11

Dimensions

of Word Knowledge

Phonological Knowledge

Syntactic Knowledge

Morphological Knowledge

Semantic Knowledge

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 103-109.

2

Derivational and Inflectional Morphology

nation nations

national

nationally

international

internationally

nationalize nationalizes

nationalizing

nationalized

nationalization

3

Sense Relations

Synonymy

Antonym

Gradable

Complementary

Relational

Incompatibility

Hyponymy

Implication

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 106-108.

4

Word Association Test FindingsWord: chair

Taxonomic Relations

table coordinate (cohyponym)

furniture superordinate

rocker subordinate (hyponym)

Attributive Relations

comfortable, wooden, hard, white

5

Word Association Test Findings Word: chair

Part-Whole Relations

seat, cushion, legs

Functional Relations

sitting, rest, rocking

Part of this is from G.H. Kent and A.J. Rosanoff. 1910. The American Journal of Insanity 67: 317-390, American Psychiatric Association. Cited in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 107-108.

6

Psycholinguistic Experimental Measures

Response time (RT)

Accuracy (or error rate)

7

Psycholinguistic Experimental Tasks

Naming

Lexical Decision

Phoneme Monitoring

Semantic Verification

Word Association

Priming

8

Hierarchical Model of Mental Lexicon

9

Hierarchical Network ModelCollins & Quillian

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 110.

10

Semantic Verification Task(Similarity and Typicality Effects)

TRUE

A robin is a bird. faster more typical

An ostrich is a bird. slower less typical

 

FALSE

A whale is a fish. slower more similar

A horse is a fish. faster less similar

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 113.

11

Collins & Loftus (1975) Model of Spreading Activation

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 115.

12

Ashcraft Model of Spreading Activation

Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and Cognition, second edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, p. 273.

13

Variables that Influence Lexical Access

(and must be accounted for)

1. Word frequency

2. Phonological Variables

3. Syntactic Category

4. Morphological Complexity

5. Semantic Priming

6. Lexical Ambiguity

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 119-126

14

Lexical Decision and Word Frequency

Hirsh-Pasek et al. (1993)

List 1 List 2 gambastya chalt mulvow busy revery awry governor effort voitle signet bless garvola chard trave tuglety match wefe crock gare sard cratily cryptic relief pleasant decoy ewe ruftily coin puldow himpola history maisle raflot pindle oriole develop voluble gardot boovle norve

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 120.

15

Forster's Active Search Model

Garnham, Alan. 1985. Psycholinguistics. p. 52

16

Spreading Activation

Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and Cognition, second edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, p. 260.

17

Cohort Model

Aitchison, Jean. 1994. Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, p. 218.

18

Processing in the Cohort Model

EXAMPLE: Angela misplaced her ba … Initial Cohort: bag, bat, bath, bass, bagpipe, …

  1) Word Initial Cohort: "on the basis of an acoustic-phonetic analysis of the input, a set of lexical candidates is activated"

ASSUMPTION: strictly bottom-up

  2) Selection Process: "one member of the cohort is selected for further analysis"

additional phonetic input word frequency ongoing discourse context

  3) Integration into Connected Discourse: "the selected lexical item is integrated into the ongoing semantic and syntactic context“

Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 118-126.