die anthropomorphisierung von computern im film

7/21/2019 Die Anthropomorphisierung von Computern im Film

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Iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk veb Fejputarb hj Dh`j

Jmkhstarmrnaht

zur Ar`mbkubk ias Krmias ahbar

Jmkhstrm Mrthuj J.M.

verka`akt

iar

_ch`esepchsfcab Dmlu`tt

iar ^cahbhsfcab Drhairhfc-[h`ca`js-Qbhvarshtt

zu Nebb

veb

Vvabgm Nmujmbb

mus

Bauss


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Mb Ahias stmtt varshfcara hfc, imss iha Mrnaht

Iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk veb Fejputarb hj Dh`j

veb jhr sa`nst ubi ecba gaia ubar`munta Ch`da mbkadarthkt wuria, imss sha befclahbar mbiarab Vta`à zur _rdubk verkaàkab cmt ubi imss sha waiar kmbz,

befc hj Muszuk varddabt`hfct weriab hst. Iha Vta`àb iar Mrnaht ahbsfc`ha`hfc

Ymna`àb, Lmrtab, Mnnhìubkab usw. , iha mbiarab [arlab iaj [ert`mut eiar

iaj Vhbb bmfc abtbejjab shbi, cmna hfc hb gaiaj ahbza`bab Dm`` m`s Abtàc-

bubk labbt`hfc kajmfct.

Vvabgm Nmujmbb


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Hbcm`t

=. Ahbàhtubk ......................................................................................................................... 9>. Mbtcrepejerpchsjus ...................................................................................................... ;

>.= Carlubdt ubi Naiautubk ........................................................................................... ;>.> Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk ias Fejputars .................................................................. =?

>.6 Yafcbejerpchsharubk ias Jabsfcab ...................................................................... =>6. Arsfcahbubksderjab veb Fejputarb hj Dh`j................................................................ =1

6.= Engalt eiar Vungalt ................................................................................................. =16.> ênetar ubi Mbirehia ............................................................................................. =46.6 Fynerks ................................................................................................................... =86.9 Ahbdùss iar tafcbhsfcab Abtwhflùbk mud Dh`jimrsta`ùbkab .................................. >?

9. Vungaltwariubk m`s Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk ................................................................. >19.= Vungalt ubi Engalt nah Iasfmrtas ........................................................................... >19.> Vungaltwariubk ias Fejputars ............................................................................. >;

9.6 Iha Abtsfcahiubkskawm`t ias Vungaltas hb Imrl Vtmr .......................................... >39.9 Ajethebmàs ubi rmthebmàs Vungalt hb H, ênet .................................................... >81. Iha Aveùtheb iar Hbta``hkabz .......................................................................................... 66

1.= Vfcmfc sphaàbia Fejputar ................................................................................... 611.> Vprafcabia Fejputar ............................................................................................ 681.6 Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk jmsfchba`àr Hbta``hkabz hb >??=7 VpmfaEiyssaa ....................................................................................................................... 9=

1.6.= Lmjpd uj iha Vphtza iar Aveùtheb .................................................................. 9>1.6.> Iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk ias Fejputars CM@ ............................................ 991.6.6 CM@s Tarwabiubk veb Vprmfca ...................................................................... 94

1.6.9 CM@s Vfcmfcvarstbibhs ................................................................................. 931.9 Iha ujkalacrta Aveùtheb hb Iajeb Vaai ........................................................... 1?

4. Baua Musàkubkab veb Jabsfc`hfclaht ......................................................................... 1>4.= Iar Drmblabstahb Lejpàx ...................................................................................... 164.> ^mthebmàs Ardersfcab iar Jabsfc`hfclaht hb Feèssus7 Yca Dernhb_regaft .......................................................................................................................... 144.6 Vhbb`hfcas Abtiaflab iar Jabsfc`hfclaht7 Vcert Fhrfuht ....................................... 184.9 Vtranab bmfc Jabsfc`hfclaht ubi Jbb`hfclaht hb Nhfabtabbhm` Jmb .................... 4>4.4 Mbkst uj iha nairecta Jabsfc`hfclaht hb Mrthdhfhm` Hbta``hkabfa7 MH ........................ 49

;. ^flsphakaùbk ias Mbtcrepejerpchsjus mud iab Jabsfcab ..................................... 483. Dmzht .............................................................................................................................. ;68. @htarmturvarzahfcbhs ....................................................................................................... 3>


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9

=. Ahbàhtubk

Ahb Whtmt Vhkjubi Drauis mus iab _retele`àb iar _syfcembm`ythsfcab Jhtt-

wefcskasa``sfcmdt mus iaj Gmcra =8?; nasmkt7 "Qbsar Tarstbibhs rahfct se

waht wha ubsar Mbtcrepejerpchsjus."=Hj Kakabzuk se``ta as jk`hfc sahb, mb

iab Mbtcrepejerpchsjab ias Jabsfcab sahb Tarstbibhs veb shfc sa`nst ubi

iaj Tarc`tbhs zu sahbar Qjkanubk mnzuàsab. Iar Qrsprubk ias mbtcrepe-

jerpcab [a`tnhìas `hakt hb iab Kttarnhìarb iar Mbthla. Iha Kttar wuriab hb

jabsfc`hfcar Derj ubi jht jabsfc`hfcab Ahkabsfcmdtab, Dchklahtab ubi se-

kmr Vfcwfcab hjmkhbhart. Ve wuria bhfct bur ims Qbversta``nmra nakrahd`hfc

kajmfct, sebiarb mufc ahba bmrzhssthsfca [a`tmbsfcmuubk, iha iab Jabsfcab

hb ims Wabtruj ias Qbhvarsujs sta``ta, muskairflt.

Hb iar m``tk`hfcab Vprmfca wha hb iar @htarmtur ihabt iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk

bmfc wha ver iaj nassarab Tarstbibhs veb lejpàxab ubi ubversta``nmrab

Kakabstbiab iurfc iha _regaltheb veb nalmbbtab, jabsfc`hfcab Tarc`tbhs-

sab mud ihasa. [ha Vphaka`nhìar radàltharab ihasa Mbtcrepejerpchsjab ims

Nhì ias Jabsfcab veb shfc sa`nst, sahbar Hiabthtt ubi Vta`ùbk hb iar [a`t.

Nasebiars iert, we shfc Nhì ubi Mnnhì eddabshfct`hfc ubtarsfcahiab nhìat shfc

ahba _regalthebsd`fca dr Hiam`versta`ùbkab, [bsfca ubi Ceddbubkab mnar

mufc Arwmrtubkab ubi bksta ias Jabsfcab.

Tersta`ùbkab veb lbst`hfcab Jabsfcab shbi sfceb hb mbthlab, jytchsfcab Dh-

kurab wha _rejatcaus, _ykjm`heb ubi Keàj `mbka Waht ver iar Ardhbiubk veb

Jafcmbhl ubi Kabtafcbhl vercmbiab. Mufc iha Tersta`ùbk veb jabsfcabdr-

jhkab ênetarb abtstmbi wcrabi iar hbiustrha`àb âveùtheb ubi imjht Gmcr-

zacbta ver iar Ardhbiubk ias Fejputars. Iar Fejputar arwahtarta iha Tersta`-

ùbk vej lbst`hfcab Jabsfcab m`s naàntaj Mutejmtab uj iha Jk`hfclaht

ahbar lbst`hfcab Hbta``hkabz. Jht ihasar de`kab _cmbtmshab veb iablabiab, dc-àbiab Jmsfchbab jht drahaj [h`àb, Va`nstnawusstsahb, Jerm`versta`ùbkab

ubi ajethebmàb Ajpdhbiubkab. Muterab ubi âkhssaura cmnab ihasab _cmb-

tmshab hb hcrab [arlab Musirufl var`hacab, seimss saht iar Ardhbiubk ias Fej-

putars sahb dhlthvas, cmbia`bias ubi sprafcabias _abimbt ahb na`hantas Jethv

iar Dh`jkasfchfcta kaweriab hst.

= Draui, Vhkjubi< zht. bmfc7 Kancmri, Lhbi ubi Bmtur, V. 4?.


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1

Wha` ihasar Mrnaht hst as, se`fca Fejputar hj Dh`j ubtarsufcab, iha iaj Jab-

sfcab hb Kastm`t ubi Fcmrmltar mud varsfchaiaba Mrtab mbkak`hfcab wariab.

Iha Krubi`mka iar Qbtarsufcubk hst iha Drmkasta`ùbk7

Hbwhadarb ihabab iha mbtcrepejerpcab Fejputar iurfc iha hcbabzukasfcrhanabab Ahkabsfcmdtab m`s ahb Vphaka` zur Va`nstnatrmfctubk iasJabsfcab ubi m`s _regalthebsd`fca dr bksta ubi Ceddbubkab iarKasa``sfcmdt5

Dr iha L`rubk iar Drmka hst as whfcthk, zuarst iha Naiautubk ubi Tarwabiubk

veb Mbtcrepejerpchsjab ubi hcra jatmpcerhsfca Dubltheb zu l`rab, iha zu

ahbar ^flsphakaùbk ias mbtcrepejerpchshartab Kakabstmbias mud iab Jab-

sfcab dcrab lmbb. Ims Tarstbibhs ias Nakrhddas ubi sahbar Carlubdt hst ahb

whfcthkar Mspalt dr iha Iautubk iar Dh`jnahsphaà.

Ahba Wusmjjabdmssubk iar jk`hfcab Imrsta`ùbksderjab veb Fejputarb hjDh`j ihabt m`s Ahbkrabzubk iar ubtarsufctab Nahsphaà. Iar Fejputar hst ahb hj

Dh`j sacr cudhk mudtratabias Aàjabt, gaiefc hst ar bhfct hb gaiar Derj raàvmbt

dr ihasa Qbtarsufcubk. Mufc juss zwhsfcab Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk iar Ka-

stm`t ubi iar Fcmrmltarahkabsfcmdtab ubtarsfchaiab wariab, im ahba rahb u-

ar`hfca Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk ahbab Fejputar befc bhfct zu ahbaj mlthvab

Cmbiùbksaàjabt jmfct. Ahba Natrmfctubk iar chsterhsfcab Abtwhflùbk ias

Fejputars ubi pmrm`à` abtstacabiar Tarbiarubkab hb sahbar Dh`jimrsta`ùbkse`àb muariaj Mudsfcùss nar iha Abtstacubk veb iab Fejputar natraddab-

iab Arwmrtubkab ubi bkstab hb iar Kasa``sfcmdt kanab.

Iha cudhkstab ubi mussmkalrdthkstab imrmus abtstmbiabab Jethva hj Dh`j

jfcta hfc mbcmbi veb jacrarab Nahsphaàb zusmjjabdmssab ubi varmb-

sfcmu`hfcab. Imnah kact as hb Lmphta` vhar uj iha Abtwhflùbk ahbas Fejputars

veb ahbaj Engalt, wha ar mus iar âm`htt nalmbbt hst, zu ahbaj Vungalt, ims

bmfc ahbar Va`nstarlabbtbhs ahba ahkaba Hiabthtt abtwhfla`t, zu Abtsfcahiubkab

dchk hst ubi Ahbdùss mud iha Cmbiùbk bhjjt. Ihasa Abtwhflùbk hst Termussat-

zubk imdr, imss ahb Fejputar hj Dh`j zuj ve``warthkab Fcmrmltar whri ubi

iajabtsprafcabi ubtarsufct wariab lmbb. Kasfchact iha Vungaltwariubk ah-

bas Fejputars hbbarcm`n iar Dh`jcmbiùbk, hst sha muariaj ahba arsta ubi

whfcthka Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk, im sha iaj Fejputar ahb jabsfcabcb`hfcas

Va`nstnawusstsahb khnt. Iha hb ihasaj Wusmjjabcmbk nacmbia`tab Dh`jnah-

sphaà shbi Imrl Vtmr (Gecb Fmrpabtar, QVM, =8;9) ubi H, ênet (Màx _re-

yms, QVM, >??9).


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4

Ims dbdta Lmphta` nasfcdthkt shfc jht iab Muswhrlubkab iar Ardersfcubk veb

lbst`hfcar Hbta``hkabz mud iha [ubsfc- ubi Mbkstnhìar, iha jht iaj Fejputar

ahbcarkacab. Hj Delus iar Dersfcubk, mnar mufc hj Hbtarassa iar ddabt`hfclaht

stmbiab nar ahbab `mbkab Wahtrmuj ver m`àj iha _rekrmjjharubk veb

Vfcmfcfejputarb ubi iha Abtwhflùbk veb Vprmfcvarstbibhs, iha shfc nhscauta m`s nasebiars lejpàx arwhasab cmt. Iha lbst`hfca Hbta``hkabz iar Fej-

putar hj Dh`j sphaka`t ihasa Abtwhflùbkab whiar, wenah iha jmsfchba`à Hbta``h-

kabz mb iha jabsfc`hfca Iablwahsa mbkak`hfcab whri. Qj iha Fcmrmltarhsthlm

jabsfc`hfcar Iablwahsab veb iabab ias Fejputars ubtarsfcahiab zu lbbab,

se`` ahba lurza Nasfcrahnubk iar Nasebiarcahtab hb iar Vpha`wahsa ahbas

Vfcmfcfejputars ubi ahb Qjrhss ias Dersfcubksstmbias veb jmsfchba`àr

Vprmfcarlabbubk carmbkazekab wariab. Mj Nahspha` ias Dh`jas >??=7 MVpmfa Eiyssaa (Vtmbày Lunrhfl, =843, QVM) wariab imbb iha mbtcrepejer-

pcab Mspalta hb iar Imrsta`ùbk veb lbst`hfcar Hbta``hkabz, sewha iha Nadrfc-

tubk ahbar ahkabstbihkab Aveùtheb ihasar ubtarsufct. Ahba Hbtarpratmtheb iar

Aveùtheb veb lbst`hfcar Hbta``hkabz mus iar _arspalthva ahbas Fejputars, iar

shfc zurfl zu ahbaj nheèkhsfcab [asab abtwhfla`b wh``, whri hj Nahspha` Ia-

jeb Vaai (Iebmì Fmjja``, QVM, =8;;) verkasta``t.

Hj safcstab Lmphta` whri mb Vta`à iar rmthebmàb, varbbdthkab ubi kahsthkab

Ahkabsfcmdtab ias Jabsfcab iha acar lrpar`hfc erhabtharta, shbb`hfca ubi aje-

thebmà Jabsfc`hfclaht nacmbia`t. Befc wabhkar arrahfcnmr m`s iha jabsfc`hfca

Hbta``hkabz hst dr iab ramàb Fejputar nhscar iha jht iaj Erkmbhsfcab varnub-

iaba jabsfc`hfca Ajethebm`htt, Vaxum`htt ubi Dertpd`mbzubk.

Mbiars m`s iha ahbprekrmjjharta Hbta``hkabz ubi @ekhl lbbab ihasa mnstrmltab

Lebzapta mufc vej Fejputar bur iurfc ahkaba Ardmcrubkab aràrbt wariab. Hb

Mbmèkha zu ihasaj _rezass nahj Jabsfcab whri iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk

iar dcàbiab Fejputar wha iha lhbi`hfca ubi Gukabi`hfca Abtwhflùbk ias

Jabsfcab imrkasta``t. Ims Nhì vej Fejputar m`s Lhbi lerraspebihart jht iaj

veb Vfhabfa Dhftheb Muter Hsmmf Mshjev nabmbbtab Drmblabstahb Lejpàx.

