directional relay fundamentals
DESCRIPTION
Brief explanation on sensing of direction of fault in the electrical relays.TRANSCRIPT
Fundamentals and Improvements for Directional Relaysfor Directional Relays
K l Zi d D id C t llKarl Zimmerman and David CostelloSchweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.
Copyright © SEL 2010
www.selinc.com
Outline
Di ti l El t F d t l• Directional Element Fundamentals
• How and Why Directional Elements Have yEvolved
• Directional Element Performance During• Directional Element Performance During Loss-of-Potential Condition
Directional Elements
• Determine fault direction (normally not used to detect load or power flow)
• Supervise overcurrent and distance• Supervise overcurrent and distance elements for phase and ground faults
• Form ground quadrilateral elements
• Evolve with time and experienceEvolve with time and experience
Basic Directional Element Principle
Angle Between Polarizing and Operating Q tit D t i RQuantity Determines Response
T i lTypical Electromechanical DesignDesign
Quadrature Polarization
• A-Phase Relay Uses
• A-Phase current
VAB lt• VAB voltage
• Max torque when IA leads VBC by 450Max torque when IA leads VBC by 45
• Limit to Sensitivity of 2.3VA
• 1% rated voltage and 2A
• Special Applications Challenge Design
Directional Element Design Quantities
Element Polarizing Operating
Phase VBC, VCA, VAB IA, IB, IC
V Z (with V memory) I I IV1, Z1 (with V1 memory) IA, IB, IC
V2, Z2 IA, IB, ICGround V0, Z0 3*I0
V2, Z2 3*I02, 2 0
IN 3*I0
Negative-Sequence Quantities
• Capable of providing a larger signal –V t l l ti i ll f ll ZV2 at relay location is small for small Z2S(strong) and large for large Z2S (weak)
• Immune to Z0 mutual coupling
• Less affected by VT neutral shift
• Applicable with only 2 VTs• Applicable with only 2 VTs
• Easy to implement with numerical relaysy p y
Early (1980s) MicroprocessorMicroprocessor
Design Uses Torque Product
T32Q > 0.1VA
( )2 2 2 2T32Q V • I • cos V I MTA⎡ ⎤= ∠− − ∠ +∠⎣ ⎦
Generating Testing QuantitiesN ti S E tiNegative-Sequence Equations
223 A B CV V a V aV= + +
223 A B CI I a I aI= + +
where 1 120a = ∠ °2and 1 240a = ∠ °
V2 & I2 for Forward A Ph t G d F ltA-Phase-to-Ground Fault
V
V
VCa2VBaVC
VA
VA3V2VB
IA
3V2
3I2A
Current and Voltage Phasors Negative-Sequence Phasors
Negative-Sequence Voltage D l d F Th Ph V ltDeveloped From Three-Phase Voltage
Inputs
VVC
a2VBaVC
VA
VB VA3V2
Negative-Sequence Voltage D l d F Si l PhDeveloped From Single-Phase
Voltage Input
VBB
VA 3V2VC
Negative-Sequence Current D l d F Si l PhDeveloped From Single-Phase
Current Input
IA 3I2
Symmetrical Components for Si l Li t G d F ltSingle-Line-to-Ground Fault
1993 Innovation N ti S
R2
Negative-Sequence Impedance for L2
R2
Systems With Small V2 2
L2Z Angle+ϕ
2 2
R2S2
F2
( )2 2Re V • 1 Z1ANG•I ∗⎡ ⎤∠⎣ ⎦
S2
( )2 22measured 2
2
ZI
⎣ ⎦=
Testing the Negative-Sequence I d Di ti l El tImpedance Directional Element
R b if Z2 ( F R) i iti• Remember, if Z2n (n = F or R) is positive, this indicates a reverse fault
♦ Set current phase angle for a reverse fault
• If Z2n is negative, this indicates a forwardfaultfault
♦ Set current phase angle for a forward fault
Testing the Negative-Sequence Impedance Directional ElementImpedance Directional Element
Z2R and Z2F Are Positive
3I2 = 50QRA
3I2 = 3V2 / Z2R32QR
B
3I2 = 3V2 / Z2F
BC
3V2
MTA32QF MTA32QFMTL
Limits to Sensitivity Comparison
Impedance Based 32Q vs ElectromechanicalImpedance-Based 32Q vs. Electromechanical
Z2 Element Improves S iti it C d tSensitivity Compared to
Electromechanical Designs
F
Z2 Element Correctly Detects 500 Ω F lt 525 kV Li500 Ω Fault on 525 kV Line
Impedance-Based Element Requires Th h ld Z2F d Z2RThresholds Z2F and Z2R
Engineer-Calculated Thresholds M H EMay Have Errors
Design Evolves (AUTO)A t ti S tti Si lif C l l tiAutomatic Settings Simplify Calculations
• Z = 0 5 • Z• ZF2 = 0.5 • ZL1
• ZR2 = ZF2 + 0.1• 3I2 > 0.5 A (forward)• 3I2 > 0 25 A (reverse)3I2 > 0.25 A (reverse)• I2 / I1 > 0.1 blocks for three-phase faults• Automatically switch from Z2 to Z0 to I0
