Deviance as Pathology

1876, Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man◦ "atavistic anomalies"

Phrenology (late 1700s through mid 1800s)

Benjamin Rush (1785): disease model of alcoholism

Body Types

Determinism Positivism Organismic Dysfunction/Infection

Earnest Hooten

William Sheldon

Endomorph

Ectomorph

Mesomorph

Richard Dugdale◦ The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease

and Heredity (1877) Margaret Jukes, “The Mother of Criminals”

Henry Goddard The Kallikak Family: A Study in the

Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1912)

Kallikak family tree http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Goddard/chart2.gif

Xx female Xy male Xxy Klinefelter’s syndrome

◦ “Low masculinity” 1961, Patricia Jacobs

◦ Xyy “Supermale syndrome” NIMH study: no

Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis◦ id, ego, superego◦ developmental stages

Oral Anal Phallic

The Psychopath (Sociopath)◦ Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity

Problems with psychological explanations◦ Causal logic

Circularity◦ Sample◦ Over-determinism◦ Little predictive value

Sterilization◦ Harry Laughlin (Eugenics Records Office)

Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 1914◦ By 1914, 12 states

By 1924, 3,000 sterilized

"...At one hearing, Laughlin plastered the walls of the meeting room with photographs taken at Ellis Island. Above the photos hung a banner that read 'Carriers of the Germ Plasm of the Future American Population.'"

◦ 1924, Virginia: Eugenical Sterilization Act Carrie Buck (17, single mom) James Bell (Sup’t, VA State Colony for Epileptics &

Feebleminded (to have Buck sterilized)◦ Arthur Estabrook

Sociologist, Eugenics Record Office◦ Upheld by Circuit Court◦ Upheld by Supreme Court

O. W. Holmes “3 generations of imbeciles are enough”

◦ By 1935: 28 states, 6 pending◦ Between 1907-1935: 21,359 involuntary

sterilizations in the U.S. ◦ 1936: Laughlin’s honorary degree

University of Heidelberg For his work in “the science of racial cleansing”

◦ 1942: Skinner v. Oklahoma Chicken thief; armed robbery To U.S. Supreme Court William O. Douglas: violates “equal protection”

14th amendment OK law: Can sterilize a chicken thief but not an

embezzler

◦ Sterilization cont’d through 1970s 60,000 Buck v. Bell never overturned

Psychosurgery◦ Gottlieb Burckhardt (Switzerland, 1892)◦ Antonio Moniz (Portugal, 1935)

Walter Freeman & James Watt (U.S., 1950)◦ “Ice-Pick” Lobotomy◦ 1967 last surgery◦ Stripped of license

Freeman performing a lobotomy◦ Howard Dully’s surgery

Howard Dully, 2005◦ Bus driver in California

Biological & Psychological Pathology◦ Good Intentions ◦ Ignores choice◦ Ignores social factors◦ Dubious claims to moral neutrality