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Discovering Flight Discovering Flight

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Discovering Flight. Chapter Overview. Discovering Flight The Early Days of Flight. Lesson Overview. How humans tried to fly in ancient times Key aviation devices created during ancient times Why machines do not fly the way birds do. Warm Up Questions CPS Questions (1-2). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Discovering Flight

Discovering FlightDiscovering FlightDiscovering FlightDiscovering Flight

Page 2: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Chapter OverviewChapter OverviewChapter OverviewChapter Overview

Discovering Flight

The Early Days of Flight

Page 3: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Lesson OverviewLesson OverviewLesson OverviewLesson Overview

How humans tried to fly in ancient times

Key aviation devices created during

ancient times

Why machines do not fly the way birds

do

Page 4: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Warm Up QuestionsWarm Up Questions

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(1-2)(1-2)

Warm Up QuestionsWarm Up Questions

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(1-2)(1-2)

Courtesy of Comstock Images

Page 5: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Quick WriteQuick WriteQuick WriteQuick Write

Why do you think the idea of flightWhy do you think the idea of flight

is so appealing to people? is so appealing to people?

Does it appeal to you? Why?Does it appeal to you? Why?

(Note to Instructor: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)(Note to Instructor: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)

Page 6: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

How Humans Tried to How Humans Tried to Fly in Ancient TimesFly in Ancient Times

How Humans Tried to How Humans Tried to Fly in Ancient TimesFly in Ancient Times

Courtesy of AKG Images

Page 7: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Flight in Ancient TimesFlight in Ancient TimesFlight in Ancient TimesFlight in Ancient Times

Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years

FlightFlight is the act of passing through the air on wings

People told tales about flight around the fire at night and handed down these stories to their children

Page 8: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Daedalus and IcarusDaedalus and IcarusDaedalus and IcarusDaedalus and Icarus

One of the best known is the Greek story of Daedalus and his son, Icarus

Courtesy of the Granger Collection, New York

Page 9: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

First True Stories of First True Stories of Human Attempts to FlyHuman Attempts to FlyFirst True Stories of First True Stories of

Human Attempts to FlyHuman Attempts to Fly

Some early inventors made devices of lightweight material in imitation of birds’ or bats’ wings

They strapped the devices onto their arms or legs, and then they would jump from the top of a tower

Unfortunately, none of the devices succeeded

Page 10: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Armen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen Firman

A Moor named Armen Firman made the first known human attempt to fly

He put on a huge cloak and jumped from a tower in Cordoba, Spain

He hoped the cloak would open wide like a bat’s wings to slow him on the way down

But it didn’t, and Firman fell to his death

Page 11: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Armen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen Firman

His unfortunate experiment might be described as an early attempt at a jump by parachute

A parachuteparachute is a device intended to slow free fall from an aircraft or another high point

Courtesy of Clipart.com

Page 12: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Key Aviation Devices Key Aviation Devices From Ancient TimesFrom Ancient Times

Key Aviation Devices Key Aviation Devices From Ancient TimesFrom Ancient Times

Courtesy of NASA

Page 13: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Chinese KitesChinese KitesChinese KitesChinese Kites

The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC

A kitekite is a light framework covered with paper or cloth, provided with a balancing tail, designed to be flown in the air

Within a few hundred years, people were using kites in warfare

Page 14: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Chinese GunpowderChinese GunpowderChinese GunpowderChinese Gunpowder

In the eight hundreds, the Chinese made another important invention: gunpowder

GunpowderGunpowder is an explosive powder made of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur, used to shoot projectiles from guns

200 years later, the Chinese used gunpowder to make the first simple rockets

Page 15: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Chinese RocketsChinese RocketsChinese RocketsChinese Rockets

A rocketrocket is a large, cylindrical object that moves very fast by forcing burning gases out one end of the tube

The Chinese used these devices mostly for celebrations, such as holiday fireworks

But they also used their rockets in battle to scare off the enemy

Page 16: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Man in the MoonMan in the MoonMan in the MoonMan in the Moon

There’s even a Chinese legend about a rocket trip into space

A legendlegend is an unverified story handed down from earlier times

Courtesy of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center

Page 17: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Learning Check #1Learning Check #1

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(3-4)(3-4)

Learning Check #1Learning Check #1

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(3-4)(3-4)

Courtesy of Comstock Images

Page 18: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da VinciLeonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

The first person in the history of aviation who was also a real scientist was Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)

Courtesy of the Library of Congress

Page 19: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter

A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter

Da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter

A helicopterhelicopter is an aircraft that gets its lift from spinning blades

Da Vinci’s drawing of an “aerial screw” looks a lot like a modern helicopter

Page 20: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter

A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter

What’s more, today’s parachutes are based on principles first described by da Vinci