Z2 Element U li blUnreliable
When –+
–+
Z Z Z(1 m)Zm • ZGenerator Offline
ZS1 ZT1 ZR1(1 – m)ZL1m • ZL1
ZS2 ZT2 ZR2(1 – m)ZL2m • ZL2 ( )
ZS0 ZT0 ZR0(1 – m)ZL0m • ZL0
3RF
Offline Generator Creates Isolated Z S SZero-Sequence Source
IAIB
ICV
B V
C
67N 3OUT A1 *
VA
VD
igita
lsD
Automatic Switch From Z2 to Z0D t t F lt (ORDER)Detects Fault (ORDER)
)IA
IB
IC
A V
B V
C (k
V)s
VAD
igita
ls
Transformer Energization Challenges A t ti S ttiAutomatic Settings
Forward “Fault” Declared With Low V2
R2
F2
F22measured
Changing Forward Setting Threshold (Z ) C t N O t R i(ZF2) Creates No-Operate Region R2
F2
F2 2measured
Application Witho t Lines 50N50P
Utility Line A
Utility Line B
C
Without Lines Challenges
50N50P
ED
FAutomatic Settings
H
G50/51P
F
gRES
87T
TransI
TransJ 00
67P
RES
51N
LK
67P
IndustrialBus 2
IndustrialBus 1
N QPO
M
LOADR
LOADS
LOADU
LOADT
Non-Line Application Settings
• Set ZF2 = –0.3 Ω and ZR2 = +0.3 ΩF2 R2
• Use directional power element to detect reverse power flowreverse power flow
• Use V1 memory polarized phaseUse V1 memory polarized phase overcurrent with load encroachment for high-side, three-phase faultshigh side, three phase faults
• Use Z2 polarized 3I2 overcurrent for unbalanced faults
Fault on Parallel Line Challenges A t ti S it hiAutomatic Switching
Small I2 During Fault Prompts Ch t Z El tChange to Z0 Element
Very Little I2, But Enough I0 to C O tiCause Operation
Channel Magnitude AngleChannel Magnitude AngleIA(A) 442.1 253.2IB(A) 507 6 99 1IB(A) 507.6 99.1IC(A) 597.1 4.3IG(A) 407 5 17 7IG(A) 407.5 17.7
VA(kV) 207.7 240.1VB(kV) 202 9 120 2VB(kV) 202.9 120.2VC(kV) 207.2 0.0
I0 135 6 17 6I0 135.6 17.6I2 37.3 275.0
New Automatic Settings (AUTO2) I S itImprove Security
R2R2
F2
F2F2
Creates no-operate region when V2 and Z2 are near 0
New Automatic Settings R d tiRecommendations
• Use original AUTO method for strong• Use original AUTO method for strong source (Z2 < 0.5 Ω secondary)
• Use AUTO2 for Z2 > 0.5 Ω secondary
S l t l ti l t• Select only negative-sequence element with no automatic switching unless system changes dictatechanges dictate
Directional Element Performance D i LOP C ditiDuring LOP Condition
Directional Element Responses From 1980 1993 1996 D i1980s, 1993, 1996 Designs
1 VA 1 VB 1 VC 1 V0Mag 1 I0Mag
-250
25 .0 sec
_ _ _ _ g _ g
2_V2Mag 2_I2Mag 3_V1Mag 3_I1Mag 3_I0Mag
-25
01020
20
01020
255075
1 LOP *1_21P 12_LOP *2_ZBC 4 23_LOP
025
1_LOP
21.60 21.61 21.62 21.63 21.64 21.65 21.66 21.67 21.68Event Time (Sec) 23:27:21.595666
Avoiding Single Points of Failure
• Apply NERC standard for redundancy• Apply NERC standard for redundancy requirement
• Use two redundant systems
• Alert SCADA and make directional elementAlert SCADA and make directional element decision during LOP
Z1LOP Performs Correctly D i LOP C diti BDuring LOP Condition Because
V1 Angle Is Stable
⎡ ⎤( ) ( )
( )1 1
1measured 2
Re V • I • Z1ANGZ
∗⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦=
( )1measured 21I
Forward Midline CG Fault With A Ph F BlWith A-Phase Fuse Blown
Forward Midline AG Fault With A Ph F BlWith A-Phase Fuse Blown
Reverse Midline AG Fault With A Ph F BlWith A-Phase Fuse Blown
Conclusions
• Directional element designs evolve
• Electromechanical and early microprocessor-based relays were lessmicroprocessor-based relays were less sensitive and could not easily respond to changeschanges
• Newer designs are more sensitive and flexible, but sensitivity must be studied
Conclusions
• Non-line and transformer applications differ from line applications and must be evaluated
• Automatic settings are helpful but can be misapplied if not clearly understoodbe misapplied if not clearly understood
Conclusions
• New guidelines use the local positive-sequence source impedance
• A new positive-sequence impedance• A new positive-sequence impedance directional element can be employed during LOP conditions (provides some protectionLOP conditions (provides some protection to address the need for redundancy in protection systems)protection systems)
Questions?