is grown under rainfed condition. Among the blocks, Simulai has maximum area

under irrigate d rice (16300 ha), followed by Basta (13850 ha), Bhograi (12108 ha),

Jaleswar (11062 ha) and Oupada has the lowest area under irrigated rice (848 ha).

In Simulia total rice area is under assured irrigation facility. The maximum area

under rainfed rice is recorded in Balasore block (20626 ha), followed by Bahanaga

(14330 ha), Remuna (12474 ha) and Khaira (12390 ha). The highest area under

kharif rice is found in Balasore block (27500 ha), followed by Jaleswar (22700 ha)

and the lowest kharif rice area is recorded in Oupada (9695 ha).

Figure. 2.1.1 a Block wise Area under Cereal crop (Kharif)

32

During rabi season cereal

crops (mostly rice, few area under

wheat and maize) are grown under

assured irrigation facility and the

total area under rabi cereal crops in

the district is 34914 ha. Among the

blocks, Bhogari has the highest

cereal area (12085 ha), followed by

Jaleswar (8050), Baliapal (5220 ha) and Basta (4065 ha) and Balasore (2059 ha). All

the four northern blocks have maximum coverage of rabi rice due to higher irrigation

potential and maximum ground water exploitation. Rest of the blocks have very few

area under rabi cereal crops owing to their lower irrigation potential and non-

availability of water from the canal. The lowest area is in Nilagiri (50 ha) and Oupada

(110 ha). However, during both the season cereal crops are grown as irrigated crop

in 129295 ha and as rainfed crop in 123179 ha. Among the blocks Bhograi has the

highest area under irrigated condition, followed by Jaleswar, Basta and Simulia.

Figure 2.1.1. b. Area under Cereal crops under rainfed and Irrigated Condition.

As discussed earlier, Balasore has low crop diversification and the area under

pulse and oilseed crop is low. These crops are mostly grown in the rabi season

either under residual moisture as rainfed crop or under assured irrigation facility.

Table 2.1.2. Block wise Irrigation status of pulse and oilseed crop

33

Block Total Pulse Area (ha.) Total Oilseed Area (ha.)

Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total

Balasore 315 650 965 462 390 852

Remuna 1598 55 1653 750 60 810

Basta 1425 1100 2525 1729 1826 3555

Jaleswar 752 1618 2370 1719 1361 3080

Baliapal 229 2256 2485 3121 2664 5785

Bhograi 76 884 960 176 2176 2352

Soro 245 970 1215 440 50 490

Bahanaga 455 860 1315 220 225 445

Simulia 1126 490 1616 645 0 645

Khaira 822 300 1122 655 20 675

Nilagiri 40 113 153 115 35 150

Oupada 225 505 730 250 165 415

Total 7308 9801 17109 10282 8972 19254

Among the pulses Black gram and Green gram are the major crop and both

the crops occupy an area of 16739 ha. Out of the total pulse area of the district

(17109 ha), 7308 ha has assured irrigation facility and the rest rainfed. Among the

blocks Basta has the highest pulse area in the district, followed by Baliapal and

Jaleswar and Nilagiri has the minimum area under pulses. Remuna has the

maximum pulse area (1598 ha) under irrigation followed by Basta (1425 ha) and

Simulia (1126 ha), whereas, Nilagiri and Bhogari has very less area under irrigated

pulse. However, maximum area under rainfed pulse is in Baliapal block (2256 ha)

followed by Jaleswar (1618 ha).

Figure 2.1.2. a. Area under Pulse crops under rainfed and Irrigated Condition

34

Oilseeds also occupy a sizable area in the rice based cropping system of the

district and mostly grown as rabi crop. Among the oilseeds, major area is under

Groundnut (12790 ha) mostly grown on the alluvial deposit of the flood affected area

of Baliapal, Basta, Jaleswar and Bhograi. Mustard is the next important oilseed crop

of the district and grown in area of 5170 ha and Seasmum and sunflower also grown

in some area. Oilseeds occupy a total area of 19254 ha in the district, out of which

10282 ha is irrigated and 8972 ha is rainfed. Among the blocks, Baliapal is the

leading with a maximum area of 5785 ha (3121 ha as irrigated, 2664 ha as rainfed),

followed by Basta with 3555 ha (1729 ha as irrigated and 1826 ha as rainfed) and

Jaleswar with 3080 ha (1719 ha as irrigated and 1361 ha as rainfed).