He wrote that his invention would allow someone to

“throw himself down from any height without sustaining any injury”

Page 21: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

GlidersGlidersGlidersGliders

Da Vinci also researched the idea of a glider

A gliderglider is a light aircraft without an engine, designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult

Gliders were the first aircraft that had directional control

Page 22: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

OrnithoptersOrnithoptersOrnithoptersOrnithopters

Da Vinci was fascinated with birds and experimented with flapping-wing machines

He worked out designs for ornithopters An ornithopterornithopter is an aircraft designed

to get its support and forward motion from flapping wings

Page 23: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

OrnithoptersOrnithoptersOrnithoptersOrnithopters

Courtesy of the Granger Collection, New York

Page 24: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Learning Check #2Learning Check #2

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(5-6)(5-6)

Learning Check #2Learning Check #2

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(5-6)(5-6)

Courtesy of Comstock Images

Page 25: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Why Machines Do Not Why Machines Do Not Fly the Way Birds DoFly the Way Birds Do

Why Machines Do Not Why Machines Do Not Fly the Way Birds DoFly the Way Birds Do

Courtesy of Comstock Images

Page 26: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Principles of Bird FlightPrinciples of Bird FlightPrinciples of Bird FlightPrinciples of Bird Flight

A bird’s flight is similar to an airplane’s in some ways and different in others

There are two phases of bird flight: A ground phase And a lift phase

Page 27: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Birds’ WingsBirds’ WingsBirds’ WingsBirds’ Wings

Wing feathers are arranged much like shingles on a roof

They change position when the bird is flappingOn the downbeat of the wing, the feathers

are pressed together so little air can pass through them

On the up stroke the feathers open

Page 28: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Daniel BernoulliDaniel BernoulliDaniel BernoulliDaniel Bernoulli

The Dutch-born scientist Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) discovered that a fluid has a constant pressure, but when a fluid starts to move faster, the pressure drops

Taken from wikipedia.com

Page 29: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Bernoullian LiftBernoullian LiftBernoullian LiftBernoullian Lift

Wings are designed to make air flow faster over their tops—this makes the pressure drop and the wings move upward, defying the force of gravity

This phenomenon is known as Bernoullian lift or induced lift

Page 30: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton

The Englishman Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) formulated three famous laws of motion

Taken from wikipedia.com

Page 31: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Newtonian LiftNewtonian LiftNewtonian LiftNewtonian Lift

The third law states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”

For example, when a pilot angles the wing of the plane up against the oncoming wind, the action of the wind causes a reaction by the wing

This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift

Page 32: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Why Some Ancient Inventors Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird FlightTried to Mimic Bird Flight

Why Some Ancient Inventors Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird FlightTried to Mimic Bird Flight

At the beginning of aviation history, flapping wings seemed to be what flight was all about

People observed birds, bats, and insects flying this way

Some early inventors thought feathers might possess some lifting power of their own

Page 33: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Why Some Ancient Inventors Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird FlightTried to Mimic Bird Flight

Why Some Ancient Inventors Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird FlightTried to Mimic Bird Flight

And even a thinker as brilliant as da Vinci got stuck on birds as the model for human flight

Only when people stopped trying to fly as birds do did the way open for the Wright brothers’ success on the North Carolina dunes

Page 34: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Learning Check #3Learning Check #3

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(7-8)(7-8)

Learning Check #3Learning Check #3

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(7-8)(7-8)

Courtesy of Comstock Images

Page 35: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

ReviewReviewReviewReview

Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years

Some early inventors made devices of lightweight material such as cloth or wood, in imitation of birds’ or bats’ wings

The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC

They also invented gunpowder and rockets

Page 36: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

ReviewReviewReviewReview

Leonardo da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter

Da Vinci also researched the idea of a glider and some designs for ornithopters

There are two phases of bird flight—a ground phase and a lift phase

Page 37: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

ReviewReviewReviewReview

Wings are designed to make air flow faster over their tops

This makes the pressure drop and the wings move upward, defying the force of gravity—this is known as Bernoullian lift or induced lift

Newton’s third law of motion states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”

This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift

Page 38: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

ReviewReviewReviewReview

By now you’re beginning to understand that birds and airplanes don’t work exactly alike:

Airplanes are fixed-wing aircraft and rely on their propellers to get them off the ground

Page 39: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Review QuestionsReview Questions

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(9-10)(9-10)

Review QuestionsReview Questions

CPS QuestionsCPS Questions(9-10)(9-10)

Courtesy of Comstock Images

Page 40: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

SummarySummarySummarySummary

How humans tried to fly in ancient times

Key aviation devices created during ancient times

Why machines do not fly the way birds do

Page 41: Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1

Next….Next….Next….Next….

Done—discovering flight

Next—the early days of flight

Courtesy of Bettman/Corbis