directing - karachi king's school & college of nursing...administrative knowledge of...

DIRECTING

Muhammad Rehan

RN, BSc.Nursing

Direction

Means giving the order to start the operation for the implementations of implementations of policy or plan.

� It is managerial effort

For Effective Direction

� It is essential that manager should have the administrative knowledge of

� Motivation� Leadership� Communication� Supervision

Motivation

Motivation

� Motivation is the way by which a person’s feeling to do a certain work is given a boost so that he can do the work with real enthusiasm. Certainly great work can be achieved from human beings if they are given motivation.

What Is Employee Motivation

� , "The heart of motivation is to give people what they really want most from work. The more you are able to provide what they want, the more you should expect what you really want, namely: should expect what you really want, namely: productivity, quality, and service." (An Honest Day's Work (1988))

Theories of Motivation

Needs theories� Maslow’s

hierarchy of needs

Process theories

• Expectancy Theory

• Goal Setting Theoryhierarchy of needs

� Herzberg’s two factor theory

• Goal Setting Theory

Maslow’sMaslow’sHierarchyHierarchyof Needsof Needs Self

Esteem

Social

Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 6 9

Social

Safety

Physiological

Motivation factors

� Achievement� Recognition� Growth/Advancement� Growth/Advancement� Interest in the job

Advantages of Motivation

A positive motivation philosophy and practice should improve productivity, quality, and service. Motivation helps people:

� achieve goals;achieve goals;� gain a positive perspective;� create the power to change;� build self-esteem and capability,� manage their own development and help

others with theirs.

Disadvantages of Motivation

There are no real disadvantages to successfully motivating employees, but there are many barriers to overcome.

Barriers may include unaware or absent managers, inadequate buildings, outdated equipment, and inadequate buildings, outdated equipment, and entrenched attitudes, for example:

� "We don't get paid extra to work harder."� "We've always done it this way."� "Our bosses don't have a clue about what we do."� "It doesn't say that in my job description."� "I'm going to do as little as possible without getting

fired."

Motivation

Direction

Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 6 13

PersistenceIntensity

“Take a lesson from the mosquito. It never waits for an never waits for an opening; it makes one."

Kirk Kirkpatrick

Leadership

What is Leadership?

� Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.

Are Leaders Born or Made?

� Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience.

Good Leaders

� Do you have some examples of good leaders?

� What qualities made them good leaders?

Leadership 101Becoming an effective leader is not easy

Part skill developmentPart experience

Remember, Leadership is Action, not PositionRemember, Leadership is Action, not PositionPower does not make you a leader...it simply makes you the boss

How do YOU become an effective leader?No “cookbook formula”Situational, as well as individual

Leadership Principles

1 - Show Interest2 - Positive Approach3 - Complaints

8 - Explain Why9 - Admit Mistakes10 - Reasonable

Expectations4 - Promises5 - Get the Facts6 - Discussion Basis7 - Design an Approach

Expectations11 - Be Prompt12 - Compliment13 - Prepare for Change

Types of Leadership Style


� Autocratic:� Leader makes decisions without reference to

anyone elseanyone else� High degree of dependency on the leader� Can create de-motivation and alienation

of staff� May be valuable in some types of business

where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively


� Democratic:� Encourages decision making

from different perspectives – leadership may be emphasised throughout emphasised throughout the organisation� Consultative: process of consultation before decisions

are taken� Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to

persuade others that the decision is correct


� Democratic:� May help motivation and involvement� Workers feel ownership of the firm and its � Workers feel ownership of the firm and its

ideas� Improves the sharing of ideas

and experiences within the business� Can delay decision making


� Laissez-Faire:� ‘Let it be’ – the leadership responsibilities

are shared by all� Can be very useful in businesses

where creative ideas are important� Can be highly motivational,

as people have control over their working life� Can make coordination and decision making

time-consuming and lacking in overall direction� Relies on good team work� Relies on good interpersonal relations


� Paternalistic:� Leader acts as a ‘father figure’� Paternalistic leader makes decision but � Paternalistic leader makes decision but

may consult� Believes in the need to support staff

Change Leadership

Change Leadership

� The most challenging aspect of business is leading and managing change

� The business environment is subject to fast-paced economic and social changepaced economic and social change

� Modern business must adapt and be flexible to survive

� Problems in leading change stem mainly from human resource management

Theories of Leadership


� Trait theories:� Is there a set of characteristics

that determine a good leader?that determine a good leader?� Personality?� Dominance and personal presence?� Charisma?� Self confidence?� Achievement?� Ability to formulate a clear vision?


