Disasters: some figures Natural disasters DecadesTotal Number of Disaster Persons affected 11,176, ,704,495767,985,5851,453,553,0342,129,297,6064,595,717,196 Persons killed 4,177,8842,088,9421,408,749829,441754,2069,259,222 Probability Source: CRED/OFDA database NATO/EAPC Disasters: some figures Natural disasters ( ) Source: CRED/OFDA database NATO/EAPC High winds Earthquakes FloodsVolcanoesFamineDroughts Total Disasters Affected (thousands) 276,63136,2491,483, ,236434,7852,234,961 Deaths (thousands) Probability Disasters: some figures Technological disasters DecadesTotal Number of Disaster Persons affected 410,35698,6291,906,0992,262,013727,6285,303,725 Persons killed ,10566,10587,648257,836 Probability Source: CRED/OFDA database NATO/EAPC Integrative model of adaptation to traumatic stress PERSONALITY Schema Assumptions Networks Conscious representations Ruminative processes of the event EVENT EVENT COGNITIONS APPRAISAL MECHANISMS EMOTIONAL STIMULI Non-conscious representations Automatic processes STATES of the event ENVIRONMENTAL & COPING SOCIAL CONTEXT Triggering cuesAvoidant strategies Social support Active strategies Joseph et al, 1997 Dual Representation Theory of Trauma Memory Verbally accessible Intrusive memories trauma memoriesof conscious experience Emotions related to trauma Selective recall Stimuli Meaning analysis Selective attention Contents of relevant consciousness to prior Priorities for trauma processing Selective attention Flashbacks Dream material Trauma specific emotion Situationally Selective recall accessible Physiological arousal trauma memories Motor output Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph, 1996 Dual Representation Theory of Trauma Memory Verbally accessible Intrusive memories trauma memoriesof conscious experience Emotions related to trauma Selective recall Stimuli Meaning analysis Selective attention Contents of relevant consciousness to prior Priorities for trauma processing Selective attention Flashbacks Dream material Trauma specific emotion Situationally Selective recall accessible Physiological arousal trauma memories Motor output Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph, 1996 Dual Representation Theory of Trauma Memory Verbally accessible Intrusive memories trauma memories (VAM)of conscious experience Emotions related to trauma Selective recall Stimuli Meaning analysis Selective attention Contents of relevant consciousness to prior Priorities for trauma processing Selective attention Flashbacks Dream material Trauma specific emotion Situationally Selective recall accessible Physiological arousal trauma memories Motor output Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph, 1996 Dual Representation Theory of Trauma Memory Verbally accessible Intrusive memories trauma memories (VAM)of conscious experience Emotions related to trauma Selective recall Stimuli Meaning analysis Selective attention Contents of relevant consciousness to prior Priorities for trauma processing Selective attention Flashbacks Dream material Trauma specific emotion Situationally Selective recall accessible Physiological arousal trauma memories Motor output Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph, 1996 Dual Representation Theory of Trauma Memory Verbally accessible Intrusive memories trauma memoriesof conscious experience Emotions related to trauma Selective recall Stimuli Meaning analysis Selective attention Contents of relevant consciousness to prior Priorities for trauma processing Selective attention Flashbacks Dream material Trauma specific emotion Situationally Selective recall accessible Physiological arousal trauma memories Motor output (SAM) Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph, 1996 Dual Representation Theory of Trauma Memory Verbally accessible Intrusive memories trauma memoriesof conscious experience Emotions related to trauma Selective recall Stimuli Meaning analysis Selective attention Contents of relevant consciousness to prior Priorities for trauma processing Selective attention Flashbacks Dream material Trauma specific emotion Situationally Selective recall accessible Physiological arousal trauma memories Motor output (SAM) Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph, 1996 Dual Representation Theory of Trauma Memory Verbally accessible Intrusive memories trauma memoriesof conscious experience Emotions related to trauma Selective recall Stimuli Meaning analysis Selective attention Contents of relevant consciousness to prior Priorities for trauma processing Selective attention Flashbacks Dream material Trauma specific emotion Situationally Selective recall accessible Physiological arousal trauma memories Motor output (SAM) Brewin, Dalgleish & Joseph, 1996 Arousal zones Hyperarousal zone sympathetic fight or flight response Window of tolerance social engagement response Optimal arousal zone (ventral vagal) Hypoarousal zone immobilisation response Arousal zones Hyperarousal zone sympathetic fight or flight response Window of tolerance social engagement response Optimal arousal zone (ventral vagal) Hypoarousal zone immobilisation response (dorsal vagal) Arousal zones Hyperarousal zone sympathetic fight or flight response Window of tolerance social engagement response Optimal arousal zone (ventral vagal) Hypoarousal zone immobilisation response (dorsal vagal) Arousal zones Hyperarousal zone sympathetic fight or flight response Window of tolerance social engagement response Optimal arousal zone (ventral vagal) Hypoarousal zone immobilisation response Arousal zones Hyperarousal zone sympathetic fight or flight response Window of tolerance social engagement response Optimal arousal zone (ventral vagal) Hypoarousal zone immobilisation response The Triune Brain Reptilian brain body regulating, unconscious Old mammalian brain limbic system plus reptilian brain Neo-mammalian cortex, plus the limbic system, plus the reptilian brain Each layer elaborates the more primitive layer. e.g., the reptilian brain in humans is more flexible in humans because it has access to the limbic system Limbic system visual auditory kinesthetic gustatory olfactory Limbic system visual auditory kinesthetic gustatory olfactory Limbic system visual auditory kinesthetic gustatory olfactory Limbic system visual auditory kinesthetic gustatory olfactory Limbic system visual auditory kinesthetic gustatory olfactory More elaborate processing of whole object slow Limbic system visual auditory olfactory kinesthetic gustatory RHS