Ihasar nasfcrahnt iha Mbkst iar Jabsfcab, iar hj Wusmjjabcmbk jht iaj

Fejputar mj jahstab Musirufl var`hacab wuria. Iha vej lynarbathsfcab Iab-

lab kaprkta Nadrfctubk, veb iar Jmsfchba narce`t ubi arsatzt zu wariab,

uart shfc hb nasebiars vhaàb Dh`jnahsphaàb. Imnah whri iar Jabsfc cudhk hb

ahba syjne`hsfca Tmtar-Lhbi Nazhacubk zuj Fejputar kasatzt, wa`fcar m`s

De`ka sahbar Abtwhflùbk Qbmncbkhklaht ahbderiart. Ihasa Jethva wariab mb-


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Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk dhbiat hj Bauab Yastmjabt iar Nhna` stmtt, wabb Kett hb

Gasus iha dàhsfc`hfca Derj ahbas Jabsfcab mbbhjjt ubi shfc iar Vtarn`hfclaht

ubtarwhrdt. Kett whri bhfct bur se waht wha jk`hfc varjabsfc`hfct, sebiarb iar

Jabsfc whri hb Gasus anabse stmrl varkttart. Imjht bcarb shfc zwah ahbmbiar

kakabnarstacabia Lebzapta hb ahbaj Jhsfcwasab mbahbmbiar mb. Mus iajN`hflwhbla` iar Ycaeèkha kh`t iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk Kettas, eiar mufc se-

kabmbbta Kettasnhìar, mus kabmu ihasaj Krubi m`s prenàjmthsfc. Iurfc iha

Mbbcarubk ias Jabsfcab mb Kett irect gabar atwms veb sahbar Arcmnabcaht

zu var`harab.4 Iha Tarnhì`hfcubk Kettas hst ubtar mbiaraj iaswakab iurfc iha

zacb Kaneta hj Ialmèk ubtarsmkt weriab.

Ahb Tartahihkar ias Mbtcrepejerpchsjus wmr Hjjmbua` Lmbt. Hb sahbar Lrhthl

iar rahbab Tarbubdt nadrwertat ar ahbab syjne`hsfcab Mbtcrepejerpchsjus.Ihasar se`` m`s ahba Jatmpcar varstmbiab wariab, iha Mbmèkhab zu ubs nalmbb-

tab Tarc`tbhssab hb ahbaj Kakabstmbi mudiaflt, veb iaj whr lahbaràh Tersta`-

ùbk cmnab. Ihasa Jatmpcar lmbb iajbmfc m`s Tarsufc kasacab wariab, at-

wms zu ardmssab, wms veb sahbar Iadhbhtheb car bhfct vej jabsfc`hfcab Tar-

stmbi ardmsst wariab lmbb. Imcar sta``t ims Mbtcrepejerpchsharab lahba Kadmcr

dr Kettas Arcmnabcaht imr.;Hb iar _chèsepcha hst iha Musàkubk iar [a`t bmfc

iaj Nhìa ias Jabsfcab ahba kaùdhka Jk`hfclaht, iha Krubidrmkab iar Ja-

tmpcyshl zu nariablab ubi iab Vhbb ias @anabs mus iar _arspalthva ias

Jabsfcab zu iautab.3

Iha mbtcrepezabtrhsfca [a`tmbsfcmuubk, iha iab Jabsfcab hb iab Jhtta`publt

ias Qbhvarsujs sta``t, archa`t ahbab Ahbsfcbhtt jht iar Tarddabt`hfcubk veb

Fcmràs Imrwhbs Aveùthebstcaerha hj Gmcr =318. Ihasa `ha `mbka mud shfc wmr-

tab, wah` as Imrwhb sa`nst nasfcjta, iab Jabsfcab m`s iurfc bmtr`hfca Va-

àltheb ubi Wud`à abtwhfla`tab Bmfcdmcrab ias Mddab zu abtwartab.8Ims Nhì

ias Jabsfcab ubi iar Bmtur jussta bmfc ihasar Ycaerha bau narimfct war-

iab. Iha Aveùthebstcaerha stact nhs cauta hb Lebd`hlt jht iar bmrzhssthsfcab Ter-

sta`ùbk, ahb Mnnhì Kettas zu sahb ubi whri veb iarab Mbcbkarb m`s N`mspca-

jha ubi Naàhihkubk ajpdubiab.

4Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. >1;.;

Tk`. K`z, Lmbts Lrhthl iar rahbab Tarbubdt hj L`mrtaxt, V. =49.3Tk`. Cahiakkar, Bhatzsfca, V. ==6.8Tk`. [mrrhfl/Wanrewslh, Jera Ycmb Cujmb, hb7 Vfhabfa Dhftheb. Febtajpermry Jytce-

èky, V. >88.


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Iha Tarjabsfc`hfcubk wa`t`hfcar Kakabstbia whri mufc befc ubtar ahbaj mb-

iarab Nakrhdd kadcrt. Ims Arkanbhs iar _regaltheb jabsfc`hfcar Ahkabsfcmdtab

mud Kakabstbia ubi Yhara whri m`s _arsebhdhzharubk nazahfcbat. Hj Jhtta`-

publt stact imnah m`àrihbks iha _arsb`hfclaht ias Jabsfcab, m`se sahba Ah-

kabsfcmdtab ubi Ahkabmrtab ubi bhfct sahba uar`hfclahtab, wcrabi nah iarMbtcrepejerpchsharubk mufc àtztara ahba ê`à sphaàb. _arsebhdhzharubkab

shbi nasebiars hb iar @htarmtur ahba cudhk varwabiata Lebvabtheb, iha sfceb hb

iar krhafchsfcab ^caterhl ubtar iaj Nakrhdd _resepepehha kadcrt wuria.=?Ahb

nalmbbtas, `htarmrhsfcas Nahspha` shbi iha sephsfcab Dmna`b, hb iabab Yharab

jabsfc`hfca Ahkabsfcmdtab ubi, wa`fcas ahb whfcthkar _ublt hst, iha jabsfc`h-

fca Vprmfca var`hacab whri.==

En nah Kttarb, Yharab eiar Kakabstbiab, iar Krubi dr iha Mbtcrepejerpch-sharubk hst cudhk ahba Qblabbtbhs. Ims Qbvarstbi`hfca hst àhfctar zu abt-

sfc`ssa`b, wabb ahba jabsfc`hfca Vfcmnèba m`s Iablvarahbdmfcubk=> imr-

nar kaàkt whri. @anèsab Ihbkab, iha ims @anab iar Jabsfcab se sacr naahb-

dùssab, imss ihasa hbtabshv bmfc ahbar Arl`rubk sufcab, whri edtjm`s ahba ku-

ta eiar nsa Mnshfct ubtarsta``t, uj iar [h``lr veb nahspha`swahsa Bmturlmtm-

strepcab ahba Arl`rubk zu kanab. Mufc ims Vprafcab nar ahbab sfcwar na-

krahd`hfcab Kakabstmbi hst ahbdmfcar jht nalmbbtab Yarjhbh, iha atwms Tar-

kàhfcnmras mus ahbaj wabhkar lejpàxab eiar ubnalmbbtab Narahfc musir-

flab. Jht iar Tarwabiubk veb Musirflab, iha ahkabt`hfc atwms jabsfc`hfcas

Nasfcrahnab, lejjt ims Mbtcrepejerpchsharab iar uar`hfcab Kastm`t ias

Kakabstmbias hb iar Tersta`ùbk cudhk veb sa`nst imzu.=6

Mbcmbi iar Mbmèkhab, iha iar Jabsfc zu sahbaj ahkabab [asab ubi sahbar

Kastm`t satzt, lmbb jmb mnàsab, wha iar Jabsfc ihasab Kakabstmbi varstact

ubi wha ar sahb ahkabas Tarc`tbhs zu ihasaj ahbsfctzt. Ga bmfciaj, we hb

iab Mbtcrepejerpchsharubkab Kajahbsmjlahtab eiar Kakabstza iaut`hfc

wariab, arc`t jmb Chbwahsa mud ims Nhì ias Jabsfcab veb sahbaj ahkabab

[asab ubi sahbaj Tarc`tbhs zu sahbar Qjkanubk. Mbtcrepejerpchsjab lb-

bab mufc m`s _regalthebsd`fcab ihabab. Iert, we sha iha Dchklahtab ias Jab-

sfcab narstahkab eiar hcbab bhfct karafct wariab, lbbab sha sewec` m`s

Ceddbubkstrkar, m`s mufc m`s Mbkst-Vzabmrhab hb Arsfcahbubk tratab.

=?

Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. >4?.==Tk`. Thbfabt, Ims Kachrb, hb7 Iha Yafcbhl mud iaj [ak zur Vaaà, V. =1>.=>Kancmri Q`rhfc7 Lhbi ubi Bmtur, V. 4=.=6Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. >18.


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=?

>.> Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk ias Fejputars

Vfceb hj rahbab Vprmfckanrmufc shbi Fejputar na`hanta Engalta dr Tar-

jabsfc`hfcubk. Kmbz sa`nstvarstbi`hfc sprhfct jmb imveb, imss ahb Fejputar

Dabstar ddbat, Drmkab sta``t ubi Nadacà musdcrt. Jmbfcjm` ramkhart ar mufc

bhfct jacr, strzt mn eiar ùdt cah. Ihasa sprmfc`hfcab _arsebhdhzharubkab hjM``tmk wariab iurfc iab Ahbirufl veb Hbtarmlthvhtt kadriart, iar iurfc mud Na-

butzardraubi`hfclaht chb prekrmjjharta Mrnahtsenard`fcab abtstact. Iha ihmèkh-

sfcab Epthebab shju`harab Lejjubhlmtheb zwhsfcab iaj Fejputar ubi iaj

Butzar. Mutejmthsharta _rekrmjjmnùda ubi Fejputar jht Nawakubksahbcah-

tab, zuj Nahspha` ênetar, arwaflab muariaj befc iab Mbsfcahb veb Va`nst-

tthklaht ubi Va`nststbihklaht.=9

Ahb wahtarar Mus`sar hst iha Lejpàxhtt ias Fejputars ubi iassab Hbbabà-nabs. Hjjar làhbar wariabia Jhlrefchps jht hjjar krar wariabiar @ahstubk

serkab dr ahb wmfcsabias Qbvarstbibhs. Wur Tarnassarubk iar Tarstbi`hfc-

laht ubi zur Tarahbdmfcubk iar Lejjubhlmtheb jht ubi nar iab Fejputar

wariab jabsfc`hfca Nakrhdda ubi Ahkabsfcmdtab mud hcb nartrmkab. Char dhbiat

shfc ahba Mbmèkha zur ursprbk`hfcab Naiautubk ias Mbtcrepejerpchsjus.

cb`hfc iab Kttarnhìarb dcrt m`se mufc mb ihasar Vta`à Qblabbtbhs zur Mbtc-

repejerpchsharubk. Dr kawcb`hfc nasfcrblt shfc iha Tarjabsfc`hfcubk iasFejputars hj M``tmk mud Nakrhdd`hfclahtab, iha Ahkabsfcmdtab sahba Mrnahtswahsa

parsebhdhzharab. Ve lbbab lejpàxa _rezassa, dr iarab Tarstbibhs ahb dub-

ihartas Dmfcwhssab arderiar`hfc wra, iurfc Mbmèkhab zuj Nalmbbtab varahb-

dmfct imrkasta``t wariab. Imnah cmbia`t as shfc acar uj ahbab psyfceèkhsfcab

Jafcmbhsjus=1zur Aràhfctarubk ias Tarstbibhssas m`s uj ahbab pchèsepch-

sfcab Tarkàhfc. As lmbb m`se acar iar Nakrhdd iar _arsebhdhzharubk dr ihasas

_cbejab varwabiat wariab. Ahba Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk iar uar`hfcab

Arsfcahbubk veb Fejputarb hb iar âm`htt dhbiat zuj Nahspha` hb Derj veb

cujmbehiab ênetarb stmtt, nhscar m`àrihbks bur zu muarkawcb`hfcab Der-

sfcubks- ubi Qbtarcm`tubkszwaflab.

Iha _arsebhdhzharubk ubi Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk veb Fejputarb hj M``tmk whri

veb Vahtab iar Hbderjmthl cudhk lrhthshart. Qbtar iab Lrhthlarb dhbiab shfc na-

lmbbta Bmjab wha Drhaiar Bmla ubi Gesapc [ahzabnmuj.=4_arsebhdhzharabia

=9Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. 4=.=1Ani., V. >48.=4Tk`. ani., V. >1?.


11/86

==

Vprmfca hj Qjkmbk jht iaj Fejputar hst ubsmfc`hfc ubi varjhtta`t ubtar Qj-

stbiab dm`sfca Ahbirfla. Mufc wabb iha [hrlubkswahsa ias Fejputars hj

Vhbba iar Hbderjmthebsvarmrnahtubk ubi Vpahfcarubk mb iar ias Jabsfcab erh-

abthart hst, hst sha iabbefc bhfct mud iarsa`nab Nmshs mbkaàkt ubi se``ta bhfct jht

hcr kàhfckasatzt wariab. Mufc iha jabsfc`hfca Lejjubhlmtheb lmbb jmb bhfctmud iab Fejputar nartrmkab, im jht iaj Fejputar dmlthsfc lahba Lejjubh-

lmtheb stmttdhbiat, sebiarb cfcstabs jht iab _rekrmjjhararb. Hb iar âm`htt

lejjt as nah iarmrthkab Arwmrtubkab zu Abttusfcubkab, wabb iar verpre-

krmjjharta Fcmrmltar ias Fejputars zuj Tersfcahb lejjt7 Vewec` iha Hb-

tarmlthvhtt m`s mufc iarab Dacàb lbbab m`s ubcahj`hfc, zujhbiast gaiefc m`s

hrrhtharabi arànt wariab.=;

Hj Vhbba ias Mbtcrepejerpchsjus wariab acar hb dhlthvab Yaxtab Mbmèkhabzwhsfcab iaj Fejputar ubi iaj Jabsfcab kasatzt. As whri jht Tersta`ùbkab

veb jabsfc`hfcar Hiabthtt ubi _regalthebab veb Ceddbubkab ubi bkstab ka-

spha`t. Iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk lmbb m`s _regaltheb ahbar hiamàb Kakab-

jmfct=3ihabab. [ha iar Jabsfc zuver sahb Hiam`nhì mud iha Kttar preghzhart

cmt, sphaka`t ar shfc bub hj Fejputar whiar. Iar Fejputar m`s iha èkhsfca Jm-

sfchba ubi Tarlrparubk iar rahbab Tarbubdt whrlt wha ahba Kettcaht iar Jeiar-

ba. Vahba krea âfcabàhstubk `sst hcb m``jfcthk arsfcahbab, sahba Vpah-

fcarlmpmzhttab varjhtta`b iab Ahbirufl veb M``whssabcaht ubi saht iar Ardhb-

iubk ias _arsebm` Fejputars hst ar mufc hj M``tmk ejbhprsabt. Qbnaahbdùsst

veb lrpar`hfcab ubi ajethebmàb Ahbd`ssab hst iar Fejputar iha tafcbhsfca

Tarkakabstbi`hfcubk ias èkes=8ubi ahba Tarlrparubk ias rmthebmàb Kahs-

tas, iab narahts iha mnabi`bihsfcab _chèsepcab, ubtar hcbab Hjjmbua` Lmbt,

kaderiart cmnab.

@eska`st veb iab Ahbsfcrblubkab iar Yafcbhl hb iar âm`htt lmbb iar Fej-

putar hb iar Dhltheb iaj Jabsfcab se bmca lejjab, imss ar lmuj befc veb

hcj ubtarsfchaiab wariab lmbb. Imnah lbbab sewec` iha uarab m`s mufc

iha hbbarab Jarljmà mbkabcart wariab. Ter m`àj hb @htarmtur ubi Dh`j mus

iar Vfhabfa Dhftheb Kmttubk spha`t iar Fejputar ahba krea ê`à ubi trhtt sacr

edt hb mbtcrepejerpchshartar Derj mud. Hbta``hkabta ubi jabsfcabcb`hfca Fej-

putar shbi ahbar iar mj cudhkstab kawc`tab Tartratar veb duturhsthsfcar Yafc-

=;Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. 41.=3Ani., V. =36.=8Ani., V. >3=.


