did the second reconstruction fail? social disadvantage of african americans: 1968 - 2008
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Did the Second Reconstruction Fail? Social Disadvantage of African Americans: 1968 - 2008. Glenn C. Loury Brown University Presentation at Conference Honoring the Memory of Prof. John Hope Franklin Duke University, April 2010. Educational Attainment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Glenn C. LouryBrown University
Presentation at Conference Honoring the Memory of Prof. John Hope FranklinDuke University, April 2010
Percent of Native-Born, Non-Hispanic Men and Women Aged 25 to 34 Reporting a High School Education
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Black Men
White Men
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Black Women
White Women
Percent of Native-Born, Non-Hispanic Men and Women Aged 25 to 34 Reporting a Four-Year College Education
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Black Men
White Men
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Black Women
White Women
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
White Men
Black Men
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
White Women
Black Women
White Women
Black Women
Percent of Native-Born, Non-Hispanic Men and Women Aged 25 to 59 Employed; 1968 to 2007
Median Wage and Salary Earnings for Native-Born Non-Hispanics Reporting Earnings
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
$50,000
$55,000
$60,000
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
White Men
Black Men
Black Women
White Women
Median Income of Households Headed by Native-Born Non-Hispanics (shown in constant 2007 Dollars)
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
$50,000
$55,000
$60,000
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Whites
Blacks
Percent of Native-Born Non-Hispanics Below the Poverty Line; 1968 to 2007
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
ImpoverishedBlacks
Impoverished Whites
Percent of Native-Born Non-Hispanic Children Under Age 18 Below the Poverty Line; 1968 to 2007
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
ImpoverishedBlack Children
Impoverished White Children
Percent of Native-Born Non-Hispanic Households Owning their Residence
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Black Owners
White Owners
HOME OWNERSHIP
Percent of White and Black Wives and Husbands Under Age 30 Married to a Spouse of the Other Race, 1950 to 2007
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2007
Black Wives
Black Husbands
White Wives
White Husbands
INTER-RACIAL MARRIAGE
Percent of Children Under Age 18 in Married Couple Families withParents of Different Races
0.2% 0.4%0.8%
2.0%
2.8%
6.7%
9.0%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007
Incarceration is a Primary Life Experience for Black Men
The Scale of Incarceration Distorts Social Measurement
Incarceration Has Large Impact of Black Children
MORE GENERALLY, DOES THE PERSISTENCE AND SEEMING PERMANENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE SIGNAL A FUNDAMENTAL FAILURE OF THE “SECOND RECONSTRUCTION”?
AND, IF SO, WHAT WOULD THIS IMPLY ABOUT THE FUTURE OF RACIAL JUSTICE ADVOCACY IN AMERICA?