Figure 2.1.2. b. Area under oilseed crops under rainfed and Irrigated Condition

Vegetable production is an important enterprise in the district and cultivated

both in the kharif and rabi season both under rainfed and irrigated condition.

Vegetables occupy a total area of 55857 ha with 38134 ha as irrigated and 17723 ha

as rainfed crop.

Table 2.1.3 Block wise Irrigation status of Vegetable crop

Block Area under Vegetable

Kharif-2015 ( Area in ha.) Rabi -2014-15( Area in ha.) Total ( Area in ha.)


Balasore 544 776 1320 2058 331 2389 2602 1107 3709

Remuna 1303 3517 4820 4262 0 4262 5565 3517 9082

Basta 995 235 1230 3560 405 3965 4555 640 5195

35

Jaleswar 1250 2290 3540 3428 292 3720 4678 2582 7260

Baliapal 850 1010 1860 2055 205 2260 2905 1215 4120

Bhograi 1450 645 2095 1562 20 1582 3012 665 3677

Soro 900 192 1092 1970 950 2920 2870 1142 4012

Bahanaga 810 300 1110 1935 950 2885 2745 1250 3995

Simulia 375 0 375 1940 0 1940 2315 0 2315

Khaira 2252 128 2380 1975 313 2288 4227 441 4668

Nilagiri 450 2634 3084 900 250 1150 1350 2884 4234

Oupada 570 1990 2560 740 290 1030 1310 2280 3590

Total 11749 13717 25466 26385 4006 30391 38134 17723 55857

During kharif season out of the total vegetable area of 25466 ha, 11749 ha is

under irrigation and the rest 13717 ha is under rainfed condition. Remuna has the

highest area under kharif vegetables (4820 ha) followed by Jaleswar (3540 ha).

Remuna retained its first position as far as winter vegetable area is concerned with

an area of 4262 ha and exclusively grown under irrigated condition.

Figure 2.1.3. Area under vegetables under rainfed and Irrigated Condition

Table 2.1.4 Block and Season wise Rainfed and Irrigated area

Kharif-2015 ( Area in ha.) Rabi -2014-15( Area in ha.) Total ( Area in ha.) Block


Balasore 7470 21580 29050 5799 1371 7170 13269 22951 36220

Remuna 6215 16355 22570 8040 115 8155 14255 16470 30725

Basta 14930 6895 21825 11319 3331 14650 26249 10226 36475

Jaleswar 12382 15033 27415 14499 3266 17765 26881 18299 45180

Baliapal 7782 12043 19825 10965 5125 16090 18747 17168 35915

36

Bhograi 13637 5563 19200 14070 3080 17150 27707 8643 36350

Soro 5856 13184 19040 3863 1970 5833 9719 15154 24873

Bahanaga 5080 14730 19810 3791 2035 5826 8871 16765 25636

Simulia 16677 31 16708 4237 490 4727 20914 521 21435

Khaira 9327 12548 21875 4002 633 4635 13329 13181 26510

Nilgiri 5846 11389 17235 1200 390 1590 7046 11779 18825

Oupada 1418 10902 12320 1415 960 2375 2833 11862 14695

Total 106620 140253 246873 83200 22766 105966 189820 163019 352839

Out of the total kharif cultivated area of 246873 ha, 106620 is under assured

irrigation facility and the rest 140253 is under rainfed condition. The crop coverage

during rabi season is only 105966 ha and 83200 is with irrigation facility and rest

22766 ha is rainfed and grown with residual moisture. Among the blocks, Jaleswar

has the maximum irrigated area (14499 ha) during rabi season, followed by Bhograi

(14070 ha) , Basta (11319 ha) and Baliapal (10965 ha). Nilagiri and Oupada has

minimum area under assured irrigation facility during rabi season with 1200 and

1415 ha irrigated area, respectively. However, during kahrif season maximum area of

Simulia block is under irrigation (16677 ha) because of the presence of canal

irrigation facility. Basta, Bhogari, Baliapal, Balasore, Khaira also has good area under

irrigation.

However, as per the information available from the Water Resource

Department, Govt. of Odisha, the irrigation potential created in the district from

various sources is 174590 ha in the kharif season and 116062 in the rabi season.