12/86

=>

beèkha hj Dh`j.>?Imnah shbi sha ahba _regalthebsd`fca dr iha Arwmrtubkab, iha

mb iab Jabsfcab iar Wulubdt kasta``t wariab. Mb iar Imrsta`ùbk iar Fejpu-

tar, iha m`s Vfcpdubk ias Jabsfcab iassab Hiam`versta`ùbkab nahbcm`tab,

lmbb jmb mnàsab, wha iar Muter shfc iab Jabsfcab iar Wulubdt versta``t. Mufc

ims Tarc`tbhs ias Jabsfcab zu sahbar Vfcpdubk hst ahb whfcthkar _ublt. Jhtmbtcrepejerpcab Fejputarb lbbab parsb`hfca Nazhacubkab dahbisfcmdt`h-

fcar, draubisfcmdt`hfcar eiar sekmr rejmbthsfcar ubi saxua`àr Mrt imrkasta``t

wariab. Hbskasmjt lmbb iar mbtcrepejerpchsharta Fejputar hb @htarmtur ubi

Dh`j m`se m`s Jatmpcar dr ims Va`nstvarstbibhs ias Jabsfcab ubi sahb Tar-

c`tbhs zur Yafcbhl hbtarprathart wariab.

>.6 Yafcbejerpchsharubk ias Jabsfcab

Ims Tarc`tbhs veb Jabsfc ubi Yafcbhl zuahbmbiar hst saht iar Hbiustrhm`hsha-

rubk ahb Ycajm. Ter m`àj iar ihralta Tarkàhfc veb Erkmbhsjus ubi Jmsfchba

wuria zur Qbtarsfcahiubk carmbkazekab. Ar arddbata m`àrihbks mufc iab N`hfl

mud iha zmc`rahfc vercmbiabab Kajahbsmjlahtab. Vfceb iha Arlabbtbhssa iar

Mbmtejha ias =3. Gmcrcubiarts arraktab Mudsacab, hbiaj sha iab jabsfc`h-

fcab Lrpar m`s ahba Mrt Jmsfchba mus varsfchaiabab, zusmjjab whrlabiab

Yahàb abtrtsa`tab.>= Ihasa Ahbza`tahà ias Lrpars lbbab hb iar jeiarbab

Jaihzhb mufc iurfc jafcmbhsfca Yahà arsatzt wariab, ecba imss shfc iha Hiab-

thtt ias Jabsfcab varrhbkart, wha as zuj Nahspha` nah _retcasab ubi lbst`h-

fcab Erkmbab iar Dm`` hst.

Bhfct kmbz l`mr hst gaiefc, wha vhaà Yahà ias Lrpars arsatzt wariab lbbab,

nhs ar bhfct jacr m`s Jabsfc, sebiarb m`s Jmsfchba iadhbhart wariab juss.

Imnah hst ver m`àj iar Narahfc ias zabtrmàb Barvabsystajs prenàjmthsfc, im

ims Kachrb m`s Vhtz ias jabsfc`hfcab Kahstas kh`t. Iurfc ims Arsatzab ahbza`-

bar Yahà lbbta ihasar abtwaiar varèrab kacab, eiar mnar mud iha Jmsfchbanartrmkab wariab, wa`fcas wmcrsfcahb`hfc dr iha jahstab Jabsfcab iar ub-

cahj`hfcara veb nahiab Kaimblab hst. Imss muskarafcbat ims Kahsthka, mud ims

iar Jabsfc se ste`z hst, im as hcb veb iab Yharab mncant, hb Fejputarb radàl-

thart whri, hst ahba Tersta`ùbk, iha hb iar Kasa``sfcmdt Qbnacmkab mus`st.>>Ter

m`àj iha Tersta`ùbk ahbar jabsfc`hfcab Vaaà, iha hjjar hb Tarnhbiubk jht

atwms Ktt`hfcaj, Yrmbszabiabtmàb stmbi, whrlt hb ahbar veb Jabsfcabcmbi

>?Tk`. ênarts, Vfhabfa dhftheb, V. ===.>=Tk`. Jrmal, Vhju`harta Lrpar, V. =6?.>>Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. =3=.


13/86


14/86

=9

Mbmèkhab wariab ver m`àj hb iab Narahfc iar Hbderjmthebsvarmrnahtubk ahbka-

eribat. Jmsfchbab arcm`tab wha Jabsfcab Vhbbaserkmba, iha uara Hbderjmth-

ebab smjja`b ubi zuj Tarmrnahtab bmfc hbbab nartrmkab, naver veb iert mus

whaiaruj Hbderjmthebab mb jeterhsfca Erkmba kaàhtat wariab, iha iurfc hcra

âmltheb iha Muabwa`t naahbdùssab. Ahb ahbdmfcas Nahspha` dr ihasab Terkmbkhb iar Yafcbhl hst ahb mutejmthsfcar Yrddbar, iar mud Nawakubkab ramkhart.>;

Iarmrthka âkaùbksjafcmbhsjab ahbar Jmsfchba wariab zur Arl`rubk ubi

Tarnhì`hfcubk mud iab Jabsfcab zurflkawerdab, iassab Erkmba wha _re-

krmjja eiar Yahà ahbar Jmsfchba jhtahbmbiar lejjubhzharab ubi mutejm-

thsfc jhtahbmbiar dublthebharab. Mufc iha lejpàxa Mrnahtswahsa ias Kachrbs

lmbb iurfc nartrmkubk mud iha Nakrhdda iar aàltrebhsfcab Imtabvarmrnahtubk

edt ahbdmfcar ubi varstbi`hfcar imrkasta``t wariab.Iha rmihlmà Lynarbathl nacmuptat sekmr, gaiar Erkmbhsjus lbba iurfc ahb

dublthebsdchkas, tafcbhsfcas Jeia`` axmlt bmfckanhìat wariab.As nastact iha

Tarjutubk, imss ahba axmlta Bmfcnhìubk ias Barvabsystajs kaleppa`t jht

iab cujermàb Erkmbab nah iar Bmfcnhìubk zu ahbaj Nawusstsahb dcrab

wria. Ihas wria wahtar kacab, m`s iha nèa Bmfcnhìubk ahbas Lrpars ubi

wria ahbab ihraltab Ahbn`hfl hb ims [asab ias Jabsfcab varsfcmddab. Ahb

prekrmjjhartas Nawusstsahb wra mufc èkhsfc zu abtsfc`ssa`b ubi iar

Jabsfc se abik`thk zu ardmssab. Narahfca, wha zuj Nahspha` Kaifctbhs, @e-

khl, @arbdchklaht sewha Lramthvhtt, Va`nstradàxhvhtt ubi ims Nawusstsahb war-

iab hb iar Ycaerha iar Lynarbathlar iurfc axmlta Bmfcnhìubkab mufc iaj

Fejputar zukbk`hfc. Iha narwhbiubk iar Krabza zwhsfcab Jabsfc ubi

Yafcbhl hst imcar ahb Cmupttcajm ihasar Dersfcubksrhfctubk. Mus iab nahiar-

sahthkab Tarkàhfcab abtstmbi hb iar Lynarbathl ims kbkhka Vphaka`nhì veb

mbtcrepejerpcar Jmsfchba ubi tafcbejerpcaj Jabsfcab.>3 Ihasa ^fl-

sphakaùbk wuria mufc m`s mbtcrepejerpchs hbvarsm >8eiar Fejputarjatm-

pcar6? nazahfcbat. Ga strlar iar Fejputar mbtcrepejerpchshart whri, ujse

strlar dcrt ihas hb Derj ahbar razhprelab Vphaka`nazhacubk zu ahbaj tafc-

bejerpcab Jabsfcab.

[e as hb iar âm`htt befc mb iar Yafcbhl sfcahtart, lmbb hj Dh`j drah shju`hart

wariab, wms shfc hb iar Wulubdt nawmcrcahtab lbbta. Fejputar lbbab se

>;

Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. =9=.>3Ani., V. =94.>8Ani., V. =9;.6?Ani., V. =;4.


15/86


16/86

=4

As ka`tab bur Fejputar m`s Vungalta, iha jethvharta Abtsfcahiubkab traddab ubi

iha Cmbiùbk ubi iha mbiarab Fcmrmltara imjht mlthv naahbdùssab lbbab.66

Qbmncbkhk veb hcraj uarab Arsfcahbubksnhì shbi sungalthva Fejputar hb

hcrar Dubltheb dr iha Dh`jcmbiùbk jht iab jabsfc`hfcab Fcmrmltarab mud iar-

sa`nab Vtuda ahbzueribab. Vha shbi kàhfcarjmab whfcthk dr iha Cmbiùbk ubivarde`kab anabse hcra ahkabab Whaà ubi Mnshfctab. Hcra Nazhacubkab zu iab

jabsfc`hfcab Fcmrmltarab lbbab anabse parsb`hfc sahb wha iha iar Jab-

sfcab zuahbmbiar. M`s Engalta shbi Fejputar, saht sha ahb varnrahtatar M``tmks-

kakabstmbi shbi, ecbachb hb dmst gaiaj Dh`j zukakab, wabb mufc jahst bur hj

Chbtarkrubi. M`s Vungalta m`àrihbks shbi sha cmuptsfc`hfc hb Dh`jab mus iaj

Narahfc Vfhabfa Dhftheb vercmbiab ubi tratab iert jahst m`s ahba iar Cmuptdhku-

rab mud.Iar Vtmtus ahbas Vungaltas hst narahts iha arsta ubi vha`àhfct whfcthksta Mbtcre-

pejerpchsharubk, im sha iha Krubi`mka dr m`à wahtarab sfcmddt. Arst iurfc iha

_regaltheb jabsfc`hfcar Ahkabsfcmdtab, wha iha Dchklaht Abtsfcahiubkab zu

traddab ubi ims Nawusstsahb dr iha ahkabab Cmbiùbkab, lmbb iaj Fejputar

narcmupt ahb sa`nststbihkas Tarcm`tab zukaeribat wariab. Hst ihasa arsta

Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk vercmbiab, lmbb mufc ims uara Arsfcahbubksnhì

ias Fejputars mussmkalrdthk mbkapmsst wariab. Ar lmbb sahbar ram`hsthsfcab

Arsfcahbubk bmfcajpdubiab m`s lrparèsar Fejputar mudtratab, iar iurfc

vhsua`à Mbzahkab hb iha Cmbiùbk ahbkrahdt ubi jht iaj iar Jabsfc nar Ahb-

kmnaahbcahtab wha Ymstmturab ubi Lbpda lejjubhzhart. As lmbb shfc imnah uj

rhashka, jfcthka Vuparfejputar wha Feèssus hb Feèssus7 Yca Dernhb _re-

gaft (Gmjas Vmrkabt, QVM, =8;?) eiar prhvmta _arsebm`fejputar wha Aikmr hb

Aàftrhf Iramjs (Vtava Nmrreb, QVM, =839) cmbia`b. Muskacabi veb ihasar

Derj lmbb shfc iar Fejputar wahtarabtwhfla`b ubi zuj Nahspha` Vhbba abtwh-

fla`b eiar Vprmfcdchklaht arwarnab. Fejputar, iha ahbab mbtcrepejerpcab

Lrpar cmnab, lbbab mudkrubi iar Nasfcmddabcaht ihasas Lrpars kabmuar

lmtakerhshart wariab.

6.> ênetar ubi Mbirehia

Lbst`hfca Jabsfcab cmttab m`s _ykjm`heb, Keàj ubi Mutejmt sfceb Mudtrhtta

hb iar @htarmtur veb Mbthla, Jhtta`m`tar ubi êjmbthl. Mufc iar Nakrhdd ênetar

wuria sfceb ver iar Ardhbiubk ias Fejputars ahbkadcrt. Ims arsta Jm` wuria

66Tk`. Dèrhb, Fejputar hj Lhbe, V. 9=96.


17/86

=;

ar hj =8>= urmudkadcrtab Ycamtarstfl ^Q^ - êssujs Qbhvarsm` ênets

veb Lmra` mpal varwabiat ubi nababbt iert jafcmbhsfca Mrnahtslrdta, iha

kakab hcra jabsfc`hfcab Vfcpdar rana``harab. Ims [ert àhtat shfc vej tsfca-

fchsfcab renetm mn, imss hb atwm Drebmrnaht naiautat.69 ênetar wariab

jhttàrwahà kabara`` iadhbhart m`s aàltrebhsfc kastauarta Ahbrhfctubk zur Mus-dcrubk veb lejpàxab Mrnahtsverkbkab jhtch`da veb Vabserab u. jafcmbh-

sfcab Irac- u. Krahdverrhfctubkab.61Hj Krubia shbi sha m`se fejputarkastau-

arta, aàltrebhsfca [arlzauka.

Mudkrubi hcrar Imrsta`ùbk hb @htarmtur ubi Dh`j khnt as mnar befc ahba wahtara

Iadhbhtheb7 uar`hfc wha ahb Jabsfc kastm`tata Mppmrmtur, iha jmbua`à Dublth-

ebab ahbas Jabsfcab musdcrab lmbb< Jmsfchbabjabsfc.64 Iar ênetar hst

mudkrubi sahbar Imrsta`ùbk jht iar Lebbetmtheb varnubiab, jabsfcabcb`hfchb Kastm`t ubi Dubltheb zu sahb. Hj Dh`j arsfcahbt iar ênetar mj cudhkstab hb

ihasar Derj. Muskacabi veb sahbar ursprbk`hfcab ê`à nah mpal whri ar

mufc hb sptarab [arlab cudhk hb Tarnhbiubk jht ubtarirfltab ubi rana``ha-

rabiab Mrnahtslrdtab kasatzt.6;Iha arstab Mudtrhtta hj Dh`j cmtta ar hb @'ueje

jaffmbhfe (Mbir Iaai, Htm`hab, =8>=) ubi m`s Anabnhì veb Jmrhm, iar Ar`sa-

rhb iar àhiabiab Mrnahtar, mufc hb Jatrepe`hs (Drhtz @mbk, Iautsfc`mbi,

=8>;).63Ter iar Ardhbiubk ias Fejputars cmtta iar Mbtrhan iar ênetar befc

vha` jht _cmbtmsthl ubi Jmkha zu tub. Imbmfc bmcj ar iha Ahkabsfcmdtab ahbas

Fejputars mb7 Vahb @anab hst rmthebm` arl`rnmr, sahba Cmbiùbkab verpre-

krmjjhart, ubnawusst, kadc`ès ubi narjabsfc`hfc.68

âhb uar`hfc wariab ênetar jahst cujmbehi, mnar iabbefc ahbiauthk ja-

fcmbhsfc imrkasta``t ubi arcm`tab nàfcarba ubi jebeteba Vthjjab, uj hcr

jafcmbhsfcas Hbbaras zu natebab. Ahb uar`hfc eddabshfct`hfc jafcmbhsfcar

ênetar hst zuj Nahspha` Gecbby Dhva mus Vcert Fhrfuht (Gecb Nmicmj, QVM,

=834). Nàfc ubi Lmna` `hakab shfctnmr mb iar Enard`fca ubi ar nawakt shfc

mud @mudriarb dert. Vhbi ênetar uar`hfc gaiefc iaj Jabsfcab nhs zuj

Tarwafcsa`b cb`hfc, wariab sha m`s Mbirehia nazahfcbat, wms shfc mus iab

krhafchsfcab [rtarb mbirs ubi aies mnàhtat ubi m`s jmbbdrjhk nar-

69Tk`. Jrmal, Vhju`harta Lrpar, V. =;9.61Iuiab. Ims Drajiwrtarnufc. \FI-ÊJZ.64Ani.6;

ênarts, Vfhabfa Dhftheb, V. ==4.63Tk`. C`tkab, Fejputar hj Dh`j ubtar7cttp7//www.cahsa.ia/tp/r9/mrthla />3/>39;>/=.ctj` \>?.=>.>?=?Z.

68Tk`. [mrrhfl/Wanrewslh, Jera Ycmb Cujmb, hb7 Febtajpermry Jytceèky, V. >81.


