digital scholarship tra digital humanities e humanities ...€¦ · international publishing, 2016...

DigitalScholarshipTraDigitalHumanitieseHumanities

ComputingDinoBuzzetti

olimDipartmentodiFilosofiaUniversitàdiBologna

5febbraio2019 dhUniTO 1

Traccia

i.   LostatopresentedellaDigital

Scholarshipii.   Unsuggerimentoperl’organizzazione

delCentro


i.LostatopresentedellaDigital

Scholarship


Unaperiodizzazione

i.  Leorigini:HumanitiesComputingii.  L’impattodellatecnologa:PC,WWW,

GUI(XWindowSystem,MSWindows):the“eversion”

iii.  Lostatopresente:DigitalHumanities


Letrefasi“weare,Ithink,onthevergeofwhatseemstomethethirdmajorphaseinhumanitiescomputing,whichhasmovedfromtools[1.]inthe50s,60s,and70s,toprimarysourcesinthe80sand90s[2.],andnowseemstobemovingbacktotools...[3.].Ithinkwearearrivingatamomentwhentheformoftheattentionthatwepaytoprimarysourcematerialsisshiftingfromdigitizingtoanalyzing,fromartifactstoaggregates,andfromrepresentationtoabstraction.”•  J.Unsworth,“FormsofAttention:DigitalHumanitiesBeyond

Representation”(2004)


(i)Leorigini

1.afase•  Computazionesumainframe•  Unesempio:l’IBMepadreBusaanalisidell’informazionetestualedelleoperediTommasod’Aquino

•  elaborazionedelcontenutoinformativo


Ifondamenti

“[attentionto]thefundamentalsofcomputingtheoryandscience,whichtodayabsolutelynobodyinHumanitiesComputingmentions”(80)

•  T.Orlandi,Interview,inJ.NyhanandA.Flinn,ComputationandtheHumanities:TowardsanOralHistoryofDigitalHumanities,Cham:SpringerInternationalPublishing,2016


(ii)Latecnologia2.afase

IlPersonalComputer-dallamodalitàcaratterealleinterfaccegrafiche(GUI)

IlWorldWideWeb-multimedia

Visualizzazione:dall’elaborazioneallarappresentazione


Visualizzazionecomesimulazione


•  “GoogleBookSearch(noteouritalics)isnotprovidingelectronictext,itisprovidingbooks”(p.147)

•  “simulationsofprint...documents”(p.27)

M.DeeganandK.Sutherland,2009

Markup

•  SGML(XML)•  TextEncodingInitiative(TEI)•  evitatalasemantica


“avoidsemantics”“Datasemanticswasnotirrelevanttothedocumentcommunity,butthedefinitionofsemanticsdidseemtobeadifficultproblem.Anyattempttostandardizesemantics[...]waslikelytobecriticizedasbeingtoolimitingortooapplication-specific.Attemptstodefinesemanticsinthescholarlycommunity,mostnotablytheTextEncodingInitiative,similarlymetwithresistance.Thus,therouteproposedbySGMLwasareasonableone:promotethenotionofapplicationandmachineindependence,andprovideabaseonwhichsemanticscouldeventuallybedeveloped,butavoidactuallyspecifyingasemantics.”D.Raymond&al.,“Fromdatarepresentationtodatamodel”(1996)


Orientamentidiversi3.afase

•  DigitalHumanities(“interfacedesign”come“knowledgemodelling”)

•  HumanitiesComputing(elaborazionedelcontenuto)

-tecnologiedelSemanticWeb-RDFvsembeddedmarkup-Datamining,semanticavettoriale

rappresentazionevselaborazione5febbraio2019 dhUniTO 12

“Digital_Humanities”


Burdick,Anne,JohannaDrucker,PeterLunefeld,ToddPresnerandJeffreySchnapp.Digital_Humanities.Cambridge,MA:MITPress,2012.

Trad.it.:Umanistica_digitale,acuradiM.Bittanti.Milano:Mondadori,2014.

“HumanitiesComputing”


Nyhan,JulianneandAndrewFlinn.ComputationandtheHumanities:TowardsanOralHistoryofDigitalHumanities.Cham:SpringerInternationalPublishing,2018.