This gap in the irrigation potential and the actual irrigated area might be due to the

37

less water flow from the catchment areas due to low rainfall, low water availability at

the tail end of the command due to unsustainable irrigation management and high

conveyance losses. The depletion of ground water and presence of large numbers of

defunct LI points also contribute to the less coverage of irrigation than the potential

created. Hence, besides, creating the new sources of irrigation, equal thrust need to

be given on maintaining the existing potential.

2.2 Production and Productivity of Major Crops

Table 2.2.1 Block wise Production and Productivity of kharif Paddy

Rainfed Irrigated Total

Block

Area

(h

a)

Pro

du

ctio

n

(qtn

./yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity o

r

yie

ld (

Kg/h

a.)

Co

st o

f cu

ltiv

ati

on

(Rs.

/ha)

Are

a (

ha.)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

( K

gs/

ha)

Cost

of

fult

iva

tio

n

(rs.

/ha)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity o

r

yie

ld (

Kg/h

a.)

Co

st o

f cu

ltiv

ati

on

(Rs.

/ha)

Sadar 20626 45377200 2200 20000 6874 15810200 2300 25000 61187400 2250 22500

Remuna 12474 42411600 3400 20000 4886 18566800 3800 25000 30489200 3600 22500

Basta 6350 22225000 3500 20000 13850 54015000 3900 25000 38120000 3800 22500

Jaleswar 11638 9892300 850 20000 11062 11615100 1050 25000 10753700 930 22500

Baliapal 10343 11894450 1150 20000 6807 9393660 1380 25000 10644055 1275 22500

Bhograi 4612 5303800 1150 20000 12108 16709040 1380 25000 11006420 1230 22500

Soro 12909 41308800 3200 20000 4941 16305300 3300 25000 28807050 3200 22500

Bahanaga 14332 38696400 2700 20000 4268 12377200 2900 25000 25536800 2800 22500

Simulia - - - - 16300 44010000 2700 25000 44010000 2700 25500

Khaira 12350 39520000 3200 20000 7050 25380000 3600 25000 32450000 3500 22500

Nilgiri 8603 24948700 2900 20000 5367 17174400 3200 25000 21061550 3200 22500

Oupada 8842 17684000 2000 20000 848 1865600 2200 25000 9774800 2200 22500

Under rainfed condition Sadar block has the maximum production followed by

Remuna, Soro, Khaira and Bahanaga, whereas, Basta block tops in the productivity

(3500 kg/ ha), followed by Remuna (3400 kg/ ha), Soro and Khaira (3200 kg/ ha).

Under irrigated condition, Basta had the highest production followed by Simulia and

on productivity point of view Basta had also the maximum productivity (3900 kg/ ha)

followed by Remuna (3800 kg/ ha) and Khaira (3600 kg/ ha).

Figure 2.2.1 Block wise Production of winter Paddy

38

Maximum rice production during the rabi season is from Bhograi block followed by

Jaleswar, Baliapal block and Basta block. Other blocks has less rice production due

to less area under winter rice.

Figure 2.2.2 Block wise Productivity of winter Paddy

Bhograi has the maximum productivity of winter rice, followed by Remuna,

Jaleswar and Baliapal. The overall rice productivity of rice under irrigated condition is

more than that in rainfed situation. In spite of low productivity in paddy, the district is

surplus in rice/paddy and farmers face forced and distress selling situation almost

every year due to the absence of proper marketing facility, storage infrastructures,

processing and value addition avenues and stringent regulation to control the

unscrupulous millers and traders. This necessitates planned strategy for crop

diversification to non-paddy cash crops mostly during the rabi season to improve the

economic condition of the farmers. This can be possible through expansion of

irrigation facility , judicious crop planning and efficient utilisation of available water

resources.

Table 2.2.2 Block wise Production and Productivity of Green Gram

39


Block

Area

(h

a)

Pro

du

ctio

n

(qtn

./yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

or

yie

ld (

Kg/h

a.)

Cost

of

cult

iva

tio

n

(Rs.

/ha)

Area

(h

a.)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

( K

gs/

ha)

Co

st o

f fu

ltiv

ati

on

(rs.

/ha)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

or

yie

ld (

Kg/h

a.)

Cost

of

cult

iva

tio

n

(Rs.