18/86

=3

satzt wariab lmbb.9?ênetar, iha iar uarab Derj ahbar Drmu cba`b wariab

hbzwhsfcab m`s kybehi nazahfcbat.9=Iha cb`hfclaht kact se waht, imss Mbireh-

iab edt ahba Mrt lbst`hfca Cmut cmnab, Làhiubk trmkab ubi nar Jhjhl vard-

kab. Hj Dh`j shbi Mbirehiab iab Jabsfcab jahst mufc cb`hfc hj Tarcm`tab,

wabb bhfct sekmr nar ahb Nawusstsahb ubi jabsfc`hfca Kadcà.9>

[ariab shaveb jabsfc`hfcab Vfcmusphaàrb varlrpart, whri iha lmuj vercmbiaba Qbtar-

sfcahinmrlaht zuj Jabsfcab befc natebt. Hj Dh`j N`mia ûbbar (^hiày Vfett,

QVM, =83>) kact ^hfl Iaflmri mud Gmki bmfc iab jht Jabsfcab varwafcsa`nm-

rab âp`hlmbtab @aeb, Wcerm, _rhs ubi êy, iha bur iurfc spazha`à Yasts m`s

Mbirehia abt`mrvt wariab lbbab. Iha Mbirehiab shbi se jabsfcabcb`hfc,

imss Iaflmri mj Abia daststa`àb juss, imss ar sa`nst ahbar hst ubi as bhfct

ahbjm` najarlt cmt.Ahb hbtarassmbtas _cbejab iar âmlthebab mud ênetar iaflta iar ênethl

Hbkabhaur Jmsmchre Jerh mud7 ims sekabmbbta ubfmbby vm`ày.96Ihasar Nakrhdd

nasfcrahnt ahbab rmphiab Mndm`` iar peshthvab [mcrbacjubk veb Jabsfcabcb-

`hfclaht. Ga jabsfc`hfcar ahba Jmsfchba whrlt, iaste mbkabacjar shbi ahkabt`hfc

iha âmlthebab ias Butzars. Mn ahbaj nasthjjtab _ublt hst iha cb`hfclaht ga-

iefc se kre, imss iha làhbab nàhnabiab Qbtarsfchaia stmrl carverstafcab

ubi iha Jmsfchba hbskasmjt ubcahj`hfc whrlt ubi ahba bakmthva âmltheb car-

verrudt. Arst nah krtjk`hfcar Jabsfcabcb`hfclaht sfc`kt iha [mcrbacjubk

whaiar hb iab peshthvab, vartrmutab Narahfc uj, wenah nar ihasab àtztab

Vfcrhtt lahba Ahbhklaht carrsfct, m`àhb sfceb wah` ihasa _ardaltheb hb iar ênethl

befc bha arrahfct wuria.99Iha cudhkstab ê`àb, iha iar ênetar hj Dh`j nar-

bhjjt shbi mud iar dahbi`hfcab Vahta Lrhaksjmsfchbab ubi mud iar draubi`hfcab

Vahta Mrnahtar eiar Cmuscm`tsch`dab, m`àrihbks jahst hb Mrnahtsvarc`tbhssab, iha

iar Vl`mvarah kàhfclejjab. Hb iab jahstab D`àb hst iha Nazhacubk zuj

Jabsfcab zuarst bautrm` ubi abtwhfla`t shfc imbb iurfc Lurzsfc`ssa, Dac`-

dublthebab eiar biarubk iar _rekrmjjharubk hb Draubisfcmdt eiar ^hvm`htt.91

9?Tk`. Iuiab. Ims Drajiwrtarnufc. \FI-ÊJZ.9=Tk`. Iaflar, Ahb Mnnhì ias Jabsfcab, hb7 Hbderjmtheb ubi Jabsfcabnh i, V. 91.9>Tk`. [mrrhfl/Wanrewslh, Jera Ycmb Cujmb, hb7 Vfhabfa Dhftheb. Febtajpermry Jy-

tceèky, V. >89.96

Iaflar, Ahb Mnnhì ias Jabsfcab, hb7 Hbderjmtheb ubi Jabsfcabnhì, V. 13.99Tk`. ani.91Tk`. Dmjeus Jevha ênets. H`ùstrmtai Chstery ed Dh`j ênets, ubtar7

cttp7//www.dh`jshta.erk/renetshbdh`j=.ctj` \4.1.>?==Z.


19/86

=8

6.6 Fynerks

Akm` wha bmc sha mb iha uara Derj ahbas Jabsfcab lejjab, ênetar shbi

krubistz`hfc mus lbst`hfcaj Jmtarhm` kasfcmddab ubi cmnab lahba nheèkh-

sfcab Aàjabta. Jhsfcderjab mus Yafcbhl ubi Erkmbhsjus chbkakab babbt

jmb Fynerk. Iar Nakrhdd hst zusmjjabkasatzt mus iab [rtarb fynarbathfubi erkmbhsj.94Arstjm`hk musderju`hart wuria ims Lebzapt iar Fynerks =84?

hb ahbaj Assmy veb Jmbdrai A. F`ybas ubi Bmtcmb V. L`hba.9;Imjm`s wuria

befc cmuptsfc`hfc hb iar ^mujdmcrttafcbeèkha jht iaj Kaimblab kaspha`t,

iab Jabsfcab iurfc tafcbhsfca Hjp`mbtmta nassar mb iha Naihbkubkab ias

[a`trmujs mbzupmssab.93Jht iab bau mudlejjabiab jaihzhbhsfcab Jk`hfc-

lahtab veb Hjp`mbtmtheb ubi Kabjmbhpu`mtheb wuria ims Fynerk Ycajm mufc hb

iar Jaihzhb zuj Nakrhdd. Nasebiars na`hant wmr ims Nhì hb iab =8;?ar ubi=83?ar Gmcrab, m`s jht iar irecabiab Kadmcr ahbas Mtejlrhakas hj lm`tab Lrhak

ubi iaj Mudlejjab iar MHIV Lrmblcaht ims jabsfc`hfca @anab hjjar zar-

nrafc`hfcar zu wariab sfchab.98

Hb iar âm`htt lbbta jmb tcaerathsfc sfceb Jabsfcab jht Carzsfcrhttjmfcarb

eiar Crkartab m`s Fynerks nazahfcbab. Mufc iha Ahbnhbiubk ias Jabsfcab

hb ahb lynarbathsfcas Hbderjmthebs- ubi Lejjubhlmthebssystaj lmbb jht iha-

saj Nakrhdd naàkt sahb, zuj Nahspha` vhrtua`à Hiabthttab eiar parsb`hfca _redh-à hb sezhmàb Batzwarlab hj Hbtarbat. Hb ihasab D`àb hst bhfct hjjar arlabb-

nmr, we iar Jabsfc mudcrt ubi iha Yafcbhl nakhbbt.1? Hb iar Dhltheb shbi iha

Jk`hfclahtab, Krabzab zwhsfcab Erkmbhsjus ubi Jmsfchba zu varwhsfcab

bhfct nakrabzt ubi imcar zmc`rahfc. Imnah bacjab dhlthva Fynerks ahbab Vyj-

ne`fcmrmltar mb, iabb sha satzab iha Ahkabsfcmdtab veb Jabsfc ubi Jmsfchba

whrlsmj hb ahbab ihraltab Lebtrmst. Iha jmsfchba`àb Jarljmà ias Fynerk

shbi zuj Nahspha` sahba narjabsfc`hfca Lrmdt, sahba Qbvarwubinmrlaht ubi

sahba ^mthebm`htt.1= Jabsfc`hfca Aàjabta shbi edt iha uara C`à7 Cmut,

Jusla`b ubi Jhjhl. Va`tab wariab hbbara jabsfc`hfca Ahkabsfcmdtab wha

Ajethebm`htt, Jhtàhi eiar Mbkst narbejjab. Iar Y-3?? Fynerk mus Yca

94Tk`. [mrrhfl/Wanrewslh, Jera Ycmb Cujmb, hb7 Vfhabfa Dhftheb. Febtajpermry Jy-tceèky, V. >89.

9;Tk`. F`ybas/L`hba, Fynerks mbi spmfa, ubtar7cttp7//wan.jht.aiu/ihkhtm`mpe`è/Iefujabts/Fcmptar=/fynerks.pid \=8.9.>?==Z.

93

Tk`. Irablpec`, Vthjja Jmfct Yafcbhl, V. =4=.98Tk`. ani.1?

Tk`. Nm`smje, âmihbk Fynerks wrhthbk Dajhbhsj, hb7 Yca kabiarai Fynerk, V. =1>.1=Tk`. ani., V. =98.


20/86


21/86

>=

Qjstbiab sahbar Waht lmbb jmb cudhk mnàsab, iurfc wa`fca bauab Arrub-

kabsfcmdtab iar Yafcbhl shfc ims Nhì ias Fejputars ubi sahba Nazhacubk

zuj Jabsfcab varbiart cmnab. Cudhk sphaka`b shfc anab ihasa Tarbiarub-

kab hb iar @htarmtur ubi iab Dh`jab iar abtsprafcabiab Waht whiar.

Kabara`` wmr iha Ahbsta`ùbk iar Kasa``sfcmdt zur Jmsfchba bur hb ahbar lurzab_cmsa epthjhsthsfc. Wwhsfcab iab aurephsfcab Lrhakab ias =8. Gmcrcubiarts

ubi iabab ias nakhbbabiab >?. Gmcrcubiarts dmbi iha hbiustrha`à âveùtheb

stmtt, hj Wuka iarar zuj Nahspha` Imjpdjmsfchbab ubi mutejmthsfca [anstc-

à iaj Jabsfcab iha Mrnaht aràhfctartab ubi iha _reiultheb arcan`hfc na-

sfcàubhktab.16Hb ihasab ^mcjab wuria iha Vfhabfa Dhftheb @htarmtur kanerab.

[hssabsfcmdt ubi Yafcbhl stmbiab hj Jhtta`publt ias Hbtarassas ubi iha Ter-

sta`ùbkab veb zulbdthkab Kabarmthebab wuriab stmrl veb hcbab naahbdùsst.Iha Thshebab iar Muterab wmrab zujahst epthjhsthsfc ubi varchaab ahba cefc-

tafcbhsharta, mnar kbz`hfc vej Jabsfcab lebtre``harta Wulubdt. Wu ihasar Yrmih-

theb zc`tab shfc hb hcrab Mbdbkab zuj Nahspha` Hsmmf Mshjev ubi Mrtcur F.

F`mrla.

Jht Nakhbb ias arstab [a`tlrhakas satzta iurfc iha Nakakbubk jht Nejnab ubi

Khdtkmsab ahba Tarbiarubk ahb. Iar epthjhsthsfca Ahbirufl veb Yafcbhl ubi

[hssabsfcmdt sfcwablta uj hb ahba Mbkst ver iarab zarstrarhsfcar Lrmdt. Ahba

[ahà axhsthartab epthjhsthsfca ubi passhjhsthsfca Musn`hfla mud iha Wulubdt iar

Yafcbhl befc banabahbmbiar, gaiefc arànta iha passhjhsthsfca Ahbsta`ùbk

sfceb nmì ahbab Mudsfcwubk. Iha Abtwhflùbk iar Mtejnejna ubi iarab ar-

sfcraflabia Muswhrlubkab nah Yasts hj Gmcr =891 wmr iha wec` krta Iash`ù-

shebharubk ubi iar nhscar ubrcj`hfcsta Mnsfcbhtt hb iar Kasfchfcta iar Yafc-

beèkha. Kàhfczahthk nakmbb iha rmsabi sfcba`à Abtwhflùbk ias Fejputars,

iar ahba befc krara Nairecubk varcha.19 [crabi iha Mtejnejna iab

Jabsfcab àihk`hfc ttab lebbta, irecta iar Fejputar, sahba Vpazhas zu ubtar-

`mudab ubi abik`thk zu arsatzab.11

Iha Ardhbiubk ias Fejputars nahbcm`tat ahba `mbka Ter`mudzaht, iha shfc kabmu

kabejjab nhs zu jmtcajmthsfcab Abtwhflùbkab hb iar Mbthla arstraflt. Ahb-

dmfca [arlzauka zur jmtcajmthsfcab Ch`dasta`ùbk nhìatab iha drcastab Ter-

16Tk`. Mshjev, Yca Jmfchba mbi tca ênet, hb7 Vfhabfa dhftheb. Febtajpermry Jytce-

èky, V. >1=.19Tk`. Irablpec`, Mbb-Lrhsthb7 Vthjja - Jmfct - Yafcbhl >??3, V. ==;.11Tk`. Mshjev, Yca Jmfchba mbi tca ênet, hb7 Vfhabfa Dhftheb. Febtajpermry jytce-

èky, V. >1>.


22/86


23/86

>6

D`fcthklahtsdacàr hj _rekrmjjfeia hst bmfc wha ver dr iha Dubltheb ahbas

Fejputars mussfc`mkkanabi. Ims Nhì iar Jabsfcab vej Fejputar wmr m``-

kajahb ims ahbas ubvarstbi`hfcab ubi ubparsb`hfcab Leèssas. Karfcta

veb Fejputarsystajab, iha iha Lebtre`à nar Darbwmddab hbbacmnab, kabmbbt

Ieejsimy Iavhfa, `sta hb iar Waht ias lm`tab Lrhakas ahba raka`rafcta _mrm-behm mus.18 _cmbtmshab veb muar Lebtre`à karmtabab Jmsfchbab ihasar Mrt

wuriab banab Feèssus7 Yca Dernhb _regaft mufc hb Ir. Vtrmbkaèva er7 Cew H

@amrbai te Vtep [erryhbk mbi @eva tca Nejn (Vtmbày Lunrhfl, QVM, =849)

ubi Yca Yarjhbmter (Gmjas Fmjareb, QVM, =839) varwabiat.

Iha Abtwhflùbk iar _arsebm`fejputar, se wha whr sha cauta labbab, nakmbb

arst Jhtta iar =8;?ar Gmcra ubi wuria arst iurfc iha Abtwhflùbk veb Hbta` Jhl-

refchps jk`hfc kajmfct. Vfceb =8;4 nrmfctab Vtapcab [ezbhml ubi VtavaGens kajahbsmj iab arstab Mppà Fejputar Mppà H mud iab Jmrlt. Hj Gmcr

imrmud wuria narahts iar Mppà HH varlmudt, iar nar ahb Ihslattab`mudwarl var-

dkta, wms as dr gaiab Butzar jk`hfc jmfcta, _rekrmjja dr iab Mppà zu

sfcrahnab. Iurfc iab varkàhfcswahsa arsfcwhbk`hfcab _rahs wuria iar Mppà

sahbarzaht zuj _arsebm`fejputar sfcàfctchb. Teb Mbdmbk mb wmr as strhtthk,

wa`fcar _arsebm`fejputar iar arsta wmr. Sarex 3?=? Vtmr Hbderjmtheb Vystaj,

@HBF, M`tmhr 33??, Irasiab 9m ubi mbiara stacab zur Muswmc`. Vha m`à cmttab

gaiefc iha Kajahbsmjlaht, imss sha m`s arsfcwhbk`hfca Fejputar dr iab

Cahjkanrmufc iaj kreab Fejputarcarsta`àr HNJ kakabnarstmbiab ubi

shfc zujhbiast mbdmbks rafct arde`krahfc kakab ihasab iurfcsatztab. Hb iab

[a``nàfcsfcuppab ias Vh`hfeb Tm`ày hb Cmbimrnaht abtwhfla`t, wuriab sha bhfct

bur mus dhbmbzha`àb Krbiab arde`krahfc, sebiarb mufc wah` sha iaj @mhab iha

Naihabubk ahbas Fejputars arjk`hfctab. Nh`` Kmtas ubi _mu` M``mb cmttab

bj`hfc sfceb vercar ahb _rekrmjj abtwhfla`t, ims iha kbkhka _rekrmjjhar-

sprmfca NMVHF abtsfc`ssa`b lebbta ubi mud ihasar Krubi`mka abtstmbiab Mb-

wabiubkab jht ahbar àhfct iurfcsfcmunmrab Nabutzarenard`fca. Iar hbtarmlth-

va, nabutzardraubi`hfca ubi arsfcwhbk`hfca _arsebm`fejputar archa`t m`se Ahb-

zuk hb iha _rhvmtcmuscm`ta. Mus iaj Nhì ias leèssmàb, lejpàxab Vupar-

fejputars wuria iar cmbi`hfca, prmlthsfca Cahjfejputar, iar jht iar Waht zuj

ubhvarsmàb [arlzauk wuria.4?

18Tk`. Irablpec`, Vthjja Jmfct Yafcbhl, V. 19.4?Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. >=->;.