IltermineDH

“Letermed’humanitésnumériquesnaîtasseztardivement,en2008,dansunouvragecollectiféditéparSusanSchreibman,RaySiemensetJohnUnsworth:ACompaniontoDigitalHumanities.”[Hoboken,NJ:WileyBlackwell,2008].PierreMounier,Introduction,inLeshumanitésnumériques:Unehistoirecritique.Nouvelleédition[enligne].Paris:ÉditionsdelaMaisondessciencesdel’homme,2018.<http://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/12030>


“eversion”


RutledgeCompanion(2018)


Sayers,Jentery(ed.).TheRoutledgeCompaniontoMediaStudiesandDigitalHumanities.LondonandNewYork:Routledge,Taylor&FrancisGroup,2017.

RutledgeCompanion(2018)


“digitalhumanitiestinkeringandmaking”

(metaLAB,n.d.)

Eversion

•  “Ihavearguedelsewhere(2014)thatanewdigitalhumanitiesemergedaround2004–2008inresponsetochangesintechnologyandhowdigitalnetworkswereperceived—whatauthorWilliamGibsonhascalledtheeversionofcyberspace”(267)

StevenE.Jones.TheEmergenceoftheDigitalHumanities.NewYork,NY:Routledge,2014.


WilliamGibson•  Neuromancer(1984)

“Gibsoncoinedthetermcyberspaceina1982shortstory,butitbecamefamousinhisnovelNeuromancer,whereitwasthenameforanonlinerealmthatwasanabstract,disembodiednonspace,aboveandbeyondthephysicalworld”(Jones2017,267)


WilliamGibson

•  Google’sEarth(2010)

“Gibsonoverwrotehisownearliermetaphor”.(Jones2017):“Cyberspace,notsolongago,wasaspecificelsewhere,onewevisitedperiodically,peeringintoitfromthefamiliarphysicalworld.Nowcyberspacehaseverted.Turneditselfinsideout.Colonizedthephysical”(Gibson2010)


Mixedreality

•  “WhatGibsoncallstheeversion,N.KatherineHaylescharacterizesasashiftfromvirtualrealitytomixedreality”(Jones2018,268)

•  “environmentsinwhichphysicalandvirtualrealmsmergeinfluidandseamlessways”:(Hayles2010,148)


Eversioninthe“practice”ofDH

•  “anewdigitalhumanitiesemerged...growingoutofthelongtraditionofhumanitiescomputing...anewdirectionforpractice:frommerelydigitizinghumanitiesmaterials...toexploringtheimplicationsoftheeversion,thenewmixedreality”(Jones2018,268)


IntervistasulleD_H


“ribaltamento”

•  StefanoCapezzuto:Unadelleprimedifficoltàincuis’imbattechiunqueoperinell’ambitodelleDigitalHumanitiesèquelladidarneunadefinizioneesauriente.InItaliasembraancoraprevalerel’ideadiun’informaticaapplicataallescienzeumane(e,nonacaso,sièaffermatalaformula«InformaticaUmanistica»);taleimpostazionefasìcheicorsidistudiosianoinlargapartestrutturatiperfornireunaseriedicompetenzedigitaliritenuteutiliinambitoletterario,filosoficoestorico.Puòessere...sensatounribaltamentodiprospettiva,chericonoscanelledisciplineumanisticheunsetditoolperl’informatica?


JeffreySchnapp•  quandonegliStatiUnitisièaffermatalaformulaDigitalHumanitiesesièsmessodiparlarediComputationalHumanitiesoHumanitiesComputing,sièvolutosottolinearedueaspetti:l’emergenzadellaRetecomespaziopubblicoelapersonalizzazionedelcomputer,diventatooggiqualcosacheportiamointasca,sugliocchialioalpolso.Insommal’informaticastessaèentrataafarpartedellanostraquotidianitàedelmodoincuicimuoviamonelmondo:nonpiùunattrezzodell’ufficioodellaboratorio,maunoggettosociale.