/ha)

SADAR 320 153600 480 12000 200 100000 500 12500 253600 490 12250

REMUNA 55 24750 450 11500 825 412500 500 12500 437250 490 12200

BASTA 600 252000 420 10500 700 350000 500 12500 602000 480 11800

JALESWAR 1000 420000 420 10000 400 200000 500 12500 620000 480 11500

BALIAPAL 1150 483000 420 11000 100 50000 500 12500 533000 440 11100

BHOGRAI 517 222310 430 11000 46 23000 500 12500 245310 440 11400

SORO 549 208620 380 10000 111 46620 420 12000 255240 390 10200

BAHANAGA 500 200000 400 10000 220 105600 480 12500 305600 460 11200

SIMULIA 195 81900 420 10000 605 278300 460 11500 360200 440 10900

KHAIRA 200 80000 400 10000 400 192000 480 12500 272000 460 12000

NILGIRI 70 29400 420 10000 10 5000 500 12500 34400 430 10500

OUPADA 300 120000 400 10000 100 48000 480 12500 168000 420 11000

Green gram is an important pulse crop in the district, grown during the rabi

season both as rainfed and irrigated crop. Under rainfed condition, Baliapal has the

maximum area under green gram and the highest producer of this rabi pulse followed

by Jaleswar and Basta. However, Balsore sadar has the highest productivity under

residual moisture condition. Remuna is the leading block in irrigated green gram

both in area and production point of view followed by Basta and Simulia. The

productivity is marginally higher (500 kg/ ha) in irrigated condition as compared to

rainfed situation. Green gram productivity is the lowest in Soro block both in irrigated

and rainfed situation.

2.2.3 Block wise Production and Productivity of Black Gram


Block

Are

a (

ha)

Pro

du

ctio

n

(qtn

./yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity o

r

yie

ld (

Kg/h

a.)

Cost

of

cult

ivati

on

(Rs.

/ha)

Area

(h

a.)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

( K

gs/

ha)

Cost

of

fult

ivati

on

(rs.

/ha)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity o

r

yie

ld (

Kg/h

a.)

Cost

of

cult

ivati

on

(Rs.

/ha)

SADAR 330 155100 470 12000 80 38400 480 12500 193500 475 12250

REMUNA 0 0 0 0 750 375000 500 12500 375000 500 12500

BASTA 500 210000 420 10500 700 350000 500 12500 560000 480 11800

40

JALESWAR 600 252000 420 10000 300 150000 500 12500 402000 480 11500

BALIAPAL 1100 462000 420 11000 100 50000 500 12500 512000 440 11100

BHOGRAI 361 155230 430 11000 0 0 0 0 155230 430 11000

SORO 416 158080 380 10000 109 45780 420 12000 203860 390 10200

BAHANAGA 360 144000 400 10000 210 100800 480 12500 244800 460 11200

SIMULIA 195 81900 420 10000 605 278300 460 11500 360200 440 10900

KHAIRA 100 40000 400 10000 400 192000 480 12500 232000 460 12000

NILGIRI 40 16800 420 10000 10 4800 480 12500 21600 430 10500

OUPADA 200 80000 400 10000 100 48000 480 12500 128000 420 11000

Though Baliapal, Jaleswar and Basta lead in area and production of black

gram, lag behind from sadar block in productivity under rainfed situation. In irrigated

condition Remuna and Basta lead in all aspects. In total Basta and Baliapal led in

production but are below the productivity of Remuna. Low production and productivity

of pulse crops is mainly attributed to moisture stress during the critical growth stages

of the crop, adoption of traditional method of cultivation and use of local degenerated

seeds and heavy incidence of insect pest and disease.

Besides, pulses, oilseed is also an important cash crop in the district grown

during the rabi season and among the oilseeds groundnut and mustard is the major

crop. Sesamum and sunflower are also grown in some areas of the district as minor

oilseed crops.

2.2.4 Block wise Production and Productivity of Groundnut


Block

Are

a (

ha)

Pro

du

ctio

n

(qtn

./yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity o

r

yie

ld (

Kg/h

a.)

Cost

of

cult

ivati

on

(Rs.

/ha)

Are

a (

ha.)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

( K

gs/

ha)

Cost

of

fult

iva

tion

(rs.

/ha)

pro

du

ctio

n o

n

(qtn

/yr)

Pro

du

cti

district irrigation plan district irrigation plan balasore

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