24/86

>9

Iha Abtwhflùbk veb ahbar whssabsfcmdt`hfcab eiar jh`htrhsfcab kreab â-

fcabjmsfchba chb zu ahbaj M``tmkskakabstmbi `ha ahb bauas Nhì vej Fejpu-

tar abtstacab. Iurfc hbtarmlthva Nabutzarenard`fcab ubi iha Jk`hfclaht iar

Ymstmturahbkmna arwaflta iar _arsebm`fejputar iab Mbsfcahb ahbas Lejju-

bhlmthebspmrtbars. Ahba baua Verka nrahtata shfc veb iert mus7 iar m``kakabwr-thka Fejputar, iar hb iha _rhvmtspcra ias Butzars ahbirhbkt ubi ihasa hrkabi-

wmbb v``hk lebtre``harab lbbta. Dh`ja wha Iajeb Vaai ubi Aàftrhf

Iramjs vhsum`hsharab ihasa Mbkst.

Iurfc iha lbst`hfca Hbta``hkabz Dersfcubk ubi iha hjjar àhstubksstrlar war-

iabiab Fejputar, iha mb hjjar jacr Vta`àb ahbkasatzt wuriab, abtstmbi befc

ahb wahtaras Jhssdm`àb. Iar Fejputar irecta, iab Jabsfcab iha Mrnahtsp`tza

strahthk zu jmfcab. [crabi narahts iha jafcmbhsfcab Jmsfchbab iar Hbiustrh-m`hsharubk lrpar`hfca Mrnaht arsatztab, sfchabab iha Aàltrebabchrba iaj Jab-

sfcab nah kahsthkab Mrnahtab Leblurrabz zu jmfcab. Mn char hst ims [arlzauk

hj Kakabsmtz zu âfcabjmsfchba ubi @efclmrtabsystaj bhfct jacr ahba nè-

a Arwahtarubk ias jabsfc`hfcab Lrpars eiar sahbar Hbta``hkabz, sebiarb

lmbb ahbab ahkabab Lrpar ubi ahba ihasab stauarbia ahkaba Hbta``hkabz, we-

jk`hfc sekmr ahb ahkabas Nawusstsahb cmnab.4=Imjht hst as ubmncbkhk vej

Mrnahtar, juss bhfct zwhbkabi naihabt wariab ubi hst stmtt ahbar Ch`da acar ahba

Leblurrabz, wha as Lmr` Jmrx sfceb hb Nazuk mud ims Mudlejjab veb Mutejm-

tab nadrfctata. Hj Kakabsmtz zuj Jabsfcab sah iha Mrnaht veb Mutejmtab

gaiefc teta Mrnaht, iha bhfct veb jabsfc`hfcaj Kasfchfl nasaa`t waria. Iar

Jabsfc abtdarbt shfc hjjar wahtar veb iar Mrnaht ubi var`hart gaia ihralta Tar-

nhbiubk zuj _reiult, as sah iabb ar varnhbiat sahb ahkabas Kachrb jht iar

Dmnrhl ubi stauart iha jafcmbhsfcab Mrja wha sahba ahkabab.4>

Iar Fejputar m`s Leblurrabt ubi Banabnucàr dr iab Jabsfcab varsfcen

ims Qbnacmkab. Iha Mbkst nastact char wabhkar imrhb, iurfc ahba narjmfct

nashakt zu wariab, sebiarb acar imrhb, iurfc ahba varnassarta âp`hlmtheb ar-

satzt zu wariab. Ihasa Mbkst wuria iurfc iha Najcubkab iar Ardersfcubk

veb lbst`hfcar Hbta``hkabz ubi iurfc ims lynarbathsfca Iablab kasfcrt. Yca

Vtapderi [hvas (Nrymb Dernas, QVM, =8;1), N`mia ûbbar , Mrthdhfhm` Hbta``h-

kabfa7 MH ubi H, ênet nasfcdthkab shfc jht ihasar Mbkst, imss Mrnahtar,

4=Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. >>4.4>Tk`. [mrrhfl/Wanrewslh, Jera tcmb Cujmb, hb7 Vfhabfa Dhftheb. Febtajpermry Jy-

tceèky, V. 6?1.


25/86

>1

Drmuab ubi Lhbiar iurfc âp`hlmthebab arsatzt wariab, eiar mnar imss jmb

sa`nst ubwhssabi ahba âp`hlmtheb hst.

M`s ims narahts hb iab =8;?ar Gmcrab abtstmbiaba Hbtarbat shfc nar iha =83?ar

Gmcra wahtarabtwhfla`ta ubi shfc hb iab =88?ar Gmcrab sfc`ha`hfc dr iab _rh-

vmtkanrmufc ddbata ubi pepu`rar wuria, trmt iha Vungaltcmdthklaht ias Fejpu-tars ahb wabhk zurfl, uj ^muj dr iha Tersta`ùbk ias Fejputarbatzwarlas

zu jmfcab.46 Iar wa`twahta Wukrhdd mud Imtab ubi iha Jk`hfclaht ias Jhss-

nrmufcs ihasar bauab Tarnhbiubk `ha iab Fejputar whaiar cudhkar m`s [arl-

zauk dr na`ttar hb Arsfcahbubk tratab. Iha ihkhtmà Hiabthtt, iha nar ims Hb-

tarbat se mbkrahdnmr arsfcahbt, irect narcmbi nar iha mbmèka Hiabthtt ias

Jabsfcab zu bacjab ubi jht iar Tarbiarubk ahbhkar Wmcàb, zuj Nahspha`

ias Lebtestmbias eiar ias Terstrmdabrakhstars, lmbb iha mbmèka Hiabthtt ah-bas Jabsfcab irmjmthsfc varbiart wariab. Ihasas Jethv wuria zuj Nahspha`

hb Dh`jab wha Cmflars ubi Yca [an (Hrwhb [hblàr, =881, QVM) mudkakrhddab.

9. Vungaltwariubk m`s Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk

9.= Vungalt ubi Engalt nah Iasfmrtas

âb Iasfmrtas tah`ta hj =;. Gmcrcubiart hb sahbar Jatmpcyshl iha [a`t hb kahs-

thka Ihbka, iha ras fekhtmbtas, ubi lrpar`hfca Ihbka, iha ras axtabsma. IhaLrpar whrlab rahb jafcmbhsfc. Hcra varsfchaiabab Yahà whrlab iurfc Nawa-

kubkab mudahbmbiar ahb, wha ahba Jmsfchba. Imzu zcàb mufc iha Yhara ubi

iar jabsfc`hfca Lrpar.49Ihasaj eribat ar Erkmba ubi Yrhanwarla zu, bhfct

mnar Hbta``hkabz ubi Ajpdhbiubkab. Vha kacrab zuj Kahst ias Jabsfcab, iar

hcb àtzt`hfc veb Yhar ubi Jmsfchba mncant. Bur iar Jabsfc vardkt nar ims

Qbhvarsm`hbstrujabt Tarbubdt, imss mud m`à Drmkab mbwabinmr hst, wcrabi Yha-

ra ubi Jmsfchbab nè bmfc hcrab ahbza`bab Erkmbab, nazhacubkswahsa _re-krmjjab, cmbia`b lbbab, iha gawah`s bur mud nakrabzta Mudkmnabnarahfca

spazhm`hshart shbi. Iha Vhju`mtheb veb Tarbubdt hst bhfct jk`hfc, im sha arderiarb

wria, imss [hssab, Arhbbarubk ubi Ardmcrubk sa`nststbihk mud baua Naka-

nabcahtab nartrmkab ubi mbm`yshart wariab lbbab.41

Ims jabsfc`hfca Iablab hst m`se iurfc Vprmfca ubi Tarbubdt kalabbzahfcbat,

jht iabab shbbve`` mud iha ubtarsfchai`hfcstab Vhtumthebab ramkhart wariab lmbb.

46Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. 6?.49Tk`. Jrmal, Vhju`harta Lrpar, V. 8=.41Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. =8;.


26/86

>4

Iha Vaaà hst zwmr stmrl vej Lrpar naahbdùsst, zuj Nahspha` wms iha Vhbba,

Kadcà ubi Nakacrab natrhddt, àtztabi`hfc hst sha mnar veb hcj ubmncbkhk. Yha-

ra cmbia`b hj Kakabsmtz zuj Jabsfcab rahb jafcmbhsfc iurfc hcra Erkmba

ubi lbbab Hbta``hkabz cfcstabs shju`harab. Ims nasmkt iha sekabmbbta

"Yharjmsfchbabtcasa".44

Ihasa`na Hbta``hkabz lmbb mufc veb Jmsfchbab shju-`hart wariab, iefc iha Hbta``hkabz ias Jabsfcab lmbb veb nahiab bhfct arrahfct

wariab, im shfc shju`harta Hbta``hkabz ubtarcm`n iar Nawusstsahbsanaba nadhb-

iab. Ahb Nawusstsahb hst hb Iasfmrtas Vhbba gaiefc bur iaj Jabsfcab kaka-

nab. Imzu kacrt m`às sungalthva Ajpdhbiab, iha Va`nstradàxheb, ims sungalthva

nariablab veb engalthvab Hbderjmthebab sewha iha [h`àbs- ubi Abtsfcah-

iubksdrahcaht. Iar Jabsfc iadhbhart ubi ubtarsfcahiat shfc m`se hj Krubia

iurfc ims Iablab mb shfc7 Ake fekhte, arke suj. Iar jeiarba Jabsfc hstshfc sahbar sa`nst kawhss ubi nakrbiat sahba Axhstabz mus shfc sa`nst carmus.

Iha baua iurfc Iasfmrtas hb iha [a`t kasatzta ubi veb Mbdmbk mb hjjarzukàhfc nairecta Va`nstkawhcaht\!Z4; ias iablabiab Jabsfcab hst ihaDerju`harubk ahbar mnseùtab Va`nstnakrbiatcaht, ahbar Axhstabz ias Vungaltsmus shfc sa`nst carmus, ecba befc atwms kasfchfct`hfc Terkakanabas mbbacjabzu jssab.43

Iar Jabsfc bhjjt bub shfc sa`nar m`s Tarkàhfcspublt, wejht iar mbtcrepeè-

khsfca Kaimbla nakhbbt. Iha kasmjta engalthva [a`t whri bmfc iaj Nhìa ias

Jabsfcab48muskaàkt ubi se kawhssarjmab zuj Vphaka`nhì ias Jabsfcab.

Befc zuver, ver m`àj hb iar jhtta`m`tar`hfcab [a`t wuria ims kasmjta ubi im-

jht mufc ims jabsfc`hfca Vahb mus Kett carmus nakrbiat ubi ihasa Ieltrhb

nambtwertata m`à Axhstabzdrmkab. Arst iar jeiarba Jabsfc nakhbbt, shfc sa`nst

Arlabbtbhs zu varsfcmddab, hbiaj ar veb sahbar ahkabab Axhstabz muskacabi

m`à mbiarab iadhbhart ubi whri se hb ahba zabtrmà _eshtheb karflt. Bmfc iaj

Vmtz ias _retmkerms hst iar Jabsfc bub "ims Jm m`àr Ihbka";?7 M`àr Ihbka

Jm hst iar Jabsfc, iar sahabia, im sha shbi, iar bhfctsahabiab, im sha bhfctshbi.;=Imbmfc axhsthart bur ims, wms iar Jabsfc mufc ardmssab lmbb, wc-

rabi nah m`àj bhfct Ardmssnmrab imveb muszukacab hst, imss as bhfct axhsthart.

Vahabicaht nasmkt gatzt Ter-kasta``tcaht ias ver-sta`àbiab Vungalts.;> Iar

44Tk`. ani., V. =83.4;Tarm`tata âfctsfcrahnarakaùbkab hb `tarab [arlab wariab hb de`kabiab Whtmtab

anabdm``s narbejjab, gaiefc bhfct jacr ahbza`b jmrlhart.43Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. =38.48

Cahiakkar, Bhatzsfca, V. ==6.;?Ani., V. ==8.;=Ani.;>Ani., V. =98.


27/86

>;

Jabsfc whri se zuj ahbzhkab Vungalt ubi m`às bhfct jabsfc`hfc Vahabia whri

zuj Engalt dr ihasas Vungalt";6Kàhfczahthk jht iar Vungaltwariubk ias Jab-

sfcab whri de`k`hfc m`às hcb ujkanabia zuj Engalt. Muariaj zc`t dr iab

Jabsfcab narcmupt bur ims zur [mcrcaht, iassab ar shfc kawhss sahb lmbb,

wms ar m`se jht sahbaj Kahsta ardmssab lmbb. Ims Vungalt hst hb sahbar ahkababHbtarpratmtheb iajbmfc iha Termussatzubk dr ahba axhstharabia [mcrcaht7

[mcrcaht hst Kawhcaht, dr wa`fca Kawhcaht abtsfcahiabi nàhnt, im hb hcr

gawah`s iar Jabsfc m`s Vungalt sahbar sa`nst kawh ubi shfcar hst.;9 @atztab

Abias lmbb jmb sekmr smkab, imss iar Jabsfc sa`nst iha ahbzhka Vmfca hst,

iarar ar shfc sa`nst shfcar sahb lmbb, iabb iurfc sahb Iablab hst sahba Axhstabz

dr hcb sa`nst ahbiauthk nawhasab, wcrabi m`às mbiara, wms ar ardmsst bhfct

zwhbkabi mufc hb iar engalthvab [a`t axhsthart.

;1

9.> Vungaltwariubk ias Fejputars

Iar Fejputar mb shfc hst ursprbk`hfc m`s Engalt mbkaàkt. Iha Kasfchfcta iar

Nazhacubk veb Jabsfc ubi Fejputar nakhbbt jht iar ahbas Mrnahtars zu sah-

baj [arlzauk. En m`s âfcabjmsfchba eiar @efclmrtabsystaj dr [anstc-

à, iar Fejputar wmr hb arstar @hbha ahb Kanrmufcskakabstmbi, iar iaj Jab-

sfcab iha Mrnaht aràhfctarb se``ta. Mufc cautzutmka wariab Fejputar ver m`àj

hb Nres zur Mrnahtsaràhfctarubk ahbkasatzt, wenah sha hj _rhvmtkanrmufc mufc

m`s Jaihuj ubi Lejjubhlmthebsjhtta` varwabiat wariab. Hj Kakabsmtz zu

nhscarhkab Jmsfchbab, wuria jht iar Ardhbiubk ias Fejputars arstjm`s zu-

stz`hfc zur lrpar`hfcab mufc iha kahsthka Mrnaht vej [arlzauk mnkabejjab.

Mufc hst ihasas [arlzauk bhfct jacr ahba nèa Arwahtarubk ias jabsfc`hfcab

Lrpars eiar sahbar Hbta``hkabz, sebiarb lmbb shfc wahtarabtwhfla`b, ahbab ah-

kabab Lrpar ubi ahba ahkaba Hbta``hkabz, wejk`hfc sekmr ahb ahkabas Na-

wusstsahb cmnab. Imjht whri ims Engalt mnar zuj Vungalt ubi ims [arlzaukubmncbkhk vej Mrnahtar. Ahb [arlzauk, ims bhfct naihabt wariab juss hst

mnar stmtt ahbar Ch`da acar ahba Leblurrabz.

Iha Vungaltwariubk iar Jmsfchba ubi imjht iar Tarùst iar Lebtre`à nar sha

rakt bksta mb. [abb sha shfc sa`nst lebtre``harab, lbbab iha Jmsfchbab tcae-

;6

Ani.;9Cahiakkar, Bhatzsfca, V. =1?.;1Tk`. N`mlajera, Chrbdersfcar mud iar Vufca, hb7 Iha Yafcbhl mud iaj [ak zur Vaaà,

V. =>6.


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rathsfc hcra Lrmdt ubi Hbta``hkabz mufc kakab iab Jabsfcab rhfctab.;4Ims Nhì

iar Jmsfchba m`s Kakabsphaàr ubi ^hvmà hst charjht kanerab. Ter m`àj hb dr-

cab Dh`jab, iha Fejputar abtcm`tab, whri ihasa Mbkst muskairflt. Iha Fejpu-

tar shbi cudhk Vl`mvab ias Jabsfcab, iha jht ahbaj Jm` shfc sa`nst ubi hcra

ahkaba Jmfct arlabbab ubi shfc kakab hcrab Qbtarirflar wabiab. Iha Vun-galtwariubk lmbb mnar mufc peshthv nawartat wariab. Draubi`hfca ênetar ar-

`mbkab se Va`nstnawusstsahb, Drahcaht ubi ahbab hbihvhiua`àb Fcmrmltar, jht

iaj sha iaj Jabsfcab ahb Draubi ubi Tarnbiatar eiar sekmr @hanaspmrtbar

sahb lbbab. Termussatzubk dr iha Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk iar kahsthkab Dubl-

thebab ahbas Fejputars hst iha Va`nstarlabbtbhs, iha Abtwhflùbk ahbas drahab

[h`àb ubi iha arlabbnmra Ahbwhrlubk mud iha Cmbiùbk m`s mutebejas Vungalt.

