did you know: elite youth soccer players
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Did You Know:
Elite Youth Soccer Players are More Skeletally Mature than Normal
In the nature vs. nurture argument of expert performance, elite soccer players may be in
support of the nature team. According to a study by R.M. Malina, M.E. Pea Reyes, J.C.
Eisenmann, L. Horta, J. Rodrigues, and R. Miller (2000), elite youth soccer players were
discovered to mature through puberty quicker than the normal children of their age. While skill
and practice is needed to become expert performers, rate of maturation may also provide an
important clue into why some athletes are more successful than others in reaching elite status.
The study by Malina et al. looked at 135 soccer players in Portugal from the ages of ten
and a half to sixteen and a half, the peak of maturation for boys. For those boys aged fifteen and
sixteen, the group was divided into two subgroups: children who played for the youth national
team and those who merely played for an elite youth club. The researchers took height, body
mass and skeletal maturity measurements from the athletes for the comparison. In order to
determine the rate of development for the children, a measurement of the bones in the hand were
used to calculate the boys skeletal ages. For use in the study, a skeletal age of eighteen years
old was seen as complete maturity. The researchers collected two measurements of the skeletal
age for each soccer player. The tests were performed six months apart. Once these
measurements were observed, they were compared with the boys chronological age to determine
if the athlete was early, late, or average in maturation.
The study initially found that, on average with the general population, elite soccer players
were no different in height or body mass. This means that elite youth soccer players, as a group,
are neither taller nor shorter than the average person; nor are they heavier or lighter than the
average person. Differences were noticed, however, when a comparison of skeletal age was
used. In the early stages of puberty (ages 13-14), it was observed that elite youth soccer players
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tend to have normal skeletal ages, relative to the general population. However, as the soccer
player becomes older, their skeletal age rapidly increases. By the time the player reaches late
puberty (ages 15-16), their skeletal age is quite noticeably older than then that of a normal child
of equal chronological age. This finding is important because it seems to suggest that players
who mature faster are more likely to become elite soccer players later in life. When focusing on
the fifteen to sixteen year old group, those players who are non-skeletally mature tend to be taller
and lighter than their mature counterparts. Also at this age, national team players (the best of the
best) tend to be taller and heavier than players who are merely on elite teams.
One interesting finding came across during the cross-positional analysis. It was revealed,
in this case, that forwards and defenders tended to be more skeletally mature than midfielders. In
fact, forwards were seen as the most proportional body types on the field. These players had the
most proportional height-for-mass measurements.
In the end, while skill and practice may be important in reaching elite soccer status, one
variable which could help determine success may be out of a players control. Researchers
believe that elite players are predisposed to a quick maturation process. The study performed by
Malina et al. showed that among elite youth soccer players, the older an elite player got, the more
likely it was that the player was not a late developer.
Reference
Malina, R.M., Pea Reyes, M.E., Eisenmann, J.C. Horta, L., Rodrigues, J. &Miller, R. (2000).
Height, mass and skeletal maturity of elite Portuguese soccer players aged 11-16 years.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 685-693.