� Trait theories:� Are such characteristics

inherently gender biased?inherently gender biased?� Do such characteristics

produce good leaders?� Is leadership more than

just bringing about change?� Does this imply that leaders are born not

bred?


� Behavioural:� Imply that leaders can be trained – focus on the

way of doing things� Structure based behavioural theories – focus on the

leader instituting structures – task orientated� Relationship based behavioural theories – focus on

the development and maintenance of relationships –process orientated


� Contingency Theories:� Leadership as being more flexible –

different leadership styles used at different different leadership styles used at different times depending on the circumstance.

� Suggests leadership is not a fixed series of characteristics that can be transposed into different contexts


� May depend on:� Type of staff� History of the business� History of the business� Culture of the business� Quality of the relationships� Nature of the changes needed� Accepted norms within the institution


� Transformational:� Widespread changes

to a business or organisationto a business or organisation

� Requires:� Long term strategic planning� Clear objectives� Clear vision� Leading by example – walk the walk� Efficiency of systems and processes


� Invitational Leadership:� Improving the atmosphere and message sent out by

the organisation� Focus on reducing negative messages � Focus on reducing negative messages

sent out through the everyday actions of the business both externally and, crucially, internally

� Review internal processes to reduce these� Build relationships and sense of belonging and

identity with the organisation –that gets communicated to customers, etc.


� Transactional Theories:� Focus on the management

of the organisationof the organisation� Focus on procedures and efficiency� Focus on working to rules

and contracts� Managing current issues

and problems

Factors Affecting Style

Factors Affecting Style

� Leadership style may be dependent on various factors:� Risk - decision making and change initiatives

based on degree of risk involvedbased on degree of risk involved� Type of business – creative business

or supply driven?� How important change is –

change for change’s sake?� Organisational culture – may be long embedded

and difficult to change� Nature of the task – needing cooperation? Direction?

Structure?

Communication

Definition

� Is the transmission and receiving information, feelings and/or attitudes with the over all purpose of having understood the over all purpose of having understood producing a response.

Level of communication

� Intrapersonal communication� Interpersonal communication� Public communication� Public communication

Types of Communication

� Verbal communication� Non verbal communication� Non verbal communication

Factor influencing Communication

� Perception� Value � Emotion

Socio -cultural background� Socio -cultural background� Gender� Knowledge� Role� Environment� Space and territoriality

Factor impair Communication

� Homophyles� Chain of command� Frame of reference� Frame of reference� Self preservation� Crisis

Functions of Communication

� Control� Motivation� Motivation� Emotional Expression� Information

Barriers to Effective Communication

� Filtering� Selective Perception� Selective Perception� Emotions� Language

Supervision

Definition

� The authoritative direction of the work of one’s subordinates.

� Means overseeing the employees at work.� Means overseeing the employees at work.

The major factors of the supervisor’s work and equipments are as:

� Technical� Institutional � Institutional � Human

Factors of effective supervision

Humana relations skill

Technical & managerialknowledge

General & loos supervision

Leadership position

Improve upward relations

Relief from non supervisory duties

supervision

Function of supervision in direction

Development of

confidence

Orientation of newly posted staff

Assessment of the workload of individual & groups

Emphasis on achievement

confidenceArranging of a flow of materials

Co-ordination of the efforts

Promotion of social contact with in the work team

Facilitating the flow of communication

Establishment of control

Raising the level of motivation

Helping individual to cope with their personal problems

Types of supervision

DirectThis is done through face to face talk with the

workers/students.workers/students.

IndirectIt is done with the help of record and reports of the

workers and through written instruction .

Methods of supervision

Scientific vs. Intuitive supervision

Co-operative vs. Authoritarian Supervision

Technical vs. Creative Supervision

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