KnowledgeDesign

•  J.S.“KnowledgeDesign...significa:scomporreunproblemainelementiecomprendereinqualidiquestièpossibileinserirelacomponentepartecipativa”

•  J.S.“coinvolgimentodelpubbliconellaproduzionedellacultura”

•  Usodistrumentidigitaliperprodurreinmodopartecipativooggetticulturali

•  Digital_Humanitiescomepraticasociale

ProduzionedioggetticulturaliJ.S.“Nonsiamodatascientistenonvogliamoesserlo...J.S.“idati...sonocostruzioni...cheappartengono...allavitasociale”

UsodistrumentidigitaliperprodurreinmodopartecipativooggetticulturaliProduzionevsstudiodeifenomeniculturali

J.S.“Nonmiinteressariferirmiadunfilonediricercaspecificatamenteumanistico;tantiprogettiepraticheemergenticiportanogiàoltreiconfinidiunatassonomiadellediscipline”

Produzionecometeoria

•  “themetaLABresiststheideathatdigitalhumanitiestinkeringandmakingisarefugefromtheory:itseesitshands-onresearchwithmixed-realityobjectsandenvironmentsasaddressing‘fundamentalquestionsregardingexperienceinaconnectedworld,democracyandsocialjustice,theboundariesbetweennatureandculture’.

(metaLAB,n.d.)”(Jones2018,272)


Esperienzadigitale•  Lapercezioneumanasostituitadallatecnologiadigitale

•  Esperienzadigitale:latecnologiadigitalecomeunnuovoapparatosperimentaleperledisciplineumanistiche

•  Laconoscenzaempiricafondatasuldataharvesting

•  Laconoscenzadella“mixedreality”ottenutaattraversol’esperienzadigitale

•  Naturalizzazionedelledisciplinehumanistiche


HC:conoscereilconosciuto

•  ErkenntnissdesErkannten(AugustBöckh):lostudiodiciòcheè(stato)conosciutocomeaspettoessenzialedellaconoscenzaumanistica

•  Dall’osservazionedellarealtàall’interpretazionedelleosservazioni

•  L’interpretazionerichiedel’elaborazionedelcontenuto


ProduzionevsStudio-1DH

•  “La filologia era una tecnologia di punta nella seconda metàdell’Ottocento, ma perché ripiegarci oggi su metodologieottocentesche?”(J.S.,‘Intervista’)

HC•  “In humanities research and education we speak of critics and

scholars. Both, once upon a time, were understood to practicewhatwascalledphilology,orinAugustBoeckh’sfamousdefinition,DieErkenntnisdesErkannten—‘theknowledgeofwhatisandhasbeen known.’ The fundamental obligation of philology, of thehumanities, is the preservation of cultural memory. It is anobligation that has been made both more difficult and moreimperativeinaworldofjust-in-timeglobalizedculturalexchange.”

(McGann,‘MemoryNow’,2012)


ProduzionevsStudio-2

DH•  “graphicalmethodsofknowledgeproductionandorganization”(122)

HC•  “Insomeform,thesemanticwebisourfuture,anditwillrequireformalrepresentationsofthehumanrecord”(J.Unsworth,“WhatisHumanitiesComputingandWhat

isNot?”,2002)


DHvsHC

ThemaRhema•  DH:“humanities”declinatenel“digitale” enfasisullehumanities

•  HC:“computing”applicatoalle“humanities” enfasisullacomputazione


Tesi

•  Questidiversiorientamentinondebbonoessereconsideraticomemutuamenteesclusivi,nésitrattadisceglieresullabasedigiudizidivalore

•  AIUCD:InformaticaUmanisticaeCulturaDigitale

•  Ciascunacomponentedevetuttaviaconservarelapropriadistintaspecificità


Falsaalternativa

Invece,ancheincampoumanisticopersisteancoral’opposizionedelle‘dueculture’:•  qualitativovsquantitativo•  interpretazionevsspiegazione(ipotetico-deduttiva)

•  ‘close’vs‘distantreading’

Criticaletteraria


Citazione

MichaelGavin,“VectorSemantics,WilliamEmpson,andtheStudyofAmbiguity”,

CriticalInquiry,44:4(2018),641-673.