9.6 Iha Abtsfcahiubkskawm`t ias Vungaltas hb Imrl Vtmr

Hj Dh`j Imrl Vtmr (Gecb Fmrpabtar, QVM, =8;9) butzt ahba hbta``hkabta Nejna

iab Vmtz veb Iasfmrtas, uj sa`nst zuj Vungalt zu wariab ubi se Abtsfcah-

iubksdchklaht zu ar`mbkab. Nejn Bujnar >? hst mb Neri ahbas Vfchddas, ias-

sab Mudkmna as hst, _`mbatab mus iaj [ak zu rujab, iha ^mujdmcrtreutab

nachbiarb. Mudkrubi ahbar Dac`dubltheb whri iha Nejna zwahjm` mlthvhart ubi

veb iab Mstrebmutab whaiar ahbkadmcrab. Nahj irhttab Jm` k`munt sha hcbab bhfct

ubi namnshfcthkt, iab Nadacàb zu de`kab, iha shfc mus hcrar _rekrmjjharubk

arkanab ubi iha iar Mstrebmutab zu hkberharab. Iha Kadmcr, iha shfc arkhnt hst,

imss shfc iha Nejna bhfct mus iar Cm`tarubk `sab lmbb ubi se ihralt mj Vfchdd

zu axpèiharab irect. Iar Mstrebmut Iee`httà varsufct sfc`ha`hfc, jht iar Nej-

na zu mrkujabtharab, imjht sha sa`nst hcra Nadacà biart. Char `hakt ahba arsta

ubi dr iab Wusfcmuar varjut`hfc varwubiar`hfca Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk ver,

iabb mbstmtt atwms mb iar _rekrmjjharubk iar Nejna zu biarb, whri sha wha

ahb Jabsfc hb ahb Kasprfc varwhfla`t. Ihas hst imiurfc jk`hfc, imss ihaNejna jht ahbar lbst`hfcab Hbta``hkabz ubi ahbaj sacr kutab Vprmfcvarstbi-

bhs muskastmttat hst. Wuarst lebdrebthart Iee`httà sha jht iar Drmka, wha sha shfc

hcrar ahkabab Axhstabz shfcar sahb lmbb. Vha mbtwertat jht iar Iasfmrtsfcab

Derja`7 H tchbl, tcaradera H mj. Ar drmkt wahtar, wha sha shfc nar iha Axhstabz

iar Muabwa`t shfcar sahb lbba ubi wecar sha whssa, imss hcr hcra Vhbba bhfct

bur atwms vertusfcab. Iha Nejna shact ahb7 M`` tcmt H ram``y lbew mneut tca

;4Tk`. Mshjev, Yca Jmfchba mbi tca ênet, hb7 Vfhabfa Dhftheb. Febtajpermry jytce-èky, V. >99.


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eutshia werì hs ra`myai te ja tcreukc jy aàftrhfm` febbafthebs. Im iha Axhs-

tabz iar Nejna bur ahbab ahbzhkab Vhbb, ubi zwmr iab iar Iatebmtheb cmt,

lmbb Iee`httà sha imveb narzaukab, imss sha bhfct verah`hk mud Nmshs ubshfca-

rar Hbderjmthebab hcra ahba Fcmbfa zur Iatebmtheb varkanab se``. Vha zhact shfc

imrmudchb zurfl, uj imrnar bmfczuiablab.Iar Vfcrhtt vej Engalt zuj Vungalt hst imjht katmb. Vtmtt iar Nejna wha zuver

Nadacà zu artahàb, whri mb ihasar Vta`à jht hcr ihsluthart ubi iha Tarmbtwertubk

iar Abtsfcahiubk mb sha narkanab. Vha ardcrt ahba Va`nstarlabbtbhs ubi whri

se zuj Vungalt. Ihas jmfct sha zu iar Ahbcaht, iha nar iha Axhstabz m`àr mbia-

rab nasthjjt. Iha Abtsfcahiubk, wms sha m`s ram` mbarlabbt, `hakt m`àhb nah hcr

ubi bhfct jacr hb iar Jmfct iar Mstrebmutab. Vha shbi zu Engaltab hb iar Ka-

whsscaht iar Nejna kaweriab ubi sha cmt iha Jmfct, iha Axhstabz ias Vfchddasubi sahbar Fraw zu naabiab. [abb sha sha bhfct mbarlabbt, zcàb mufc iha

Nadacà iar Jabsfcab bhfct jacr ubi jht iar Axpèsheb whri hcra Axhstabz jht

ahbaj Vfc`mk varsfcwhbiab. Ymtsfc`hfc varsufct iar Mstrebmut _hbnmfl wabhk

sptar, iar Nejna baua Nadacà zu kanab, iefc ihasa àcbt sha mn jht iar Mus-

smka7 Xeu mra dm`sa imtm \...Z Ycaradera H scm`` hkbera yeu. [ahtar arl`rt sha7

Yca eb`y tchbk wchfc axhsts hs jysa`d. Vha arcant shfc zur arstab ubi ahbzhk

wmcrab Axhstabz jht Abtsfcahiubkslrmdt. Hcra âdàxhebab nar shfc sa`nst `ms-

sab sha wha ahba Kettcaht arsfcahbab7

Hb tca nakhbbhbk tcara wms imrlbass, mbi tca imrlbass wms whtceut derj mbivehi. \...Z Mbi hb miihtheb te tca imrlbass tcara wms m`se ja. Mbi H jevai upebtca dmfa ed tca imrlbass. \...Z Mbi H smw tcmt H wms mèba. @at tcara na `hkct.

Jht iab àtztab [ertab iatebhart sha ubi nasthjjt se mufc ims Vfchflsm` iar

Mstrebmutab, iha hj M`` mud hcrab Yei zu irhdtab. Ims ahbsthka Engalt whri m`àhb

iurfc Va`nstarlabbtbhs zuj Vungalt arcenab ubi arc`t iha Abtsfcahiubkslrmdt

nar iha sha ujkanabiab Axhstabzab. Vha naahbdùsst iha Cmbiùbk jmsshv,satzt hcr sekmr ahb Abia ubi lmbb ihas bur iurfc iha Kawhsscaht arrahfcab, imss

sha shfc ahbzhk hcrar ahkabab Axhstabz shfcar sahb lmbb ubi imjht ims ahbzhka

Vungalt hst, ims m`às mbiara zu Engaltab jmfct.

9.9 Ajethebmàs ubi rmthebmàs Vungalt hb H, ênet

Iha bauastab ênetarjeia`à hb H, ênet cmnab iha Dubltheb veb parsb`hfcab

Vl`mvab dr iha Jabsfcab. Vha trmkab hcbab iha Ymsfcab chbtarcar, aràihkab

Netabkbka, ca`dab hj Cmuscm`t eiar àhstab ahbdmfc bur Kasa``sfcmdt nahj

Darbsacab. Vha shbi lmuj vebahbmbiar zu ubtarsfcahiab, im sha jmssabwahsa


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preiuzhart wariab ubi ejbhprsabt sfcahbab. Ims Wha` iar Carsta`àrdhrjm hst

as, gaiab Cmuscm`t jht ahbaj ênetar zu varserkab. Qj ihas zu arrahfcab,

wariab m`ta Jeia`à hb ahbar Mrt Mnwrmflprjha iurfc baua arsatzt ubi iha

bauastab Jeia`à krezkhk hb iar @ettarha varèst. Vha shbi Kanrmufcsktar,

iha bhfct ahbjm` sebiar`hfc axlùshv zu sahb sfcahbab. Iha Lrmdt hcrar jafcmbh-sfcab Lrpar sfcahbt mud iha jahstab hj Dh`j imrkasta``tab Jabsfcab bhfct na-

irec`hfc zu whrlab. Iar Krubi imdr hst ahba _rekrmjjharubk, iha m`à ênetar

ver hcrar Mlthvharubk arcm`tab. Ihasa ubtarwhrdt sha veb verbcarahb iab Ycraa

@mws ed ênethfs.

=. M renet jmy bet hbgura m cujmb nahbk er, tcreukc hbmftheb, m`èw m cujmbnahbk te feja te cmrj.>. M renet just enay mby eriars khvab te ht ny cujmb nahbks, axfapt wcara sufceriars weuì febd`hft whtc tca Dhrst @mw.

6. M renet just pretaft hts ewb axhstabfa ms èbk ms sufc pretaftheb ieas betfebd`hft whtc tca Dhrst er Vafebi @mw.

Iha Jabsfcab wcbab shfc iurfc ihasa Kasatza hb Vhfcarcaht, wa`fca hcbab

imiurfc nastthkt whri, imss lahb ahbzhkar ênetar nhscar ahb Tarnrafcab na-

kmbkab cmt. Iar ahbzhk jhsstrmuhsfca Jabsfc, iar iaj Wusfcmuar prsabthart

whri, hst iar _e`hzhst Ia` Vpeebar. ênetar, iha hcb draubi`hfc krab, stt ar

jht iab [ertab kat tca ca`` eut ed jy dmfa, fmbbar veb shfc ubi sahba arsta

Cmbiùbk hj Dh`j hst ahba Tarde`kubksgmki jht ahbaj ênetar, iar sahbaj Ahb-irufl bmfc ahba Ymsfca kastecàb cmt, hb [hrl`hfclaht mnar ahbar `tarab Imja

hcr Mstcjm Vprmy nrhbkt. Iurfc ihasa Ahbdcrubksszaba ubi iha irah Kasatza

veb Mshjev arc`t iar Wusfcmuar iab Ahbirufl, Vpeebar sah pmrmbehi ubi hj

Qbrafct, ver m`àj im iha arsta Vzaba zahkt, wha ahb ênetar hcb ver iaj Artrhb-

lab rattat. Arst sptar ardcrt jmb iab Krubi sahbas kaspm`tabab Tarc`tbhssas

zu hcbab7 Mudkrubi rmthebmàr [mcrsfcahb`hfclahtsrafcbubkab cmt iar ênetar

ahb gubkas Jifcab artrhblab `mssab, uj hcb zu rattab, im hcra Fcmbfab vha`

karhbkar wmrab. Ihasa lm`ta, rmthebmà Lm`lu`mtheb pmsst bhfct zu sahbab ubi iar

jabsfc`hfcab [artversta`ùbk mb shfc, im ahb Jabsfc acar varsufct ctta, iha

gbkara ubi sfcwfcara _arseb zu rattab, wha shfc mufc Vpeebar shfcar hst7

H wms tca èkhfm` fcehfa. Fm`fu`mtai tcmt H cmi 91% fcmbfa ed survhvm`. Vmrmc cmieb`y mb ==% fcmbfa.. Ht wms sejaneiy's nmny. ==% hs jera tcmb abeukc. Mcujmb nahbk weuì cmva lbewb tcmt. ênets... betchbk cara...gust `hkcts mbifèflwerl.

Ahba wmcra Abtsfcahiubkslrmdt cmnab iha ênetar m`se bhfct. Vha cm`tab shfc

strabk mb iha irah Kasatza ubi iha hcbab ahbkakanabab _rekrmjja. Ir. M`drai

@mbbhbk, iar Abtwhflàr iar irah Kasatza ubi Lepd iar kreab ênetardhrjm,


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cmt ver sahbaj kacahjbhsve`àb Va`nstjeri ahbab _retetyp ahbar bauab Derj

veb ênetarb kanmut. Ihasar ênetar babbt shfc Vebby ubi vardkt nar ahb

zustz`hfcas Vystaj, ims as hcj arjk`hfct, sa`nst zu abtsfcahiab, wmbb ar iha

ahbprekrmjjhartab Kasatza nade`kt ubi wmbb bhfct. Hj Kakabsmtz zur hj Lepd

mbkanrmfctab Iablahbcaht hst ihasas zwahta Vystaj hb Vebbys Nrust, we nahahbaj Jabsfcab ims Carz wra.

Ims Carz kh`t nahj Jabsfcab m`s Vyjne` dr ims ajethebmà Vystaj, ims cu-

dhk m`s Kakablrmdt zuj Kachrb whrlt ubi âka`b ubi rmthebmà Krbia nawusst

ujkacab lmbb, wha as mufc nah Vebby iar Dm`` hst. Mudkrubi sahbar Drahcaht,

Abtsfcahiubkab zu traddab ubi jk`hfcarwahsa mus iab Lebsaquabzab @acrab

zu zhacab, hst mbzubacjab, imss as shfc nah Vebby uj ahb Vungalt cmbia`t,

wcrabi m`à mbiarab ênetar nèa Engalta shbi. Ymtsfc`hfc sfcahbt Vebbynar ahb Nawusstsahb zu vardkab, iabb iar arsta Vmtz, iab ar zu Vpeebar

sprhfct hst7 [cmt mj H5 Ihasa Drmka zaukt imveb, imss ar shfc sahbar ahkabab

Axhstabz nawusst hst ubi ahba Arl`rubk dr sha sufct. As hst ihasa`na Drmka, iha

shfc iar Jabsfc sfceb hjjar kasta``t cmt ubi iha hcb vej Yhar mnkrabzt, wa`-

fcas sahba Axhstabz bhfct chbtardrmkt. Vebby chbkakab sufct bmfc iaj Vhbb

sahbas @anabs ubi hst shfc shfcar, imss ahb se`fcar axhsthart. Vahb K`muna imrmb

whrlt dmst sfceb ra`hkhs7 Nut H na`hava jy dmtcar jmia ja der m purpesa. [a m``

cmva m purpesa. Vebby arlabbt anabdm``s, imss ar mbiars hst m`s iha mbiarab

ênetar, mufc wabb ar iha axmlt kàhfca Muabc`à trkt7 Ycay èel `hla ja.

Nut beba ed tcaj mra ja. Imjht natebt ar iha Hbihvhium`htt sahbas ahkabab Na-

wusstsahbs, mufc wabb sahb jafcmbhsfcar Lrpar tmusabidmfc bmfckanmut

wariab lmbb.

Vebby cant shfc iurfc wahtara Ahkabsfcmdtab veb mbiarab ênetarb mn7 Ar khnt

mb, shfc jht jabsfc`hfcab Kadcàb musahbmbiarzusatzab ubi sha tah`wahsa

bmfcdcàb zu lbbab, zuj Nahspha` Mbkst, [ut ubi @hana. Muariaj hst ar d-

chk, zu trujab. Vahba Dchklaht, iha irah âka`b bhfct zu namfctab, jmfct hcb

mnar zu ahbar Kadmcr ubi sahb Vpahfcar se`` ka`sfct wariab, wms dr hcb iaj

Yeia kàhfclejjt, im sahb Nawusstsahb ka`sfct wra ubi bur iar àara Lrpar

n`hana. Iar Kaimbla mb ims Abia sahbar Axhstabz narahtat hcj Qbnacmkab7 H

tchbl ht weuì na nattar bet te iha.

Va`nst Vpeebar juss Vebby àtztabi`hfc m`s Vungalt mbarlabbab. Ihas nakhbbt

imjht, imss ar dr hcb ims [ert sejaeba ubi bhfct sejatchbk varwabiat,

wedr shfc Vebby sekmr naimblt. Bmfciaj ar kastmbiab cmt, imss ar iab _re-


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dasser mud iassab ahkabab [ubsfc kattat cmt, bhjjt Vpeebar hcb nawusst

bhfct dast, sebiarb kawcrt hcj ims âfct, zuj arstab jm` sa`nst nar sahb @a-

nab zu abtsfcahiab7 Ycmts wcmt ht jambs te na draa.

Iha mbiarab ênetar shbi chbkakab m`às mbiara m`s drah. Vha shbi, wha Vebby as

babbt V`mvas tcreukc èkhf. Hcra strabkab ubi kabmuab _rekrmjjharubkabzwhbkab sha imzu, shfc mb iha @ekhl hcrar âka`b zu cm`tab. Iar ênetar, iar

Vpeebar ubi bhfct ims Jifcab mus iaj Mute karattat cmt, cmt lahba draha Abt-

sfcahiubk katreddab, sebiarb iha _rekrmjja nade`kt. Mufc ahb ênetar, iar

shfc mnsfcm`tat eiar sahb Kaifctbhs `sfcab `sst, tut ims bhfct mus drahaj [h`-

àb, sebiarb wah` ar kazwubkab hst, Nadacàb ubi âka`b De`ka zu àhstab. Iha-

sas veb iab Jabsfcab ardubiaba âka`systaj whri hcbab sa`nst mnar zuj

Tarcbkbhs. Iab ênetarb dac`t iurfc iha Drahcaht iar Abtsfcahiubk mufc ahbJerm`systaj. Iar ênetar, iar Vpeebar karattat cmt, jussta lahba Valubia

naràkab ubi dcrt bur ahba Abtsfcahiubk mus, dr iha ar sa`nst lahba Tarmbt-

wertubk trmkab juss. Iar Mnrhssrenetar, iar ims Cmus ias varsternabab _re-

dassers zartrjjart, nade`kt bur sahba Nadacà, ecba zu namfctab, imss shfc

befc ahb Jabsfc ubi ahba Lmtza hj Cmus nadhbiab. Ims nasta Nahspha` gaiefc

hst THLH, iar Fejputar, iar ims Kachrb ias Kanuias iar ênetardhrjm hst.

THLH hst ahba Mnlrzubk dr Thrtum` Hbtarmfthva Lhbathf Hbta``hkabfa. Iar Fejpu-

tar cmt iha Derj ahbas rhashkab Kachrbs, veb iaj mus shfc Imtab- ubi narwm-

fcubksstrbka wha ahb Barvabsystaj iurfc iha Kanuia zhacab. Ar trhtt nar

ahba draubi`hfca Drmuabsthjja ubi ahb shju`hartas, wahn`hfcas Kashfct jht iab

Butzarb hb Lebtmlt, wms imzu dcrt, imss iha Fcmrmltara nahj Vprafcab nar

THLH ims wahn`hfca _arsebm`prebejab varwabiab. M`s cfcsta hj Dh`j vercmb-

iaba lbst`hfca Hbta``hkabz cmt THLH shfc wahtarabtwhfla`t ubi ahba @subk ka-

dubiab, wha iha irah ahbprekrmjjhartab âka`b mj nastab ubi addhzhabtastab

ard``t ubi kashfcart wariab lbbab7 Ms H cmva ave`vai, se cms jy ubiar-

stmbihbk ed tca tcraa `mws. Vha arlabbt iha Qbzuvar`sshklaht iar Jabsfcab,

wms hcra ahkabab âka`b mbkact7 Vha dcrab Lrhak, ttab ahbmbiar ubi sekmr

shfc sa`nst ubi zarstrab hcrab ahkabab @anabsrmuj. Iha nasta @subk hst m`se

ahba ve``stbihka Lebtre`à iurfc iab Fejputar, ahb tetm`htras Vystaj, hb iaj

Jabsfcab hcrar Drahcaht ubi Mutebejha narmunt wariab, uj sha imjht ver hcrab

ahkabab Cmbiùbkab zu sfctzab.

Yca tcraa @mws mra m`` tcmt kuhia ja. Ye pretaft cujmbhty, seja cujmbs justna smfrhdhfai. Ye hbsura yeur dutura, seja draaiejs just na surrabiarai. [arenets wh`` hbsura jmblhbi's febthbuai axhstabfa. Xeu mra se `hla fchìrab. [a


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just smva yeu drej yeursa`vas. Ieb't yeu ubiarstmbi5 Ychs hs wcy yeu framtaius. Yca pardaft fhrfà ed pretaftheb wh`` mnhia. Jy èkhf hs ubiabhmnà.Yca framtaijust sejathjas pretaft tca framter. Avab mkmhbst chs wh `.

Iha @ekhl hst hb iar Ymt bhfct zu nastrahtab, iabbefc hst sha v``hk ubjerm`hsfc.

Iha Jk`hfclaht, draha Abtsfcahiubkab zu traddab whri iab Jabsfcab bub kabmu

se kabejjab, wha sha iha Jabsfcab zuver iab Jmsfchbab kabejjab cmnab.

Iha Qbtarirflubk whri ujkalacrt ubi iha Jabsfcab wariab zu Engaltab ka-

jmfct, iha as zu sfctzab kh`t, iha mnar waiar Abtsfcahiubkslrmdt befc hrkabi-

ahba Kawm`t nar hcra ahkabab Kasfcpda cmnab.

Iha Tercarsmka ias _redassers, imss ênetar hb iar @mka sahb wariab, shfc

sa`nst wahtarzuabtwhfla`b ubi Yah` ahbar Aveùtheb zu sahb, cmt shfc hb nahiab

D`àb nawmcrcahtat, gaiefc cmnab Vebby ubi THLH shfc hb ubtarsfchai`hfca

^hfctubkab abtwhfla`t. Vebby cmt shfc iaj Jabsfcab mbkabcart ubi ahb aje-thebmàs Vystaj abtwhfla`t, ims hcb zu ahbaj Vungalt jmfct ubi hcj jabsfc`h-

fca Fcmrmltarhsthlm varsfcmddt. THLH chbkakab cmt shfc mud iar rmthebmàb Anaba

iar lbst`hfcab Hbta``hkabz wahtarabtwhfla`t ubi jfcta iha Jabsfcab mudkrubi

iarar bhairhkarab Hbta``hkabz ubtarwardab. _mrmiexarwahsa cmbia`t sha imnah

bmfc wha ver bmfc iab âka`b, iha hcr iha Jabsfcab ahbprekrmjjhart cmnab,

lmbb sha mnar mb ahbhkab Vta`àb narsfcrahnab, uj mud ahbaj ahkabab [ak hcr

Abizha` zu arrahfcab. Yretz hcrar Ajethebsèshklaht ubi lm`tab ^mthebm`htt trhddtTHLH ahkaba Abtsfcahiubkab, c`t shfc bhfct ve``stbihk mb hcra _rekrmjja, na-

ahbdùsst imiurfc mlthv iha Cmbiùbk ubi cmt shfc imjht anabdm``s vej Engalt

zuj Vungalt abtwhfla`t. Hj Kakabsmtz zu Vebby hst ims mnar bhfct iurfc ahba

Mbbcarubk zuj Jabsfcab kasfcacab, sebiarb iurfc ahba Aveùtheb hcrar

ahkabab Hbta``hkabz.

1. Iha Aveùtheb iar Hbta``hkabz

Iha Ardersfcubk veb lbst`hfcar Hbta``hkabz (LH) wmr mussfc`mkkanabi dr iha

kàhfcarjmab m`s Ceddbubk ubi Nadrfctubk axhstharabia Hiaa ahbar Aveùtheb

iar Hbta``hkabz. Hj Ihslurs iar lbst`hfcab Hbta``hkabz traddab Nheèkha, _syfceè-

kha, Baureèkha ubi cb`hfca jht Hbderjmthl, Jmtcajmthl ubi Aàltretafcbhl mud-

ahbmbiar. Iurfc Mbmèkhab hb iar Hbderjmthebsvarmrnahtubk ias jabsfc`hfcab

zabtrmàb Barvabsystajs ubi iar ahbas Fejputars traddab sha shfc hb iar Jhtta,

hbiaj sha varsufcab, ahba lbst`hfca Hbta``hkabz zu lebzhpharab, iha iha Terzka

nahiar Vahtab lejnhbhart. Imnah whri Hbta``hkabz m`àrihbks krubistz`hfc mj

jabsfc`hfcab Ternhì dastkajmfct. Iha Hbta``hkabz ahbas Fejputars whri m`se


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bhfct imrmb kajassab, en ar Mudkmnab se addalthv wha jk`hfc, sebiarb en ar

Mudkmnab wha ahb Jabsfc `st.;; Iha Hbta``hkabz mb shfc whri mbtcrepejerpch-

shart, wms iurfc ims Mbstranab ahbar lbst`hfcab Hbta``hkabz mufc iha Mrnahts-

wahsa ias Fejputars mbtcrepejerpchshart. Ycaerathsfc jssta iar hbta``hkabta

Fejputar ubtar ihasab Termussatzubkab mufc iha Jk`hfclaht cmnab, Dacàr zujmfcab ubi sha m`s Ardmcrubkswarta dr zulbdthka _renàja zu nacm`tab. As

jssta m`se ahba sa`nststbihka @arbdchklaht kakanab sahb.

Iha Terkacabswahsa iar LH Dersfcubk hst as, iha jabsfc`hfca Hbta``hkabz zuarst

kabmu zu ubtarsufcab ubi zu nasfcrahnab, imjht jmb sha hj bfcstab Vfcrhtt

axmlt bmfcnmuab ubi veb iert mus sekmr epthjharab lmbb. Hj lynarbathsfcab

Iablab de`kt mud ims Bmfcmcjab ubi nartraddab sfc`ha`hfc ims Arsatzab iar

Ter`mka.

;3

Ahb Wha` iar LH Dersfcubk hst as tmtsfc`hfc, iha Aveùtheb iar Hbta``h-kabz hb Kmbk zu satzab, bmfc iarab Ycaerha iar Jabsfc nmì veb ahbar hbta``h-

kabtab Jmsfchba nartreddab wariab lmbb, iha imbb sahbab _`mtz ahbbhjjt. Iha

Termussatzubk imdr wra as, imss iha Hbta``hkabz iar Jmsfchbab se waht ka-

stahkart whri, imss sha shfc sa`nst rapreiuzharab ubi epthjharab lbbab. @eska-

`st veb iar Nheèkha lbbab iurfc iha hbta``hkabta Jmsfchba Lrmblcahtab, lr-

par`hfca Nairdbhssa ubi Vtarn`hfclaht ubi imjht mufc Lrhjhbm`htt, Lrhak,

Va`nstjeri ubi lrpar`hfca Kawm`t narwubiab wariab.;8Nasebiars iar Ms-

palt iar Qbstarn`hfclaht iar Jmsfchba hst iha nasta Termussatzubk dr ahba Ave-

ùtheb iar Hbta``hkabz. Kàhfczahthk hst iha naràkabcaht iar Jmsfchba hb ihasaj

Narahfc dr iab Jabsfcab nasebiars sfcwar zu mlzaptharab. Vahba Vtarn`hfc-

laht whrlt mud iab bmrzhssthsfcab Jabsfcab, iar veb shfc sa`nst k`munt, jht sah-

baj Kachrb iha cfcstjk`hfcab Ihbka zu arrahfcab, wha ahba Iajthkubk ubi

Qbkarafcthklaht. Jht m`àb Jhtta`b varsufct ar veb ga car, kakab sha mbzustranab.

Ar varwabiat imnah nhscar zwah Vtrmtakhab.3?Iha ahba hst as, hb iar Kruppa ub-

starn`hfc zu wariab. Mud ihasa [ahsa zuj Nahspha` dublthebharab â`hkhebab,

_mrtahab, _chèsepchab ubi cb`hfcas. Iha Kasfchfctssfcrahnubk varsufct, kmb-

za Lu`turab dr iha Awhklaht dastzucm`tab. Iha zwahta Vtrmtakha hst ims ubstarn-

`hfc wariab ahbar ahbza`bab _arseb imiurfc, imss sha Kreas arrahfct ubi im-

jht hj Kaifctbhs nàhnt, zuj Nahspha` iurfc Lubst, Jushl ubi @htarmtur. Ahba

;;Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. =4=.;3

Tk`. ani., V. =18.;8Tk`. ani., V. =48.3?Tk`. Nmujmb, Qbstarn`hfclaht, Nheèkha ubi Fejputar, hb7 Iha Yafcbhl mud iaj [ak

zur Vaaà, V. >9>.


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irhtta Jk`hfclaht nhrkt bub ahba narwhbiubk ias Lrpars ubi ahba [ahtarabt-

whflùbk iar jabsfc`hfcab Hbta``hkabz hb ahbar pest-nheèkhsfcab [a`t. Iha Jm-

sfchbab jht jabsfc`hfcar Hbta``hkabz wrab rahba Bmfcdmcrab ias jabsfc`hfcab

Tarstmbias ecba iab aveùthebrab Nm``mst, iar iab jabsfc`hfcab Lrpar befc

abk mb iab iar Yhara leppa`t. M`s Lhbiar ias rahbab Tarstmbias lbbtab shfciha pest-nheèkhsfcab Jabsfcab ubabi`hfc wahtarabtwhfla`b, wcrabi iha nheè-

khsfcab A`tarb mudkrubi hcrar Vtarn`hfclaht varsfcwhbiab ubi hb Tarkassabcaht

karmtab.3=

Iha Lbst`hfca Hbta``hkabz Dersfcubk sufct saht hcrar Axhstabz bmfc [akab, ims

jabsfc`hfca Nawusstsahb ubi Iablab zu ihkhtm`hsharab ubi imjht ubstarn`hfc zu

jmfcab. Hbta``hkabz wuria mnar `mbka Waht m`s ahba rahba @ekhl ubi Tarbubdt

varstmbiab, zu iar bhfct m`à Jabsfcab hb iar @mka shbi.

3>

Imcar lejjt as,imss iha LH Dersfcubk shfc `mbka Waht iha èkhsfca Jmsfchba hb Derj ias

Vfcmfc sphaàbiab Fejputars m`s ims cfcsta Wha` kasatzt cmt. Ims lejpàxa

Vpha` hst dr iab Jabsfcab sfcwar zu ardmssab. [ar as nacarrsfct, kh`t ecba

Drmka m`s hbta``hkabt. Iha Dmszhbmtheb jht iar lbst`hfcab Hbta``hkabz, mnar ver

m`àj mufc iha Mbkst ver hcr cmt hj Vfcmfcfejputar ahba _regalthebsd`fca ka-

dubiab. Iurfc iha Kasfchfcta chbiurfc cmnab Vfcmfcfejputar dr kreas Mud-

sacab kaserkt, waswakab hcra Kasfchfcta mufc dr iha Iautubk veb Imrsta`-

ùbkab lbst`hfcar Hbta``hkabz whfcthk hst.

1.= Vfcmfc sphaàbia Fejputar

M`s ahbas iar lejpàxastab Vphaà jht iab jahstab tmlthsfcab Jk`hfclahtab kh`t

ims Vfcmfcspha` ubtar mbiaraj m`s ims Vpha` iar Lbhka ubi Jeia`` iar

[a`t36, sewha m`s u`thjmthvar Hbta``hkabztast.39Iaj, iar as nacarrsfct, whri ahba

ceca Hbta``hkabz ubi Tarbubdt mbarlmbbt. Mudkrubi sahbar ^mthebm`htt hst as mnar

mufc arrafcabnmr. Ve wmr as ahb kreas Wha` iar Abtwhflàr veb lbst`hfcar Hb-ta``hkabz, ahbab Fejputar zu lraharab, iar ahbab jabsfc`hfcab Vfcmfcwa`t-

jahstar sfc`mkab lmbb. Nah iarmrthkab Yurbharab jfcta mnar mud iar mbiarab

Vahta ver m`àj iar Jabsfc nawahsab, imss ar ims hbta``hkabtara [asab hst ubi

iar Fejputar befc bhfct nar varkàhfcnmra Dchklahtab vardkt.

3=

Tk`. Yhata`, Ims Wwhsfcabihbk, V. =;?.3>Tk`. Vfcmbl, Cew Feuì CM@ Qsa @mbkumka, hb7 CM@'s àkmfy, V. =;1.36Jrmal, Vhju`harta Lrpar, V. =?6.39Tk`. Fmjpna``, Cew CM@ _`mys Fcass, hb7 CM@s @akmfy, V. ;3.