Conceptualhistory


Citazione

MichaelGavin,CollinJennings,LaurenKersey,andBradPasanek.“SpacesofMeaning:ConceptualHistory,VectorSemantics,andCloseReading.”InDebatesintheDigitalHumanities2017,editedbyMatthewK.GoldandLaurenF.Klein.Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,(forthcoming),pp.243-267.


Semanticavettoriale•  Ilmetododellasemanticavettoriale:•  “Theideaofvectorsemanticsistorepresentawordasapointinsomemulti-dimensionalsemanticspace.

•  Theintuitionofvectorspacemodelsofsemanticsistomodelawordbyembeddingitintoavectorspace.

•  Therepresentationofawordasavectorisoftencalledanembedding.”

•  LamWai,TextMiningModelsandApplicationshttp://www1.se.cuhk.edu.hk/~seem5680/lecture/vector-semantics-2018.pdf


Analogie

Gavin2018:“I’llargue[that]vectorsemanticsshareasetofassumptionswithliterarycriticWilliamEmpson”:(641)“unexploredinterdisciplinaryregionsharedbyliterarycriticismandnaturallanguageprocessing.Vector-spacemodelscanbeusedinmuchthesamewaythatEmpsonusedthedictionary”(642)

Gavinetal.,forthcoming:“concepttheory...sharesmuchincommonwithvectorsemantics”(260)


Computational“close”reading

•  Gavin2018:“computationallyassistedclosereading”(642)

•  Gavinetal.,forthcoming:“computationalclosereading”(255)

Conceptualhistory&“close”reading

•  “PeterdeBolla’sextraordinarybook...TheArchitectureofConceptslaysoutatheoryofconceptualitythathasthepotentialtoupendlarge-scalequantitativeresearch.Ifconceptsexistculturallyaslexicalnetworksratherthanasexpressionscontainedinindividualtexts,thewholedebatebetweendistantandclosereadingneedsreframing”

•  MichaelGavin,“TheArithmeticofConcepts:aresponsetoPeterdeBolla”<http://modelingliteraryhistory.org/2015/09/18/the-arithmetic-of-concepts-a-response-to-peter-de-bolla/>


Vectorsemantics&“close”reading

•  Gavin2018:“Empson’smethodofclosereadingbrokewordsintotheirputativelyconstituentunitsofconnotation,andvectorsemanticspushesthisconceittoanextreme”(641-42)

Interpretazione

•  Allostessomodoparepossibileformalizzareilprocessodiinterpretazioneconunmodelloispiratoaisistemiadattativifondatisuretineurali

Sistemiadattativi

•  “Faremoricorsoadun’analogiaperspiegareladifferenza,”omegliolarelazione,“tralascienzaartificialeeillinguaggionaturale:ilcomputerstaallescienzeartificialicomelascritturastaallinguaggionaturale”(17)

•  MassimoBuscema,“TheGeneralPhilosophyofArtificialAdaptiveSystems,”inId.andW.J.Tastle(eds.),IntelligentDataMininginLawEnforcementAnalytics:NewNeuralNetworksAppliedtoRealProblems,Dordrecht:Springer,2013.

Sistemiadattativi

•  Ciòcheècaratteristicodeisistemiadattativièlapresenzadi“regolechedeterminanolecondizionidipossibilitàdialtreregole”.

(Buscema2013,20)•  Ciòpermettediformalizzarelafunzionediacriticadelmarkupedialtreespressionimetalinguistichedellinguaggionaturale

Ambivalenza

•  “Cliffordmayhavebeenthefirstpersontofindsignificanceinthefactthattwodifferentinterpretationsofnumbercanbedistinguished,thequantitativeandtheoperational”

DavidHestenes,NewFoundationsforClassicalMechanics(1986)•  “partialidentityofoperandandoperator”:“anoperand...ismerelyaconjecturedpresenceorabsenceofanoperator”

GeorgeSpencer-Brown,LawsoForm(1969)

18November2017 50th‘Quality&Quantity’AnniversaryUniversityofBologna 49

AttiSegnatura


Contributo


ii.Scelteorganizzative


Centri

•  Strutturediservizio:centrineipaesianglosassoni,membritemporanei

•  Finanziamentieprogetti

Grazieperl’attenzione!

[email protected]


digital scholarship tra digital humanities e humanities ...€¦ · international publishing, 2016...

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