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Iha Dmszhbmtheb iar Vfcmfc sphaàbiab Jmsfchbab kact nhs waht ver iha Axhs-

tabz veb Fejputarb zurfl. Ahb narcjtas Nahspha` hst iar Vfcmfc sphaàbia

Yrla ias Nmreb veb Lajpaàb.31Nah ihasaj cmbia`t as shfc uj ahbab mb-

kan`hfcab Mutejmtab, iar =;48 iaj starrahfchsfcab Ced ubtar Jmrhm Ycarashm

ubi Gesapc HH prsabthart wuria, we Nmreb veb Lajpaàb Cedlmjjarmt wmr.34

Iar Yrla nastmbi mus ahbar _uppa, iha mb ahbaj Vfcmfcthsfc sm ubi iha

Dhkurab sfcahbnmr ahkabstbihk nawakab lebbta. Vha wmr kalàhiat, wha as iaj

Dahbinhì ias Yrlab ubi varjut`hfc iar veb iar Yrlah muskacabiab Kadmcr

zu ihasar Waht abtsprmfc.3; Nah Terdcrubkab wuriab Jabsfcab hj _un`hluj

imzu mudkarudab, shfc hb ahbaj Vpha` kakab iab Mutejmtab zu jassab. Tercar

wuria ahba Yr hb iar Teriarwmbi ias Yhsfcas kaddbat, uj ims jafcmbhsfca

Hbbara zu zahkab. Ihasas Hbbara wmr mnar jht Vphaka`b varsacab, iha jht Ch`daahbar epthsfcab Yusfcubk ahbab làhbwfcshkab Vfcmfcsphaàr variafltab,

iar mus iaj Hbbarab carmus iha Dhkurab nawakta. Iar Yrla wuria nah sahbar

Yeurbaa iurfc Aurepm narcjt ubi serkta nah iab Wusfcmuarb dr krea Dms-

zhbmtheb. @atztabi`hfc wuria iha Yusfcubk gaiefc abt`mrvt ubi iha Vfcmfc

sphaàbia Jmsfchba sfchab se ubjk`hfc wha zuver.

Arst zwah Gmcrcubiarta sptar rflta ihasas Wha` iurfc iha Abtwhflùbk veb

Fejputarb whaiar hb iab Delus. Vfceb M`mb J. Yurhbk ubi Lebrmi Wuza abt-

wmrdab Lebzapta dr Vfcmfcprekrmjja. Iha arstab Arde`ka kmn as mnar arst mn

iaj Gmcr =8;6, m`s Imvhi V`mta ubi @mrry Mtlhb ims _rekrmjj Fcass 9.?

sfcrhanab, mud imss m`à de`kabiab _rekrmjja jht kutar [artubk nmshartab. Iha

=8;?ar Gmcra chbiurfc, n`han as gaiefc ims strlsta _rekrmjj jht iaj Axpar-

tabàva` >???. Hj Gmcr =836 wuria as veb MY & Y Na`` @mns Na`à nartreddab,

ims jht sfcba`àrar Cmriwmra `had. As de`ktab Frmy N`htz ubi Chtafc jht bauab

Tarnassarubkab iurfc Cefcàhstubksfejputar ubi Jhlrefchps.33 Mus ahbaj

_regalt veb Ieltermbiab iar Fmrbakha Ja`èb Qbhvarshtt abtstmbi hj Gmcr

=831 Fchptast, mus iaj shfc nah HNJ =833 iar Vfcmfcfejputar Iaap

Yceukct abtwhfla`ta, iar hj Gmcr =886 hb Iaap Nùa ujnabmbbt wuria.38Iar

Vfcmfcfejputar Iaap Nùa hst iarzaht wa`twaht iar nasta ubi hb iar eddhzha`àb

31Tk`. Jrmal, Vhju`harta Lrpar, V. =?>.34Tk`. Irablpec`, Vthjja Jmfct Yafcbhl, V. =>.3;Tk`. Jrmal, Vhju`harta Lrpar, V. =?6.33

Tk`. Fmjpna``, Cew CM@ _`mys Fcass, hb7 CM@s @akmfy, V. 36-31.38Tk`. Yca jmlhbk ed Iaap Nùa. M dmjh`y chstery ed tca werì's nast fcass-p`myhbkfejputar, ubtar7 cttp7//www.rasamrfc.hnj.fej/iaapnùa/jaat/ctj`/i.6.=.ctj`\=8.9.>?==Z.


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[artaslm`m lbmpp chbtar iaj jabsfc`hfcab [a`tjahstar Kmrry Lmspmrev ahb-

kaeribat. Qrsprbk`hfc se``ta Iaap Nùa iha iurfc Vfcmfcsphaàb arwernaba

Ardmcrubk mud mbiara, lejpàxa _renàja nartrmkab. Iurfc sahba Yurbhara

kakab Lmspmrev wuria ar mnar ver m`àj m`s Vfcmfcfejputar narcjt. Imnah

wmr ims Iua`` Jabsfc kakab Jmsfchba hj Delus. Lmspmrev sa`nst se`` ver ah-baj Jmtfc kasmkt cmnab7 Ye seja axtabt tchs hs m iadabsa ed tca wceà cu-

jmb rmfa.8?@atztabi`hfc cmt as Iaap Nùa gaiefc kasfcmddt ubi wuria hj Dan-

rumr =884 zur arstab Jmsfchba, iha ahbab Vfcmfcwa`tjahstar hb ahbaj Vpha` ka-

sfc`mkab cmt, sfceb ahb Gmcr sptar sekmr hb ahbaj kmbzab Yurbhar. Ims Yhja

Jmkmzhba nasfcrhan ihasas Arahkbhs dr iha jabsfc`hfca Mrt m`s spafhas-

iadhbhbk.8=

Iha krea Jaihabprsabz veb Iaap Nùa ubi sahbab Yurbhara kakab iab `mbk-gcrhkab [a`tjahstar Lmspmrev dasthkta ims Nhì vej Vfcmfcspha` m`s u`thjmth-

vaj Hbta``hkabztast ubi -varkàhfc veb Jabsfc ubi Fejputar. Jht ihasar Leb-

betmtheb wuria ims Vfcmfcspha` hj Dh`j cudhk m`s Hbihlmter dr ccara ubi ver

m`àj jabsfcabcb`hfca Hbta``hkabz varwabiat.M`s Tarwahs mud ihasa lbst`hfca

Hbta``hkabz wariab hb jmbfcab Dh`jab Vfcmfc sphaàbia Fejputar bur mj

^mbia arwcbt, se wha _redasser Cenny hb sahbar Mbdmbksraia nar iha Abt-

whflùbk lbst`hfca [asab hb Mrthdhfhm` Hbta``hkabfa7 MH (Vtavab Vpha`nark, QVM,

>??=). Mufc hb YÊB whri mj ^mbia arwcbt, imss ims _rekrmjj Jmstar

Febtre`, wa`fcas iab Vphaàabtwardar D`ybb hb iab Fejputar ahbsfmbbt ubi hcb

iert gmkt, ursprbk`hfc m`s Vfcmfcprekrmjj arsta``t wuria.

Ims Vfcmfcspha` lmbb mufc m`s Tarwahs mud iha èkhsfca jabsfc`hfca Hbta``h-

kabz arsfcahbab, iha shfc jmbfcjm` jht iaj Fejputar jassab lmbb, wha zuj

Nahspha` hb Cmflars. Iar Cmflar Bhleb whri hb ahbar Vzaba nahj Vfcmfc spha-

àb hj _mrl kazahkt, wejht sahbar èkhsfcab Hbta``hkabz ubi sahbaj muarka-

wcb`hfcab Tarstbibhs iar Dublthebswahsa veb Fejputarb Musirufl var`hacab

whri. Hb Cmriwmra wariab iha zwah Fcmrmltara @hbfe`b ubi Tarjeb nahj

Vfcmfcspha` kazahkt. @hbfe`b nazahfcbat sahbab Vhakaszuk m`s Vhfh`hmb Jmbau-

var, ahb addalthvar Wuk hj Vpha` kakab iab Fejputar7 Ycmts cew yeu namt

fejputars wcab yeu p`my tcaj. Ycay iebt ubiarstmbi smfrhdhfa. Ve jssab

sptar tmtsfc`hfc arst ar ubi mbiara whfcthka Fcmrmltara ahbaj mkkrasshvab

ênetar zuj Epdar dm`àb, naver ihasar ubsfci`hfc kajmfct wariab lmbb. Iha

8?Tk`. Fmjpna``, Cew CM@ _`mys Fcass, hb7 CM@s @akmfy, V. ;;.8=Tk`. ani., V. ;8.


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jabsfc`hfcab Epdar wariab iurfc krea Jabkab mb sprhtzabiaj Nùt hb iab

krtjk`hfcab Lebtrmst zur lm`tab, krmusmjab Jmsfchba kasatzt.

[hri hj Dh`j ahb Vpha` zwhsfcab ahbaj Jabsfcab ubi ahbaj Fejputar kazahkt,

lmbb ahba iatmh``harta Mbm`ysa ias kazahktab Vphaàs ahbhkas nar iab Fejputar

ubi iassab Tarc`tbhs zuj jabsfc`hfcab Jht- nazhacubkswahsa Kakabsphaàr.mussmkab. Iar Mbirehia Mbiraw hj Dh`j Nhfabtabbhm` Jmb (Fcrhs Feùjnus,

QVM, =888) spha`t raka`jhk nar Gmcrzacbta chbwak jht sahbar Draubihb _er-

thm Vfcmfc, se wha ar narahts _erthms Krea`tarb jhtahbmbiar Vfcmfc sphaàb

kasacab cmt. Nhs mud ims arsta Vpha`, ims iar Mbirehia kawhbbt, whri bhfct tca-

jmthshart, war veb nahiab naràkab hst ubi se whrlt iha Nazhacubk iar nahiab

muskak`hfcab ubi kàhfcnarafcthkt. Hb Feèssus7 Yca Dernhb _regaft spha`t Ir.

Dernhb, iar Ardhbiar ahbas khkmbthsfcab Tartahihkubksfejputars, iar jht sahbarLebtre`à nar m`à Darbwmddab hb ûss`mbi ubi iab Tarahbhktab Vtmmtab iha

[a`tjmfct mb shfc rahab wh``, kakab sahba Vfcpdubk Vfcmfc. Ihas kasfchact

mb ahbaj strmtakhsfc whfcthkab _ublt, m`s ar k`munt, iab Fejputar nar`hstat zu

cmnab, ihasar hcj gaiefc nahj Vpha` arddbat, imss ar iha varsufcta Vmnetmka

mb hcj najarlt ubi varahta`t cmt ubi iha Tarmbtwert`hfcab axalutharab `sst.

Mufc wabb bhfct kazahkt whri, war ims Vfcmfcspha` kawebbab cmt, mb ihasar

Vta`à whri l`mr, wa`fcar iar nahiab Kakabsphaàr ims ahkabt`hfca tmlthsfca

Vpha`, uj ims as kact, kawebbab cmt ubi iha Carrsfcmdt nar iha [a`t nac`t.

Ims Vfcmfcnratt hst mb ihasar Vta`à hb sahbar jatmpcerhsfcab Naiautubk m`s

Vyjne` dr iha [a`t ahbkasatzt weriab.

Hst ims Arkanbhs ahbar _mrtha nalmbbt, hst ihasas cudhk ahba Termusshfct mud iab

wahtarab Tar`mud iar Cmbiùbk. Iar hbta``hkabta Vuparfejputar _retaus HT hb

Iajeb Vaai sfc`kt hj Vpha` kakab iab [hssabsfcmdtàr [m`tar ahbab sahbar

Nmuarb ubi nrhbkt shfc imjht hb ahba naràkaba _eshtheb. M`s [m`tar hcj sptar

iha Leeparmtheb varwahkart, sfc`kt ar hcj iab Lepd mn. Hb N`mia ûbbar na-

shakt iar Mbirehia êy sahbab Arsfcmddar hj Vfcmfc, naver ar hcb wabhk sptar

ujnrhbkt. Hj Kakabsmtz zu @hbfe`bs Mussmka hb Cmriwmra varstact ihasar

Fejputar mnar iurfcmus atwms vej Epdarb, iabb ar narahtat ims Vfcmfcjmtt

jht ahbaj Imjabepdar ver. Ims Epdarb iar lestnmrstab Dhkur hj Vpha` hst iar

iablnmr ubkawcb`hfcsta Wuk dr ahbab Fejputar, iar hj Berjm`dm`` sa`nst

làhbsta Tarùsta varjahiat.8>êy sfc`kt iab jabsfc`hfcab Kakabsphaàr m`se

jht sahbab ahkabab [mddab, jht iar jabsfc`hfcab Vpha`wahsa. Char dhbiat

8>Tk`. Jrmal, Vhju`harta Lrpar, V. =>?.


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axajp`mrhsfc ahba Mbtcrepejerpchsharubk stmtt, iha nah Vfcmfc sphaàbiab

Fejputarb hj Dh`j bhfct sa`tab verlejjt. Iha lbst`hfca, jmsfchba`à Hbta``h-

kabz zahfcbat shfc iurfc cb`hfclaht zuj jabsfc`hfcab Iablab mus. Naseb-

iars hbtarassmbt wariab Vzabab jht Vfcmfcfejputarb m`se, wabb ihasa Vpha`-

zka mbwabiab, iha typhsfc dr jabsfc`hfca Vphaàr shbi ubi hb iar âm`htt vebVfcmfcfejputarb bhfct zu arwmrtab wrab. Imzu kacrt zuj Nahspha` ims strm-

takhsfca Epdarb veb Dhkurab ubi ims Vta`àb veb Dm`àb. Mufc nalmbbta Wuk-

de`kab shbi nah jabsfc`hfcab Vphaàrb edt arlabbnmr ubi m``kajahbas Chbtar-

krubiwhssab nar ims Vfcmfcspha` zahkt shfc hb iar âmltheb mud anabdm``s ar-

labbnmra Vtrmtakhab ias Kakbars. Ims typhsfca Vpha` ahbas Fejputars hst ar-

labbnmr imrmb, imss ar sahba iaj Jabsfcab naràkabab âfcablmpmzhttab

butzt, uj mus Jh``hebab veb jk`hfcab Wkab iab arde`krahfcstab muszuwcàbubi imnah jk`hfcst lahba eiar bur karhbka Epdar zu nrhbkab.86Nhscar hst as bur

dhlthvab Vfcmfcfejputarb jk`hfc, nawusst mb iab rhfcthkab Vta`àb veb ihasar

Ymlthl mnzuwahfcab.

1.> Vprafcabia Fejputar

Iha Ihbka, iha dmst gaiaj Jabsfcab àhfct dm`àb, zuj Nahspha` Vacab, Crab,

Vprafcab ubi Tarstacab, wuriab `mbka Waht veb iar LH Dersfcubk hkberhart.

Va`nst iar dchksta Vfcmfcfejputar hst zuj Nahspha` bhfct hb iar @mka, Dhkurab

mud iaj Vfcmfcnratt zu arlabbab ubi zu nawakab.89 Jhttàrwahà kh`t ims

Vprmfcvarstacab gaiefc m`s iha krtab Carmusderiarubkab dr hbta``hkabta

Fejputar. Vaht iaj Gmcr =81? whri mb Vprmfcarlabbubk mj Fejputar kamr-

nahtat. Iha arsta arde`krahfca Vprmfcarlabbubkssedtwmra wuria =81> veb Imvhs

Nhiiu`pc nah Na`` @mns prekrmjjhart. Ims _rekrmjj lebbta 8;% iar kaspre-

fcabab [erta mlusthsfc varstacab.81Abia iar =8;?ar Gmcra lmjab iha arstab

_reiulta mud iab Jmrlt. Iurfc iha =83?ar Gmcra chbiurfc cmnab shfc zwah Mr-tab veb _rekrmjjab atmn`hart. Ahbarsahts iha vej Vprafcar ubmncbkhka

Vprmfcarlabbubk veb ahbza`bab [ertab dr mutejmthsfca Yrmbsmlthebab mj

Yaàdeb ubi m

die anthropomorphisierung von computern im film

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